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Study note

Neha Neelam

United States of America

DEFAULT (US)

US History

2.7: Colonial Society and Culture

Colonial america (1607-1754)

Colonial north america

2.1: Colonial Society and Culture
Population Growth- Multiplied by 100 from 1701 to 1775; with the greatest increase from Africans. The population growth occurred
because of immigration of almost 1 million people + natural increase and the abundance of fertile land and dependable food supply
attracting more Europeans with large families.
O European Immigrants-Came from England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland and W+ C Europe. Many were Protestants coming from
France and Germanic states fleeing religious persecutions + wars or seeking economic opportunity, settling primarily in the
middle colonies or on the western frontier of southern colonies. Few headed north where it was Puritan dominated.
O English- Fewer problems at home so their numbers coming to America were relatively small
O Germans-Settled in the Philadelphia Dutch area. Lutherans, Amish, Brethren, or Mennonites. Little interest in English politics.
O Scotch-Irish- Protestants who moved to Ireland from Scotland. Little respect for the British since they made them leave Ireland.
Settled in western PA, VA, NC, SC, and GA.
O Other Europeans- French Protestants (Huguenots), Dutch, and Swedes.
O Enslaved Africans- largest group entering the colonies. Taken unwillingly. Worked as laborers, bricklayers, and blacksmiths but
mostly as field laborers. 20% of the population. Most lived in southern colonies. Every colony passed laws that discriminated
against them.
O American Indians- Some formed alliances to protect their land like the Iroquois Confederation. Some used Europeans as allies in
their conflicts with rival groups. Some had peaceful relationships like William Penn who obtained land through treaties.
English in origin, language, and tradition. Diverse
Structure of Colonial Society- distinct patterns of life, but shared that most were
influences modified the culture of the majority in significant ways.
open.
O Liberty and Opportunity- - more self-determination. Religious toleration: MA- most restrictive. RI and PA- most . No Hereditary
Aristocracy. The extremes of wealth disparity were missing the colonies with a narrower class system. Social Mobility: Had the
opportunity to improve their standard of living through hard work, and acquiring
land
much
easier.
gave
O The Family- center of colonial life. They raised more children and most people lived on farms. Men could own property and
participate in politics. The law husbands almost unlimited power. Women bore an average of 8 children, many of whom would
die in birth or in infancy. Performed "woman chores" and educated children and had limited legal and political rights. The shared
labor and mutual dependence on each other have most women protection from abuse and an active role in decision making
was
O Economy-Gov. limited colonial manufacturing like making textiles and they engaged in agriculture, forestry, and fishing. The quickest
route to wealth was land although regional geography often provided distinct opportunities for hardworking colonists.
O New England-Rocky soil and long winters. Subsistence farming. Work was done by the family. Logging, shipbuilding, fishing,
trading, and rum-distilling. O Middle Colonies- wheat and corn. Indentured servants and hired laborers. Farm families. Trading led to the growth of cities like
Philadelphia and NYC.
O Southern Colonies- Most lived on small subsistence family farms without slaves. A few lived on large plantations with lots of slave
labor. Tobacco. In the Carolinas, timber and naval stores. In SC and GA, rice and indigo. Most plantations were located on
rivers so they could ship exports.
of money,
making them
gov.
O Monetary System- The British limited the colonies
pay with gold and silver that exceeded the value of
the imports. For domestic trade, colonies issued paper money, but they issued too much, causing inflation. The British Also
claimed rights to veto any colonial law.
use
O Transportation- Transporting by water was easier, making Boston, NYC, Philadelphia, and Charlestown good trading centers.
Gradually, horse and stagecoach became more common. Taverns provided food and lodging for travelers and served as social
centers. By mid 1800, colonies ran a postal system using horses and small ships.
some
Religion- Most were Protestants but each had religious diversity. New England Puritans (Congregationalists). New York-Dutch and
Anglicans. Pennsylvania- Lutherans, Mennonites, and Quakers. VA- Anglicans. Maryland- many Catholics and. Jews.
Challenges- Jews, Catholics, and Quakers suffered from discrimination. Congregationalist ministers were domineering. Many
resented the Church of England because it was a symbol of the English Control. In the 17th century, most colonial governments taxed
the people to support an established church and as religious diversity increased, the government gradually reduced their support.
The Great Awakening- Ministers less emphasis than their ancestors to human sinfulness and damnation. In the 1730-1740s,
the colonies went through the Great Awakening, a movement of fervent expressions of religious feeling among the masses. Jonathon
Edwards is among the best-known leaders with his sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God", traveling and delivering it
around the colonies. Presented a God who was angry with human sinfulness. Individuals who deeply repented would be saved. Georgia
Whitefield spread it through the colonies as well, meeting in bams, tents, and fields. Stressed that God was all-powerful and would only
save the worthy. Taught ordinary people with faith and sincenty.
