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Kyara Patterson

2/16/2023

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The Civil Rights Movement

Plessy v Ferguson and Civil Rights: Rosa Parks, Montgomery Bus Boycott, and Little Rock Nine

The Civil Rights movement in the United States was a pivotal era of social change, marked by landmark legal decisions, protests, and acts of civil disobedience that challenged racial segregation and discrimination. This summary covers key events from the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson decision through the desegregation efforts of the 1950s and early 1960s, including:

  • The establishment and impact of Jim Crow laws
  • The Montgomery Bus Boycott and Rosa Parks' arrest
  • The Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court ruling
  • The integration of Little Rock Central High School
  • The Greensboro sit-ins and formation of SNCC
  • The Freedom Riders' challenges to segregation in public transportation
  • James Meredith's enrollment at the University of Mississippi

These events collectively illustrate the struggle, courage, and gradual progress towards racial equality in America during this transformative period.

...

2/16/2023

154

5 Civil Rights Civil Rights Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) WHITE WAITING ROOM A landmark United States Supreme Court decision upholding the const

View

The Montgomery Bus Boycott

On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her bus seat to a white person in Montgomery, Alabama. This act of defiance sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott, a pivotal event in the Civil Rights movement.

Example: African Americans, who comprised 75% of Montgomery's bus ridership, boycotted the city's public transportation system for 381 days.

The boycott was a significant milestone in the struggle for civil rights and brought Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. to national prominence as a leader of the movement.

Highlight: The Montgomery bus boycott lasted from December 5, 1955, to December 20, 1956, when the city finally repealed its law requiring segregation on public transport.

The success of the boycott demonstrated the power of organized, nonviolent protest and set the stage for further civil rights actions across the country.

5 Civil Rights Civil Rights Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) WHITE WAITING ROOM A landmark United States Supreme Court decision upholding the const

View

Brown v. Board of Education

The 1954 Brown v. Board of Education case was a landmark Supreme Court decision that overturned the "separate but equal" doctrine established by Plessy v. Ferguson, specifically in the realm of public education.

Quote: "We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." --Chief Justice Earl Warren

The NAACP, representing the plaintiffs, argued that segregated schools sent a message of inferiority to black children, making them inherently unequal. The Supreme Court agreed, ruling in favor of desegregation.

Highlight: This decision required the desegregation of schools across America, marking a significant turning point in the Civil Rights movement.

The ruling paved the way for integration in public schools and challenged the legal basis for segregation in all aspects of American society.

5 Civil Rights Civil Rights Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) WHITE WAITING ROOM A landmark United States Supreme Court decision upholding the const

View

Little Rock Central High School Integration

In September 1957, the integration of Little Rock Central High School in Arkansas became a focal point of the civil rights struggle.

Example: On September 2, 1957, Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus called out the state's National Guard to prevent nine black students from entering the school.

This action, supported by local white activists, directly challenged the federal mandate for school desegregation.

Highlight: On September 25, 1957, President Eisenhower intervened by sending 1,000 members of the 101st Airborne Division to protect the "Little Rock Nine" as they entered the school.

The Little Rock crisis demonstrated the intense resistance to integration in parts of the South and the necessity of federal intervention to enforce civil rights laws.

Vocabulary: The "Little Rock Nine" refers to the group of nine African American students who enrolled at Little Rock Central High School, becoming symbols of the desegregation movement.

5 Civil Rights Civil Rights Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) WHITE WAITING ROOM A landmark United States Supreme Court decision upholding the const

View

The Greensboro Sit-Ins and SNCC

On February 1, 1960, four African American college students from North Carolina A&T College initiated a sit-in at an all-white Woolworth's lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina.

Highlight: The Greensboro sit-in marked a turning point in the Civil Rights movement, as it was one of the first instances where white supporters actively participated in protests alongside African Americans.

This act of civil disobedience sparked a wave of similar sit-ins across the South, leading to the formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee SNCCSNCC two months later.

Definition: SNCC pronounced"snick"pronounced "snick" was created to coordinate sit-ins, support protest leaders, and publicize civil rights activities.

The Greensboro sit-ins and the subsequent formation of SNCC represented a shift towards more direct, youth-led action in the Civil Rights movement.

