Alternative transcript:

Conquering North Africa across Gibraltar. Began the Portuguese involvement in the African slave trade. Encouraged Portuguese exploration. Bartholomew Diaz - 1488, first European to go around the southern tip of Africa. Vasco da Gama - First European to reach India by sea. Proved a water route to Asia in 1498. Pedro Cabral - First European to discover Brazil in 1500. Amerigo Vespucci - Mapmaker/explorer who gets Americas named after him. Spain - Empire! God, Gold, & Glory~. Funds Columbus in 1492. Spanish Explorers Christopher Columbus - In 1492 Columbus sailed the Ocean Blue w/ the Nina, Pinta, and the Santa Maria. First Spanish settlement La Isabela in 1494 in Hispaniola. Vasco Balboa - Discovered the Pacific Ocean by crossing Panama in 1513. Ponce de Leon - Found Florida while looking for the Fountain of Youth in 1513. Killed by natives. Ferdinand Magellan - Led a circumnavigation of the globe (1519-1522) but is killed by Philippine natives 34 of the way through. Spanish Conquistadors Hernan Cortes - From 1519-1521 he led a Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire in Mexico. Francisco Pizzaro - Conquered the Inca Empire of Peru in 1532. Extracted gold/silver. Dramatically assassinated. Francisco Coronado - 1540-1542 expedition searching for El Dorado (and/or the 7 cities of gold). He didn't find golden cities but VIII. IX. X. he did explore America from Mexico to Kansas and found the Grand Canyon/Colorado River. Hernando de Soto - Discovered the Mississippi River in 1541. Spanish Empire AP United States History; Unit I 2 Universities: in Lima & Mexico City. Encomienda System: enslaving Native Americans. Spanish Crown sold land w/ the natives as slaves attached to the land. Land-buyers were supposed to Catholicize their slaves. God (missionaries), Gold (merchants), and Glory (conquistadors). Spanish Caste System: Spanish → Mestizo (part Spanish, part native) → Native American. Feudal Society w/ Viceroys serving as central authority. 1492 Treaty of Tordesillas - Divides the New World between Spain & Portugal. Spain gets the Americas west of Brazil. Secures Spanish North American claims. Portugal gets Brazil, Africa, and Asia. Rejected by France & Britain because they weren't invited. Columbian Exchange - International commerce (globalization) between Europe and the Americas (the New World). Old World → New World: Wheat, sugar, rice, coffee, horses, cows, pigs, smallpox, measles, black death, influenza, typhus, scarlet fever. New World Old World: Gold, silver, corn, potatoes, vanilla, tobacco, beans, chocolate, tomatoes, pineapples, syphilis. New food from the New World funds capitalism and European population growth. French Colonization - Fueled mainly by a French demand for beaver furs. Canada becomes New France. French Explorers Giovanni da Verrazzano - An Italian explorer in the service of the French King Francis I. Explored the Atlantic Seaboard from Maine to the Carolinas. Samuel de Champlain - Founds New France (Canada) in 1608, and Quebec in 1609. "Father of New France". Jacques Cartier - Made 3 expeditions to North America which set the foundations for French claims in North America. Named Canada. XI. II. First European to discover/map the St. Lawrence River. He kidnapped some natives including a chief and his family to use them as guides lol. Jacques Marquette - French Jesuit missionary explored North Mississippi River Valley. Set foundations for de la Salle. II. III. Sieur de la Salle - Explored what Marquette did plus the Great Lakes and blocked the Spanish in the Gulf of Mexico. Forts/trading outposts were set up down the Mississippi River to Louisiana. Maintained good relations w/ Native Americans. Slow Expansion: AP United States History; Unit I Canada is vv cold. Originally banned Huguenots from settling in New France. Feudal land system. Native American/European culture clash; Native Americans: Men did not farm. Crop rotation. Some matriarchies existed. English Colonization of America Elizabeth I being a badass I. Queen Elizabeth I dispatched "sea dogs" (pirates) w/ Letters of Marque which essentially made them legal pirates of her government (sorta) (privateers). Sent one such Sir Francis Drake in 1570 to harass the Spanish (under King Philip II). In 1588, Philip II creates the Spanish Armada to escort an invasion of England. Francis Drake uses faster, lighter ships to destroy the armada (+ protestant wind) off of Gravelines, France. Less property ownership. (Nobody really owned the land). Had less religion/communion. English Colonization in America I. John Cabot - Italian explorer who discovered Newfoundland under commission from King Henry VII of England. First European exploration of North America since the Norse in Vinland in the 11th century. 