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controlled over 1/4 of World's territory and population Canada British Guiana United Kingdom Gambia Sierra Leone Gold Coast Nigeria Aden India South Africa Burma British Ceylon East Africa 0 Singapore British New Guinea 而 Australia New Zealand Economic By the 1890s, the American economy was increasingly dependent on foreign trade. A quarter of the nation's farm products and half its petroleum were sold overseas. Social Reasons A belief that the world's nations were engaged in a Darwinian struggle for survival and that countries that failed to compete were doomed to decline also contributed to a new assertiveness on the part of the United States. The White Man's Burden During the late 19th century, the idea that the United States had a special mission to uplift "backward" people around the world also commanded growing support. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The White Man's Burden Political Alfred Thayer Mahan, a naval strategist and the author of The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, argued that national prosperity and power depended on control of the world's sea-lanes. "Whoever rules the waves rules the world," Mahan wrote. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMWOX2ZB3qU Link Impact around the world: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred Thayer Mahan THE INFLUENCE OF SEA POWER UPON HISTORY 1660-1783 A.T. Mahan With 28 Maps and Plans of Naval Battles A New Assertiveness During the late 1880s, American foreign policy makers began to display a new assertiveness called jingoism (belief that one's country is always right, called for aggressive action against). The United States came close to declaring war on Germany, Chile, and Great Britain. Acquisition of Alaska The exception to the rule was Alaska. In 1867, Sec. of State William Seward arranged to buy Alaska from the Russians for $7.2 million. Rich in natural resources (timber, minerals, and oil), Alaska was a bargain at two cents per acre http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rUtjs5rAgTY Arctic Ocean Barrows Bering Strait Kobuk Valley Nat'l. Pk. RUSSIA Seward Pen. Bering Sea Unimak Bristol Bay Aniakohak Nat'l. Mon. Unalaska 1. Yukon Point Barrow Nome ALASKA Prudhoe Bay" Aleutian Is. Mt. McKinley Bethel Anchorage Lake Clark A Nat'l. Pk. Gates of the Arctic Nat '1. Pk Kodiak I. Fairbanks Denali Nat'l. Pk. ALASKA RANGE BROOKS RANGE Valdez Katmai Nat'l. Pk. Kenai Pen. Glacier Bay Nat'l. Pk. Gulf of Alaska North Pacific Ocean CANADA Wrangell-St. Elias -Nat'l. Pk Skagway JUNE AU Sitka Ketchikan The Annexation of Hawaii As more American businesses began monopolizing the sugar industry, native Hawaiians, led by Queen Liliuokalani, sought to retake control of Hawai. Lapakahi State Historical Park (270 Kawaihae Pu'ukohola Heiau KOHALA COAST Anaeho'omalu Kona Intl. Airport Keahole Charter Fishing Kailua Kona Hápuna Puako Kailua Bay Keauhou 11 Capt. Cook Monument Kealakekua Bay Pu'uhonua 'O Honaunau (Place of Refuge) Pololu Valley Miloli'i Hawi Kamehameha Statue 250 19 190 Pelroglyphs Waikoloa Kohala Waipi'o Valley WAIMEA 240 Honoka'a Airport 19 Parker Ranch Mt. Hualalai Elev, 8.271 Ft. First Christian Church Painted Church Hönaunau Mauna Kea Elev. 13,798 Ft. Lava Flows Saddle Road 220 200 Kurtistown, Mauna Loa Blev. 13.877 Pt. Anthurium Nurseries Mountain View Kapapala Wai ohinu HÄMAKUA COAST Nä'alehu Kalae (South Point) Southernmost tip of U.S.A. Laupahoehoe 11 Hawai Volcanoes National Park Pahala Punalu'u Black Sand Beach Green Sand Beach Kamehameha Statue Hilo port Kilauea Crater Mackenzie Chain of State park Craters Road Black Sand Beach Kalapana 11 130 137 Orchid Fields Pähoa 132 Kapoho HAWAII The Annexation of Hawaii In 1893, a small group of sugar and pineapple-growing businessmen led by Sanford Dole, backed by the U.S. military, deposed Hawaii's queen, seized 1.75 million acres of land, and conspired for U.S. annexation of the islands, which was achieved in 1898. Hawaii became a state in 1959. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= p3VuvvyMu9E Note- leading anti-imperialists like Grover Cleveland believed annexation to be illegal and not in accord with republican principles. SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR (1898) Causes of the War: Cuban revolutionaries began uprising (scorched earth policy) against Spanish government. Government, in turn, -suspended civil liberties -levied heavy taxes -established concentration camps for revolutionaries Tagil. Flori Coru: da. Malabri go. Canagadi Comos co. Panu CO B. de culata Xaques Vangi ua. Grana: ica pedra pox. Modano La Berm Lucaro Clandia La Emperadada Limana Borique. CT as to TH Guada lupe Mor Cadd American Humanitarianism & sympathy Sympathized with desire for independence Outraged when over 200,000 Cubans died in concentration camps of hunger and disease GULF OF MEXICO Pinar Del Rio La Habana Cienfuegos CUBA ATLANTIC OCEAN Santiago De Cuba CARIBBEAN SEA ECONOMIC INTERESTS American merchants traded with Cuba to the amount of $100 Million a year American investors placed $50 million in sugar and tobacco plantations. "Yellow Journalism” William Randolph Hearst – NY Journal Joseph Pulitzer - New York World •Both Newspapers sought to increase circulation by sensationalized news stories. E The World V s. The Journal LEGACION DE ESPAÑA WASHINGTON, Der Jon Canalizar Mi distinguendo & weide niing, No tiene d. que pretime center. por no tumben haberlo hecho J to William R. Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer De Lome Letter Hearst's Journal printed the Delome Letter Spanish ambassador calls McKinley "weak" Xa * Sinking of the Maine - Feb 1898 American battleship visiting Cuba blown up 260 Americans killed World Sensationalism - Yellow Journalism $3.956 The KOLON ORLATED SESTERDAY A MILLION AND A QUARTER A DAY. 1,250,000. A MILLION AND A QUARTER LARGEST ON EARTH 3o. &TR x-NEW YORK, SATURDAY, JUNE 19-12 FAGER TROOP OF ROUGH RIDERS AMBUSHED, SHOT NEW YORK JOURNAL Young Hamilton Fish One of the First to Meet a Soldier's Fate. Many of New York's Society Youths Among the Killed and Wounded. Journal's Correspondent, Ed- ward Marshall, Seriously Wounded in Front Rank. to the by Ten Men Killed and Thirty-six Wounded. Including Many of the Officers. DOWN AND KILLED BY SPANIAR the They THE KILLED Captain Allyn Capron. Captain Luna. Hamilton Fish. James Crews Edward Culver, Dawson, private of Troep L Harry Heffner, private of Troas G Three others. THE WOUNDED. Majer Ball, First Regular Cavalry, Captain Knox, Firet Regular Cavalry. Captain McCormick, First Regular Cavalry. Lieut. Byran, First Regular Cavalry. Majer Brodie, First Volunteer Cavalry. Captain McCormick, First at Volunteer Cavalry. Lieut. Thomas. First Voluntear Cavalry. Damett T. leabel, Private. Keere 5. Whitney, private, Troop L Sergeant Cavanagh Corporal Stewart M. Coyle, private, Troop G. GW. Arinte. Treop F. A Rebrutiach, Troep F. A. F. Hartle, Troop F. Fred Beal, and twenty othe.. HAMILTON FISI JR. Killed in Ambush with the Adap Riders on the Way to Sa FICERS OF ROOSEVELTS ROUGH RIDERS, WITH THEIR MACHINE GU Telorld. 