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Kyara Patterson
2/16/2023
US History
Civil Rights
157
•
Feb 16, 2023
•
Plessy v Ferguson and Civil Rights: Rosa Parks, Montgomery Bus Boycott, and Little Rock Nine
The Montgomery Bus Boycott
On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her bus seat to a white person in Montgomery, Alabama. This act of defiance sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott, a pivotal event in the Civil Rights movement.
Example: African Americans, who comprised 75% of Montgomery's bus ridership, boycotted the city's public transportation system for 381 days.
The boycott was a significant milestone in the struggle for civil rights and brought Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. to national prominence as a leader of the movement.
Highlight: The Montgomery bus boycott lasted from December 5, 1955, to December 20, 1956, when the city finally repealed its law requiring segregation on public transport.
The success of the boycott demonstrated the power of organized, nonviolent protest and set the stage for further civil rights actions across the country.
Brown v. Board of Education
The 1954 Brown v. Board of Education case was a landmark Supreme Court decision that overturned the "separate but equal" doctrine established by Plessy v. Ferguson, specifically in the realm of public education.
Quote: "We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." --Chief Justice Earl Warren
The NAACP, representing the plaintiffs, argued that segregated schools sent a message of inferiority to black children, making them inherently unequal. The Supreme Court agreed, ruling in favor of desegregation.
Highlight: This decision required the desegregation of schools across America, marking a significant turning point in the Civil Rights movement.
The ruling paved the way for integration in public schools and challenged the legal basis for segregation in all aspects of American society.
Little Rock Central High School Integration
In September 1957, the integration of Little Rock Central High School in Arkansas became a focal point of the civil rights struggle.
Example: On September 2, 1957, Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus called out the state's National Guard to prevent nine black students from entering the school.
This action, supported by local white activists, directly challenged the federal mandate for school desegregation.
Highlight: On September 25, 1957, President Eisenhower intervened by sending 1,000 members of the 101st Airborne Division to protect the "Little Rock Nine" as they entered the school.
The Little Rock crisis demonstrated the intense resistance to integration in parts of the South and the necessity of federal intervention to enforce civil rights laws.
Vocabulary: The "Little Rock Nine" refers to the group of nine African American students who enrolled at Little Rock Central High School, becoming symbols of the desegregation movement.
The Greensboro Sit-Ins and SNCC
On February 1, 1960, four African American college students from North Carolina A&T College initiated a sit-in at an all-white Woolworth's lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina.
Highlight: The Greensboro sit-in marked a turning point in the Civil Rights movement, as it was one of the first instances where white supporters actively participated in protests alongside African Americans.
This act of civil disobedience sparked a wave of similar sit-ins across the South, leading to the formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) two months later.
Definition: SNCC was created to coordinate sit-ins, support protest leaders, and publicize civil rights activities.
The Greensboro sit-ins and the subsequent formation of SNCC represented a shift towards more direct, youth-led action in the Civil Rights movement.
Freedom Riders
The Freedom Riders were civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated Southern United States to challenge local laws and customs that enforced segregation in public transportation.
Example: Freedom Riders faced violent opposition, often requiring protection from the National Guard as they traveled through hostile areas.
These rides, and the violent reactions they provoked, brought national attention to the Civil Rights movement and exposed the violent enforcement of segregation in the South.
Highlight: The Freedom Rides bolstered the credibility of the American Civil Rights Movement and highlighted the need for federal intervention to protect civil rights.
James Meredith and the University of Mississippi
James H. Meredith became the first black student to enroll at the University of Mississippi in 1962, a event that became a flashpoint in the American civil rights movement.
Highlight: Meredith's enrollment was initially blocked, requiring intervention from the federal government to ensure his admission.
After negotiations between Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy and Governor Ross Barnett, Meredith was finally allowed to attend the university on October 1, 1962.
Quote: "Meredith's goal was to put pressure on the Kennedy administration."
This event underscored the ongoing challenges to desegregation in higher education and the necessity of federal enforcement of civil rights laws.
Plessy v. Ferguson and Jim Crow Laws
The 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson decision was a landmark Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine. This ruling paved the way for the implementation of Jim Crow laws across the Southern United States.
Definition: Jim Crow laws were state and local statutes that enforced racial segregation in the American South.
These laws mandated the separation of white and black people in public spaces, including waiting rooms, restrooms, and transportation. Photographic evidence shows segregated facilities marked with "WHITE" and "COLORED" signs, illustrating the pervasive nature of racial division in daily life.
Highlight: The impact of Jim Crow laws extended beyond the Deep South, with states like Maryland and Washington D.C. also implementing segregationist policies.