1497. Most just some fishermen in Newfoundland. Domestic problems delay expansion. Humphrey Gilbert Wanted an English North American colony to raid Spanish ships from. Killed in mutiny. Brother (Walter Raleigh) will try for 3 more expeditions. IV. V. VI. VII. AP United States History; Unit I 1584 Roanoke Island Settlement - Initially led by Raleigh. Many die so John White (artist/mapmaker who paints natives (+leader)) and others go back to England to resupply. 1588 relief is blocked by Anglo-Spanish War. Arrives in 1591 but the whole colony is missing and "CROATOAN" is carved into a fence post in the fort. Site was chosen south of the Chesapeake and named Virginia, after the Virgin Queen Elizabeth A complete failure considering that they LOST the whole colony and have no idea what happened. Takeaways: Trading post system doesn't work and land must be profitable. Joint-Stock Companies Early corporations w/ investors funding New World settlement. First was the Virginia-London Company. Plymouth Company funded the Mayflower Voyage. King James I of England Succeeds Elizabeth I. Charters the Virginia Company Contract guarantees rights of English citizens for settlers. Encourages New World settlement due to overpopulation in England caused by the Enclosure Movement which pushed out smaller tenant farmers. Jamestown Colony 1607 (Virginia) England's first successful New World colony wooooo. In a swamp because easy to defend. Founded in the Chesapeake, Virginia. Only around 60/400 survived the first winter: "the starving time." 38 alive by 1608 spring. Poorly organized. John Smith takes charge after the first winter. "He who does not work does not eat." (Wealthy people not working). Captured and "executed" by Powhatan Indians. "Spared" by Pocahontas in a staged execution in a twisted form of diplomacy/peace offering. John Rolfe "Father of Tabacco" Jamestown needed a stable crop to export, a workable land system, peace w/ Native Americans, and discipline to succeed. Domesticated tobacco in Jamestown by 1616. 13 Colonies 13 British Colonies IV. V. I. New England, Middle, Southern(Chesapeake & Deep South) II. Motives: religious, economic, etc,. (vary). III. New England - VI. Marries Pocahontas in the first biracial marriage in Virginia for peace w/ Powhatan Indians. Pocahontas moved to England and died at 21 from smallpox. Population increased to 3000 people by 1622. 1619 House of Burgesses - first colonial legislature. 1622 Indian attack killed 357 settlers including John Rolfe. Lord de la Warr arrives in 1610 w/ orders to kill Native Americans. "Fall March" general planting season. AP United States History; Unit I Rocky soil. Short growing season. Diverse economy: subsistence farms (small; family or tenant farms), lumber, trade, distilling (alcohol). Plymouth, Massachusetts Founded by Separatist Puritans in 1620. Became the Pilgrims. Mayflower. Separatists had originally gone to Holland, but eventually settled in the New World. Separatist Puritans were the purist Puritans who wanted full separation from the Anglican Church (under James I) rather than simply purifying it. Led by William Bradford. Mayflower Compact - Early example of democracy. Made settlement separate from Jamestown and set up a government. Signed on the Mayflower. Family oriented. 1691 merged to Massachusetts Bay Colony. First Thanksgiving because Squanto helped them. Eel, fish, venison. Massachusetts Bay Colony 1630 founded by non-separatist puritans, Massachusetts Bay Company. Founders ran away from King Charles I. Led by John Winthrop Wanted a human utopia, "City upon a Hill". Theocracy. Town hall meetings. The rest of the New England colonies are Massachusetts spin-offs. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. XIII. Rhode Island 1636 (New England) Roger Williams (Founder) Founded for religious liberty (full). Full separation of Church & State. Connecticut 1636 (New England) Booted from Massachusetts Bay Colony because he questioned their charter's legitimacy. Declared that it was not the King of England's land to give because it belonged to the Native Americans. Friendly to Native Americans. Founding: economic motive: better farmland. Led by Thomas Hooker. "Fundamental Orders of Connecticut" because the first written constitution in 1639. New Hampshire 1679 Absorbed by Massachusetts Bay Company, but split off by Charles II. Middle Colonies - New York AP United States History; Unit I Most diverse (ethnically, religiously, and economically). Cereal crops. Combine North & South kind of. Founded by the Dutch as the New Netherlands. Led by Peter Minuet. Seized by the English in 1664 and given to the Duke of York. For-profit. Ethnic diversity. Religious diversity. Fur trading. Commerce. Diverse economy. New Jersey "Armpit of New York" - Founded by John Berkely and George Carteret who both eventually lost their East & West halves. Proprietary. Similar to New York. Pennsylvania 1682 Founded by William Penn Quaker Oats man. Given the land by the King to pay off his debt to Penn's father (admiral). Businessman, drew people to his successful colony. Proprietary colony. Diverse (Germans). XIV. XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX. XX. Full religious tolerance. Haven for Quakers. Delaware 1638 (Middle Colony) Claimed by Pennsylvania, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, and probably more. Founded by Swedish (King Gustavus Adolphus at the time). 1682 lost to English. Motives: trade & profit. Southern Colonies - Flat land. Long-growing seasons. Rich soil. Rivers. Rural. Cash-crops. Large aristocratic estates. Economically reliant on indentured servants and/or slavery. Maryland 1634 (Chesapeake) Cash Crop Plantation Economy; tobacco, forced labor Proprietary Colony Ethnic Diversity Maryland Act of Toleration 1648 AP United States History; Unit I Religious freedom for all Christians only Death penalty for Christ Passed to protect Catholics Founded by Lord Baltimore as a haven for Catholics Carolinas (Deep South) Founded as 1. Split in 1691. Named after King Charles II. Plantation economy. More diverse than the north due to slaves, Scots, Irish, etc,. Both were proprietary colonies. North Carolina 1663 (Deep South) Settled by Virginian squatters, pirates, etc,. Motivated by profit, and religious freedom. "Graveyard of the Atlantic". South Carolina 1663 (Deep South) Same as North Carolina but w/ close ties w/ the Caribbean. Rice plantations. Trade rice for sugar and slaves w/ the Caribbean. Slave codes were adopted from Barbados in the Caribbean. Georgia 1732 (Deep South) II. III. IV. The Atlantic Slave Trade I. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. Founded by James Oglethorpe (a member of Parliament) as a proprietary colony to be a haven for debtors. English people in debt could now go to America instead of jail. Buffer against Spanish Florida (Fort in St. Augustine). AP United States History; Unit I Encomienda System → Spanish enslaved Native Americans. Land comes w/ natives for land-buyers to use as slaves and catholicize. Needed forced labor for farming/mining. Leads to political/religious debates on the treatment of Native Americans. Juan de Sepulveda viewed Natives as 'slaves of nature'. Bartholomé de Las Casas argued against the Encomienda System. Black Legend - Anti-Spanish/Anti-Catholic propaganda depicting them as purely cruel and intolerant. First African Slaves arrive in the New World ~1501. Headright System - Rewarded land to those who brought labor to the New World. Indentured Servants - under labor contract (typically around 4-7 years) could work their way to freedom after contracted time. Bacon's Rebellion - Led by former indentured servant Nathaniel Bacon Bacon wanted safe land for former indentured servants. Land out west was prone to Indian attacks. Rebels temporarily take over Jamestown. Results in landowners preferring slaves over hard-to-control indentured vants. (Social/racial hierarchy) Realized after Bacon died. Need for Labor Labor was needed especially in the south for plantations. Indians are bad slaves because they know the land (escape), and they die of smallpox. Slavery is an ancient institution but American slavery was one of the worst due to a complete non-recognition of human rights for slaves. Slaves were completely chattel. Middle Passage - A leg in the triangular trade; the Africa to America trans-Atlantic voyage. Capturing Slaves Panyaling - kidnapping people into slavery. Punishment for crimes. Sold themselves (rare). X. XI. XII. XIII. XIV. I. II. III. II. POWs sold by Africans to Europeans (most common). 