863.956 CB WORLES CIRCULATED YESTERIA MAINE EXPLOSION CAUSED BY BOMB OR TORPEDO Capt. Sigsbee and Consul-General Lee Are in Doubt---The World Has Sent Special Tug, With Submarine Divers, to Havana to Find Out--Lee Asks for an Immediate Court of Inquiry---260 Men Dead. NA SUPPRESSED DESPATCH TO THE STATE DEPARTMENT. THE CAPTAIN SAYS THE ACCIDENT WAS MADE POSSIBLE BY AN ENEMY E.C. Pendleton, Just Arrived from Havana. Says He Overheard Talk There of a Plot to Blow Up the Ship-Cap Zaleski, the Dynamite Expert, and Other Experts Report to The World that the Wreck Was Not Accidental-Washington Officials Ready for Vigorous Action if Spanish Responsibility Can Be Shown--Divers to Be Sent Down to Make Careful Examinations. The Effects of Yellow Journalism first three mins- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OwFrAny77UY When the American public was stirred into an anti-Spain frenzy by the yellow journalism of men like Hearst and Pulitzer, President McKinley gave the OK for war. $50,000 REWARD-WHO DESTROYED THE MAINE?-550,000 REWARD. NEW YORK JOURNAL AND ADVERTISER love to CAR DESTRUCTION OF THE WAR SHIP MAINE WAS THE WORK OF AN ENEMY. $50,000! $50,000 REWARD! $50,000! $50,000 REWARD! for the Detection of the Perpetrator el for the Detection of the Perpetrator of the Maine Outrage the Male Outrage Assistant Secretary Roosevelt Convinced the Explosion of the War Ship Was Not an Accident. The Journal Offers $90000 Reward for the Conviction of the Criminals Who Sent a58 American Salors to Their Death Naval Officers Unanimous That the Ship Was Destroyed on Purpose. NAVAL OFFICERS THINK THE MAINE WAS DESTROYED BY A SPANISH MINE KOWE W Hidden Mee or a Surken Torpede Beleved to Have Been the Weapon Uhed Against the American Marro-Mar-Offices and Men Tell Thrilling Stories of Hong Blown into the Air Amid a Mass of Shameed Sert and Exploding Shelly Sur 12 Key West Scout Dept Accidente Sacs Por Teller Amendment Congress agreed, but only after adopting the Teller Amendment that made it clear that the United States did not harbor imperialist ambitions and would not acquire Cuba. "A Splendid Little War"- Sec of State John Hay Battle Cry="Remember the Maine,to HELL with Spain!" ● · 7min summary of war- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1U514yQCpMM ● IN MEMORIAM CREAT REMEMBER 20 THE MAINE George Dewey Victorious Admiral at Battle of Manila Bay [Philippines] Good boy Dewey Rough Riders – San Juan Hill THE MOST STIRRING SCENE EVER PRODUCED ON ANY STAGE WILLIAM H.WEST'S GREAT ACHIEVEMENT "THE STORMING OF SAN JUAN HILL sor199 THE STRELITVE GOT YO http://www.history.com/topics/theodore-roosevelt/videos#roosevelt-fights-in-spanish-american-war Terms - Treaty of Paris - 1898 Spain agreed •1) CUBA independent •2) Puerto Rico and Guam "given" to USA •3) Philippines sold to USA for $20 Million MESSICO FLORIDA CAYO LARGO CUBA BAHAMAS JAMAICA HAITI COLOMBIA REPUBBLICA DOMINICANA PORTORICO VENEZUELA Palawan Laoag Baguio ★ Manila Boracay Cebu Zamboanga Pacific Ocean PHILIPPINES Philippine Sea Cagayan De Oro Davao The Platt After the US defeated Spain, it passed the Platt Amendment which gave the US the right to intervene in Cuba to protect "life, property, and individual liberties." The 144-day war also resulted in the US taking control of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam. Amendment Platt Followed Sp - Am War •Cuba must accept for US to withdraw Amendment - post-war — •Cuba could not allow foreign powers to control it •USA could lease land for naval base – Guantanamo Bay CUBA Bayamo Guantanamo Bay Naval Base JAMAICA Caribbean Sea ● ● Protectorate Cuba becomes a Protectorate of USA Protectorate = a