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
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Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Plessy v Ferguson and Civil Rights: Rosa Parks, Montgomery Bus Boycott, and Little Rock Nine
The Civil Rights movement in the United States was a pivotal era of social change, marked by landmark legal decisions, protests, and acts of civil disobedience that challenged racial segregation and discrimination. This summary covers key events from the 1896 ... Show more
The Montgomery Bus Boycott
On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her bus seat to a white person in Montgomery, Alabama. This act of defiance sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott, a pivotal event in the Civil Rights movement.
Example: African Americans, who comprised 75% of Montgomery's bus ridership, boycotted the city's public transportation system for 381 days.
The boycott was a significant milestone in the struggle for civil rights and brought Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. to national prominence as a leader of the movement.
Highlight: The Montgomery bus boycott lasted from December 5, 1955, to December 20, 1956, when the city finally repealed its law requiring segregation on public transport.
The success of the boycott demonstrated the power of organized, nonviolent protest and set the stage for further civil rights actions across the country.
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Brown v. Board of Education
The 1954 Brown v. Board of Education case was a landmark Supreme Court decision that overturned the "separate but equal" doctrine established by Plessy v. Ferguson, specifically in the realm of public education.
Quote: "We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." --Chief Justice Earl Warren
The NAACP, representing the plaintiffs, argued that segregated schools sent a message of inferiority to black children, making them inherently unequal. The Supreme Court agreed, ruling in favor of desegregation.
Highlight: This decision required the desegregation of schools across America, marking a significant turning point in the Civil Rights movement.
The ruling paved the way for integration in public schools and challenged the legal basis for segregation in all aspects of American society.
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Little Rock Central High School Integration
In September 1957, the integration of Little Rock Central High School in Arkansas became a focal point of the civil rights struggle.
Example: On September 2, 1957, Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus called out the state's National Guard to prevent nine black students from entering the school.
This action, supported by local white activists, directly challenged the federal mandate for school desegregation.
Highlight: On September 25, 1957, President Eisenhower intervened by sending 1,000 members of the 101st Airborne Division to protect the "Little Rock Nine" as they entered the school.
The Little Rock crisis demonstrated the intense resistance to integration in parts of the South and the necessity of federal intervention to enforce civil rights laws.
Vocabulary: The "Little Rock Nine" refers to the group of nine African American students who enrolled at Little Rock Central High School, becoming symbols of the desegregation movement.
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The Greensboro Sit-Ins and SNCC
On February 1, 1960, four African American college students from North Carolina A&T College initiated a sit-in at an all-white Woolworth's lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina.
Highlight: The Greensboro sit-in marked a turning point in the Civil Rights movement, as it was one of the first instances where white supporters actively participated in protests alongside African Americans.
This act of civil disobedience sparked a wave of similar sit-ins across the South, leading to the formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) two months later.
Definition: SNCC was created to coordinate sit-ins, support protest leaders, and publicize civil rights activities.
The Greensboro sit-ins and the subsequent formation of SNCC represented a shift towards more direct, youth-led action in the Civil Rights movement.
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By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Freedom Riders
The Freedom Riders were civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated Southern United States to challenge local laws and customs that enforced segregation in public transportation.
Example: Freedom Riders faced violent opposition, often requiring protection from the National Guard as they traveled through hostile areas.
These rides, and the violent reactions they provoked, brought national attention to the Civil Rights movement and exposed the violent enforcement of segregation in the South.
Highlight: The Freedom Rides bolstered the credibility of the American Civil Rights Movement and highlighted the need for federal intervention to protect civil rights.
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James Meredith and the University of Mississippi
James H. Meredith became the first black student to enroll at the University of Mississippi in 1962, a event that became a flashpoint in the American civil rights movement.
Highlight: Meredith's enrollment was initially blocked, requiring intervention from the federal government to ensure his admission.
After negotiations between Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy and Governor Ross Barnett, Meredith was finally allowed to attend the university on October 1, 1962.
Quote: "Meredith's goal was to put pressure on the Kennedy administration."
This event underscored the ongoing challenges to desegregation in higher education and the necessity of federal enforcement of civil rights laws.
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Plessy v. Ferguson and Jim Crow Laws
The 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson decision was a landmark Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine. This ruling paved the way for the implementation of Jim Crow laws across the Southern United States.
Definition: Jim Crow laws were state and local statutes that enforced racial segregation in the American South.
These laws mandated the separation of white and black people in public spaces, including waiting rooms, restrooms, and transportation. Photographic evidence shows segregated facilities marked with "WHITE" and "COLORED" signs, illustrating the pervasive nature of racial division in daily life.
Highlight: The impact of Jim Crow laws extended beyond the Deep South, with states like Maryland and Washington D.C. also implementing segregationist policies.
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Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
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We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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App Store
4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user