2 main American slave ports - Newport, Rhode Island & Charleston, South Carolina. Most African slaves were sent to the Caribbean. Slave Codes - used to control slave populations. Statutes were established in Virginia in 1662. Slave for life. Property of master. Hereditary. Illiterate. III. No conversions to Christianity could grant freedom (had been used prior to the establishment of slave codes for blacks to become free). Resistance to Slavery 13 Colonies Side Notes Slave marriages were unrecognized as slavery was hereditary. *few cases of free blacks in America around this time. American Justifications for Slavery Economic dependence. Religion "the children of ham". Racial inferiority. The Colonial Society Religions: I. AP United States History; Unit I Overt Resistance - Aggressive. Ex. Slave revolts. Covert Resistance - Cautious. Ex. Sabotage/escape. Consequences of Slavery Partial cause of Civil War. Racism. Calls for reparations in the future. Jeremiad - 1600s Puritan sermon. Biblical prophet of doom. Leisler's Rebellion, New York ~1680s Leisler, a merchant, led poor farmers against rich landowners. Jacob Leisler was hanged. Half-Way Covenant - Partial Church membership w/o a conversion experience. People were less pious. Leads to the Great Awakening. Anglican Church: Church of England. Official faith in most of the South. Not very pious. Congregational Church: Puritans. New England areas. Emphasis on individual congregations. Presbyterian Church: Calvinist. Not official. Scots & Irish. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. Quakers: Pennsylvania/Middle Colonies. Religious tolerance. Persecuted often for being pacifists. First abolitionists. Jews: In places w/ full religious freedom. Relatively small population in the New World. A religious branch: Christians → Protestants → Calvinists → Puritans → Separatists. Calvinists & the Puritans Puritans wanted to purify the Church of England (get rid of all aspects of Catholicism). John Calvin makes Calvinism - God is good. Humans are bad. Predestination - AP United States History; Unit I The idea that God predestines you to Heaven or Hell and no good deeds in life can prevent your fate. "The Elect' are going to Heaven and Conversion Experience may be a sign of being in the Elect. Calvinists and Puritans drove the foundation of America and many Puritan values are still seen today as a part of integrated American culture. Lasting Puritan Impact Work-Ethic (hardworking). Material success as a sign of virtue. Strict public morality. Intolerance of other religions/beliefs. Called Indians Heathens. *this one wasn't very lasting. Town Meeting - Early model of democracy. Public Education - founded Harvard in 1636 as the first American College. Reaction to Puritans Utopian Perfection Roger Williams - Extreme separatist who claimed the 2 Massachusetts charters were illegitimate and was banished from Massachusetts. Ran away to/founded Rhode Island. (See Rhode Island). Influenced Thomas Jefferson. Anne Hutchinson - Antinomianism - the Elect don't need to follow any laws (societal or spiritual) because they're already saved. Hutchinson discussed sermons at home w/ others. Banished and fled to Rhode Island. Ends up in the Bronx, New York w/ 8 out of her 15 kids but she and 7 of her kids were killed in an Indian attack (Kieft's War). Susanna Cole survived. Puritans wanted a perfect society. Immigration from Europe to America I. The Great Migration (1630s) II. III. IV. V. This became a theme of American History. Belief in progress. John Winthrop's "City upon a Hill" VI. Turmoil in England saw ~180,000 people immigrate to the Americas w/ most headed to the West Indies. Colonial Society Immigration led to rapid population growth. There was a high birth rate in the colonies. By 1776, there were at least 3,000,000 American Colonials w/ ~ of them having been born in the New World. Area of Settlement AP United States History; Unit I Mostly settled along the Atlantic Seaboard. Mostly small farmers. 