country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger nation Florida Havana 90 miles Cuba Annexation PRO-Annexation •"Filipinos unfit for self-rule" Fear of other European powers Debate - Philippines Anti-Imperialist League •Carnegie, Twain, Gompers •Violated the Declaration of Independence •Introduced more racial problems •Entangling alliances William Howard Taft, Governor of Philippines The "Bolo War" War Philippine-American Lasted 3 years Guerilla War •Filipinos fight for independence •Led by Emilio Aguinaldo ● The Philippine American War As a result of the Philippine American War, a sequel to the Spanish American War, Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States for $20 million. ● Philippine Independence During the war, more than 4,000 American soldiers, about 20,000 Filipino fighters, and an estimated 200,000 Filipino civilians died. After a long struggle, the Filipinos received their independence in 1946. LA INDEPENDENCIA Diario de la tarde aff Me 1 bomb 1899 the Swe Rom Toy Lemons et cap dari S as an nila 2 124 42 Proclamation of Philippine Independence in Kawit, Cavite on June 12, 1898. Why was the US so successful in Spanish-American War? During the lead-up to the war, the US had built a new steel navy that rivaled that of England and Germany. The entire Spanish navy defeated in the BO Santiago. Allowed US to flex its muscle in Latin America and the rest of the world (Mahan's dream!) h Spheres of Influence- Ports or regions where a foreign nation retains exclusive rights over trade, mines, rails, etc. Nepal 0 0 Chinese Markets Lake Baikal Russia Spheres of Influence China, 1910 Bhutan 250 Miles 250 Kilometers France Siam Britain Chongqing Laos French Guangzhou (Canton) Beijing Indochina Hainan Germany Hangzhou Macau (Port.) Japan Sea o Japa Korea Yellow Sea Taiwan Hong Kong (Br.) East China Sea Russia Open Door Policy John Hay - Sec. of State Called for open access to all of China's ports G. Mark Lane Photography The Boxers, a paramilitary organization began attacking westerns who were forced to take refuge in British embassy in Beijing. US send expeditionary force to fight Boxers and rescue diplomats 3min summary- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F4QdEKiEq88 Boxer Rebellion Modern Military William McKinley appointed Elihu Root to overall the US Army 1.Enlarge standing army from 25K to 100K 2.Established national guard to not rely on volunteer forces 3.Officer training schools 4.Joint Chiefs of Staff JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF Election of 1900 Seen as a referendum on imperialism (along with Populism). William McKinley wins the election of 1900, but is assassinated by an anarchist, Leon Czolgosz. Theodore Roosevelt Sickley and asthmatic as a child, TR sought to overcome his afflictions through strenuous life and adventure. His life modelled the American ideals of rugged individualism (pull yourself up by the bootstraps). Domestically and Internationally, Roosevelt believed that the president could take any action not prohibited by Constitution. Institutes a more aggressive foreign policy (jingoism), expansion in Latin America because "mandate from civilization” Roosevelt Corollary ● • Put some "teeth” into the Monroe Doctrine USA will use ● military to enforce the Monroe Doctrine • Claimed right to "police" the W. Hemisphere -2min- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v SANTO! DOMINGO CUL RECEIVER 2.. DEBT COLLECTOR MEXICC heodore Roosevelt and his Big Stick in the Caribbean, 1904 Roosevelt's policies seemed be turning the Caribbean into a Yankee pond. (The Granger