5 Civil Rights Civil Rights Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) WHITE WAITING ROOM A landmark United States Supreme Court decision upholding the const

View

Freedom Riders

The Freedom Riders were civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated Southern United States to challenge local laws and customs that enforced segregation in public transportation.

Example: Freedom Riders faced violent opposition, often requiring protection from the National Guard as they traveled through hostile areas.

These rides, and the violent reactions they provoked, brought national attention to the Civil Rights movement and exposed the violent enforcement of segregation in the South.

Highlight: The Freedom Rides bolstered the credibility of the American Civil Rights Movement and highlighted the need for federal intervention to protect civil rights.

5 Civil Rights Civil Rights Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) WHITE WAITING ROOM A landmark United States Supreme Court decision upholding the const

View

James Meredith and the University of Mississippi

James H. Meredith became the first black student to enroll at the University of Mississippi in 1962, a event that became a flashpoint in the American civil rights movement.

Highlight: Meredith's enrollment was initially blocked, requiring intervention from the federal government to ensure his admission.

After negotiations between Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy and Governor Ross Barnett, Meredith was finally allowed to attend the university on October 1, 1962.

Quote: "Meredith's goal was to put pressure on the Kennedy administration."

This event underscored the ongoing challenges to desegregation in higher education and the necessity of federal enforcement of civil rights laws.

5 Civil Rights Civil Rights Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) WHITE WAITING ROOM A landmark United States Supreme Court decision upholding the const

View

Plessy v. Ferguson and Jim Crow Laws

The 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson decision was a landmark Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine. This ruling paved the way for the implementation of Jim Crow laws across the Southern United States.

Definition: Jim Crow laws were state and local statutes that enforced racial segregation in the American South.

These laws mandated the separation of white and black people in public spaces, including waiting rooms, restrooms, and transportation. Photographic evidence shows segregated facilities marked with "WHITE" and "COLORED" signs, illustrating the pervasive nature of racial division in daily life.

Highlight: The impact of Jim Crow laws extended beyond the Deep South, with states like Maryland and Washington D.C. also implementing segregationist policies.

5 Civil Rights Civil Rights Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) WHITE WAITING ROOM A landmark United States Supreme Court decision upholding the const

View

5 Civil Rights Civil Rights Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) WHITE WAITING ROOM A landmark United States Supreme Court decision upholding the const

View

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Plessy v Ferguson and Civil Rights: Rosa Parks, Montgomery Bus Boycott, and Little Rock Nine

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Kyara Patterson

@kyarapatterson_htev

The Civil Rights movement in the United States was a pivotal era of social change, marked by landmark legal decisions, protests, and acts of civil disobedience that challenged racial segregation and discrimination. This summary covers key events from the 1896 ... Show more

5 Civil Rights Civil Rights Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) WHITE WAITING ROOM A landmark United States Supreme Court decision upholding the const

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The Montgomery Bus Boycott

On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her bus seat to a white person in Montgomery, Alabama. This act of defiance sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott, a pivotal event in the Civil Rights movement.

Example: African Americans, who comprised 75% of Montgomery's bus ridership, boycotted the city's public transportation system for 381 days.

The boycott was a significant milestone in the struggle for civil rights and brought Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. to national prominence as a leader of the movement.

Highlight: The Montgomery bus boycott lasted from December 5, 1955, to December 20, 1956, when the city finally repealed its law requiring segregation on public transport.

The success of the boycott demonstrated the power of organized, nonviolent protest and set the stage for further civil rights actions across the country.

5 Civil Rights Civil Rights Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) WHITE WAITING ROOM A landmark United States Supreme Court decision upholding the const

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Brown v. Board of Education

The 1954 Brown v. Board of Education case was a landmark Supreme Court decision that overturned the "separate but equal" doctrine established by Plessy v. Ferguson, specifically in the realm of public education.

Quote: "We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." --Chief Justice Earl Warren

The NAACP, representing the plaintiffs, argued that segregated schools sent a message of inferiority to black children, making them inherently unequal. The Supreme Court agreed, ruling in favor of desegregation.

Highlight: This decision required the desegregation of schools across America, marking a significant turning point in the Civil Rights movement.

The ruling paved the way for integration in public schools and challenged the legal basis for segregation in all aspects of American society.