90% rural. Some of the poorer immigrants became frontiersmen who moved/explored west. Social Classes (1775) Upper: Plantation owners, and wealthy merchants. Aristocrats. Middle: Small farmers, artisans, shopkeepers, skilled workers, etc,. Lower: Indentured servants, and slaves. Social Mobility Moving through social classes was a lot easier in America than it was in the established Europe. Almost all English settlers sought social mobility. Living Conditions Family-oriented (especially in New England). Disciplined. Life expectancy was ~40 y/o in the south & ~70 y/o in New England. Disparity due to disease, bad water, and slavery in the south. Middle class produced their own clothes, homes, and other products. Upper class imported goods from Europe. VII. Religious diversity increased along w/ religious tolerance in the colonies. Conflicts in the New Colonies/ Seeds of Colonial Unity & Independence I. Salem Witch Trials 1692 20 women & men were executed. 150 were charged. II. III. IV. V. VI. 19 were hanged. 1 was pressed, last words were "more weight". 2 dogs were hanged. Governor of Massachusetts stepped in and ended the trials because his wife was accused. Pueblo Revolt (aka Pope's Rebellion) Occurred in 1680 in the Spanish Empire's Northwest Spanish Territory. Pueblos revolted against all Spanish (missionaries and churches included). Killed Spaniards because the Spanish had banned traditional dances, and kachina dolls used in Native American rituals. AP United States History; Unit I Killed 400 Spanish and successfully forced the remaining 2000 out of Santa Fe (one of Spain's most famous settlements in New Mexico). The Spanish Crown steps in because churches were attacked. 1692 Spanish peaceful reconquest of Santa Fe (led by de Vargas, ordered by Spain) because of fears of French expansion. Led to more accommodation of Native American culture. Mixing of Indian culture in American southwest. Pequot War (1637) Initially, Wampanoag Massasoit helps Pilgrims. Eventually, Puritans vs Native Americans war because of westward expansion. New England Confederation - Defensive Puritan alliance between Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth Bay Colony, and Connecticut. Metacom, son of Massasoit, slows English expansion: Metacom's War (Philip's War) - More settlers were expanding westward into established Native American land. Metacom's forces attacked these settlers but he died and European expansion continued. Dominion of New England - kinda like a super colony New England, New Jersey, and New York. Promoted trade and united many colonies under 1 government w/ Sir Edmund Andros as the governor. Andros was hated and deported when the Glorious Revolution happened in England. Tuscarora War In North Carolina. Settlers wipe out the Tuscarora Native Americans in conflict. Surviving Indians flee to the Iroquois Confederacy and Tuscarora becomes the 6th nation of the league. Yamasee Indians VII. AP United States History; Unit I In South Carolina. They were the last Native American coastal tribe living in substantial numbers along the Atlantic Seaboard. Devastated in conflict in the 1715-1716 Yamasee War. Results in a complete collapse of Native American power in the area. Mercantilism - An Economic Theory Theory stated that: Colonies were supposed to be self-sustaining. Colonies exist to benefit the mother country. Especially in trying to control trade. Supposed to be enforced by the Navigation Acts. Navigation Acts (for the 13 British Colonies) Exs: Use English ships only. Sell to England first. Cannot trade outside of the British Empire. Colonies supply raw materials and buy back products. Led to smuggling (especially in the Caribbean). (~1713--1763) not enforced (salutary neglect) - lets colonies run themselves through colonial governments to make more money (these governments eventually get pissed when the British start interfering to make more money).