gave
O Religious Impact-Emotionalism caused splits in some denominations such as the Congregationalists and Presbyterians,
supporters of the New Light vs Old Light. As people studied the Bible in their homes, ministers lost some authority. Evangelions
sects like Baptists and Methodists that relied on traveling ministers gamered more attention. New dominations challenged
Puritans and Anglicans, calling for stricter regulation of Church and state.
O Political Influence- Democratizing effect by changing the way people viewed authority. If people could make religious decisions
without the higher authority of ministers, they could also make their own political decisions.
Achievements in the Arts and Science- The Georgian style of London was mimicked in houses and buildings from brick and stucco.
One-room log cabins were common on the frontier. Benjamin West and John Copley were famous painters in the Americas. Few
printing facilities but most wrote on serious subjects like religion and politics. These authors included Cotton Mather and Jonathan Edwards. Some political authors included John Adams, James Otis, John Dickinson, Thomas Paine, and Thomas Jefferson. The most
Most
popular . Benjamin Franklin with Poor Richard's Almanac. Phillis Wheatly was a slave when she published a series of poems.
was
scientists like botanist John Bartram were. self-taught. Benjamin Franklin created electricity, bifocal eyeglasses, and the Franklin
stove.
Education- Basic education was limited. Puritans created the first tax-supported schools, requiring towns to establish primary. schools.
Middle colonies- schools were either church-sponsored or private. Southern- Parents gave their children education. On plantations,
tutors provided instruction for the owners' children. The first colleges were sectarian (religious). Puritans founded Harvard.
Congregationalists started Yale. The only nonsectarian college was the College of Philadelphia, renamed as UPenn. Christian ministers
were the only people to enjoy widespread respect and were often the only well-educated people. Colonists who fell ill were treated by
cures that only made them worse. The first medical college UPenn. As trade expanded and legal problems became more complex,
people felt a need for expert assistance in court, and lawyers formed a bar (committee or board) which set rules. Lawyers gained
respect as they argued for colonial rights. The most famous included John Adams, James Otis, and Patrick Henry.
was
The Press- Newspaper spread through a postal system and local printing firms. Senger Case- Newspaper printers ran the risk of
being jailed for libel if any article offended the authorities, stating it was a crime to criticize the governor. In 1735, John Peter Zenger
was tried on charges of criticizing NY's governor. Zenger's lawyer, Andrew Hamilton argued that his client had only spoken the truth,
but Zenger was acquitted, encouraging newspapers to criticize the government
The Enlightenment- Some educated Americans were attracted to the Enlightenment, believing that reason could solve most of humanity's
problems. A major influence was John Locke who reasoned that the state must guarantee natural rights, arguing that sovereignty
ultimately resides with the people rather than with the state, and citizens had an obligation to revolt against a failed government. His
stress of natural rights would provide rationale for the American Revolution and Constitution.
press
Colonial Relationship with Britain-Had ties to England in how they governed, most spoke English, commercial tires, and religion. At the
same time, colonies were developing a distinctly American POV. They exercised rights of free speech and free and became
accustomed to electing representatives to colonial assemblies and tolerating a variety of religions. Colonists wanted to push westward
while England wanted to maintain peace with the Natives. Colonists practiced salutary neglect but Britain would occasionally enforce
trade regulations. Colonists wanted to govern themselves, but England.
I saw them as under their sovereignty. The colonies were more
ethically and religiously diverse.
Politics and Government- Governor as chief executive and a legislature. Every colony had 2 houses- Lower house (elected by White
property males. Voted for taxes) and upper house (also elected. Appointed by king or proprietor. Also known as the council).
Governors were either appointed by the king or the proprietor. Local Gov- Town meetings to vote on public issues. Carried on
sheriff and other officials who served a large territory called a country. In southern colonies, towns were less common. Voting-
Colonial democracy was limited. Laws barred most people from voting, but were e beginning to remove some barriers. Religious
by a restrictions declined, but property qualifications remained. In some areas like MA, the legislature
was open to small farmers unlike
the House of Burgesses.

2.7: Colonial Society and Culture

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2.7: Colonial Society and Culture

Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.

Knowunity is the # 1 ranked education app in five European countries

Knowunity was a featured story by Apple and has consistently topped the app store charts within the education category in Germany, Italy, Poland, Switzerland and United Kingdom. Join Knowunity today and help millions of students around the world.

4.9+

13 M

#1

950 K+

Still not sure? Look at what your fellow peers are saying...

I love this app so much [...] I recommend Knowunity to everyone!!! I went from a C to an A with it :D

The application is very simple and well designed. So far I have found what I was looking for :D

Love this App ❤️, I use it basically all the time whenever I'm studying