5 Civil Rights Civil Rights Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) WHITE WAITING ROOM A landmark United States Supreme Court decision upholding the const

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Little Rock Central High School Integration

In September 1957, the integration of Little Rock Central High School in Arkansas became a focal point of the civil rights struggle.

Example: On September 2, 1957, Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus called out the state's National Guard to prevent nine black students from entering the school.

This action, supported by local white activists, directly challenged the federal mandate for school desegregation.

Highlight: On September 25, 1957, President Eisenhower intervened by sending 1,000 members of the 101st Airborne Division to protect the "Little Rock Nine" as they entered the school.

The Little Rock crisis demonstrated the intense resistance to integration in parts of the South and the necessity of federal intervention to enforce civil rights laws.

Vocabulary: The "Little Rock Nine" refers to the group of nine African American students who enrolled at Little Rock Central High School, becoming symbols of the desegregation movement.

5 Civil Rights Civil Rights Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) WHITE WAITING ROOM A landmark United States Supreme Court decision upholding the const

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

The Greensboro Sit-Ins and SNCC

On February 1, 1960, four African American college students from North Carolina A&T College initiated a sit-in at an all-white Woolworth's lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina.

Highlight: The Greensboro sit-in marked a turning point in the Civil Rights movement, as it was one of the first instances where white supporters actively participated in protests alongside African Americans.

This act of civil disobedience sparked a wave of similar sit-ins across the South, leading to the formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee SNCCSNCC two months later.

Definition: SNCC pronounced"snick"pronounced "snick" was created to coordinate sit-ins, support protest leaders, and publicize civil rights activities.

The Greensboro sit-ins and the subsequent formation of SNCC represented a shift towards more direct, youth-led action in the Civil Rights movement.

5 Civil Rights Civil Rights Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) WHITE WAITING ROOM A landmark United States Supreme Court decision upholding the const

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Freedom Riders

The Freedom Riders were civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated Southern United States to challenge local laws and customs that enforced segregation in public transportation.

Example: Freedom Riders faced violent opposition, often requiring protection from the National Guard as they traveled through hostile areas.

These rides, and the violent reactions they provoked, brought national attention to the Civil Rights movement and exposed the violent enforcement of segregation in the South.

Highlight: The Freedom Rides bolstered the credibility of the American Civil Rights Movement and highlighted the need for federal intervention to protect civil rights.

5 Civil Rights Civil Rights Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) WHITE WAITING ROOM A landmark United States Supreme Court decision upholding the const

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

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Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

James Meredith and the University of Mississippi

James H. Meredith became the first black student to enroll at the University of Mississippi in 1962, a event that became a flashpoint in the American civil rights movement.

Highlight: Meredith's enrollment was initially blocked, requiring intervention from the federal government to ensure his admission.

After negotiations between Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy and Governor Ross Barnett, Meredith was finally allowed to attend the university on October 1, 1962.

Quote: "Meredith's goal was to put pressure on the Kennedy administration."

This event underscored the ongoing challenges to desegregation in higher education and the necessity of federal enforcement of civil rights laws.

5 Civil Rights Civil Rights Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) WHITE WAITING ROOM A landmark United States Supreme Court decision upholding the const

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Plessy v. Ferguson and Jim Crow Laws

The 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson decision was a landmark Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine. This ruling paved the way for the implementation of Jim Crow laws across the Southern United States.

Definition: Jim Crow laws were state and local statutes that enforced racial segregation in the American South.

These laws mandated the separation of white and black people in public spaces, including waiting rooms, restrooms, and transportation. Photographic evidence shows segregated facilities marked with "WHITE" and "COLORED" signs, illustrating the pervasive nature of racial division in daily life.

Highlight: The impact of Jim Crow laws extended beyond the Deep South, with states like Maryland and Washington D.C. also implementing segregationist policies.

5 Civil Rights Civil Rights Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) WHITE WAITING ROOM A landmark United States Supreme Court decision upholding the const

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

5 Civil Rights Civil Rights Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) WHITE WAITING ROOM A landmark United States Supreme Court decision upholding the const

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

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Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

5 Civil Rights Civil Rights Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) WHITE WAITING ROOM A landmark United States Supreme Court decision upholding the const

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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

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This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️

Thomas R

iOS user

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Brad T

Android user

Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend

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iOS user

Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀

Marco B

iOS user

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Elisha

iOS user

This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!

Paul T

iOS user