Collection.) GREAT WHITE FLEET 3min- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =XMvcfi xkVA GUNBOAT DIPLOMACY ● Pursuit of a nation's interests with implied use of force ● Isthmus masses Isthmus narrow strip of land connecting two land CARIBBEAN SEA Panama Canal 1992 MAGELLAN Geographix, Santa Barbara, CA PANAMA Panama City PACIFIC OCEAN The Isthmus of Panama Nicaragua Original site planned for canal to be built Honduras NICARAGUA Managua Proposed Canal Costa Rica Pacific Ocean Panama Canal N Nicaragua Panama EL SALVADOR Caribbean Sea Pacific Corinto Ocean HONDURAS Tegucigalpa Ocotal Estelí Matagalpa Chinandega León Managua Diriamba. Jinotega Kuikuina. Masaya Juigalpa Granada Rivas 86° NICARAGUA Baká COSTA RICA Puerto Cabezas Makantaca Bluefields Punta Gorda 0 Eventually went bankrupt YAHOO! Travel Caribbean Sea 25 50 mi 0 25 50 km 14° 12° emaps.com French attempting to build a canal in Panama PANAMA Originally part of Columbia •Broke away with help of USA's navy (Panamanian Revolt) •Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty- gave US permission establish Panama Canal Zone and build canal Caribbean Sea Panama Panama Colombia Canal Pacific Ocean The PANAMA CANAL - 1914 Reduced NY - San Francisco trip over 50% From 13,000 miles to 5,200 miles ● SAN FRANCISCO Calloa Valparaiso Rio de Janeiro Cape Horn SAN FRANCISCO Mexico City. Managua Independence, Missouri Panama City Cross-section: Panama Canal Atlantic Ocean http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dTlndhU8-DA Gatun Locks Gatún Lake Miraflores La Pedro Miguel Locks Pacific Ocean. Miraflores Locks MAFAIT CON TR and Foreign Policy- 3min http://www.history.com/topics/theodore-roosevelt/videos#theodore-roosevelts-acts-and-lega cy PRAYEH RUPER 1032 R 1R www CHRONDHE GOD NE SARLS CRA SHVI ANTHA CLAS HEAVOST Ca ADADE M MACH MARY 11030R 103 000 NI SHAKHASTHAN AND K SANKCOLEMONDILANO 10 y LEILANT FLEJAN AB46211030R 100 SHYFIOGEE DG TATES OF AMERIC DOLLAR DIPLOMACY DONE ANTHA M MODWAN Dollar Diplomacy = using a nation's economic power to influence other countries. 10 GOD NE SKYNSORLAND Associated with Taft & subsequent presidents, used because Latin American need capital ($) to build RR which led to lending from American banks. However, as Latin American Govt took on debt, they grew weak and US troops needed to protect "American interest" Lood AB4F IND HILL - 28 FNUNHAL PRAY AB46211042 R B2 SUDAD NUD DOLLARS AB 46211042R TOR UNITED STA DENMERICY MASURIL TILL TIC TUG OU ON LIC DERATORE 41844 D R46211038 n PAY http://zastavkin.com Insular Cases Debate: Should constitutional protection and democracy apply to newly conquered people/land? Ruling: SCOTUS ruled that Constitution and Bill of Rights do not necessarily apply to conquered territories; Congress decides which laws apply. COURT OF THE SUPREME PLURIBUS TES ★ OF THE UNUM SERVIS UNITED ASIA Philippine Is. 1898 D Guam 1898 AUSTRALIA AMERICAN EMPIRE, 1900 Wake Is. 1899 Howland Is. 1857 Aleutian Is. 1867 Alaska 1867 PACIFIC OCEAN Midway Is. 1867 Baker Is. 1857 Hawaiian Is. 1898 Johnston Is. 1858 Kingman Reef 1858 Palmyra Is. 1898 D Jarvis Is 1857 American Samoa 1899 NORTH AMERICA UNITED STATES Equator ATLANTIC OCEAN Cuba (US acquires exclusive rights to lease naval bases) Puerto Rico 1898 فنی تماس SOUTH AMERICA American Imperialism Pro/Con Did not extend rights to non-Americans Gained an empire/resources Dominant power in the Americas and major player in Asia US became major power in the world politically. "Bad Neighbor" Policy, Gentleman's Agreement Entangling Alliance and need to protect empire led to rapid build-up and expansion