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on region; North: high tariffs to promote industry south: lower tariffs to encourage trade oTie between Burr and Jefferson resolved by votes from House of Repa, DR take over power in government O Revolution of 1800: transition of power 10/15/20 Jefferson's Presidency: maintained Hamilton's financial plan to appease Feder a lists, Foreign neutrality, reduced military, repealed excise taxes, lowered national debt, only appointed Democratic Republicars to his cabinet to avoid internal division Louisiana Purchase: Port of New Orleans, rebellion in French Louisiana territory led to Napoleon selling it o control of New Orleans by foreign country while America uses port poses risk of foreign entanglements, purchased for 15 mill. odid not follow strict constitutional interpretation but still ratified Consequences: doubled US sise, removed European presence from borders, extended Western Frontier beyond Mississippi, strengthened Jefferson's hope for agrarian society w/ new land, strengthened support for Jefferson and his party Lewis and Clark Expedition: scientific exploration of West, resulted in greater geographic and scientific knowledge of region, stranger claims to Oregon territory, better relations w/ Natives, more accurate maps and land routes for fur trappers and future settlers Judicial Impeachments: suspended Alien and Sedition Acts and released prisoners, could not remove Federalist judges from court campaign for impeachment was largely a failure except for removal of two judges and judges more cautious and less par tisen in decisions oReelection: Jefferson's second term, plot by Aaron Burr, split in DR party, Quids accuse Jefferson of abandoning party's principle foreign troubles with Napoleonic wars Aaron Burr: caucus in 1804 decided to not reelect Burr for VP leading to his rampage • form political pact to become NY governor, unite NE states, and secede from nation, but he was not elected •Duel with Hamilton, who was killed; Trial for Treason: 1806: conspiracy to conquer MX and Louisiana Purchase to rule land, Jefferson orders Burr's arrest, but jury acquits him John Marshall's Supreme Court and Federal Power: influential Federalist whose decisions favored central gov. and rights of property agains+ advocacy of test rights; appointed at end of Adam's presidency, cousin of Jefferson, exerted strong influence of supreme court over 34 year term • Influential cases: 1. Marbury v. Madison (1809): established judicial review (Adams' midnight judges); judicial review: supreme court decides whether an act of congress or the president is allowed by constitution and overrule actions of other two branches 2. Fletcher V. Peck (1810): land fraud in GA, state could not pass legislation invalidating a contract 3. Martinu. Hunter's Lease (1816): supreme court hasjurisdiction over state courts in cases involving constitutional rights u. Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819: a contract for a private corporation could not be altered by the state 3. Mc Culloch v. Maryland (1819): a state could not taxa federal institution and constitution gives implied power to create a national bank 6. Cohens v. Virginiac1821): Supreme court can review a state court's decision involving any powers of federal government 7. Gibbons v. Ogden (1821): monopoly of NY steamboat company, established federal government's broad control of interstate commerce. Madison's Presidency: Jefferson follows two term precedent, secretary of State James Madison °Election of 1808: weak public speaker, stubborn temperament, lacked Jefferson's political skills Thomas Jefferson March 1801-1809; former governor of Virginia; accomplishments: Louisiana Purchase (1803), wrote Declaration Independence (1776) laid groundwork for free public education (1979), Founded University of Virginia (18 (9) o Federalist John Adams: Father of the Navy (and John Paul Jones) OKY/VA Resolutions: statenullification of unconstitutional federal laws (Alien and Sedition Acts) oan agrarian nation for the common people, Louisiana territory would provide more farm land o peaceful Revolution: political realignment (switched parties), first peaceful transition of political power • Overturned federalist policies and Alien and Sedition Acts, reduced national debt and standing army a retained most Federalis+employees and kept Hamilton's Financial plan(Funding at par, national bank, assume state debts, protective tariff) Louisian Purchase for $15 million, not supported by Federalists • Embargo act:ruined economy by stopping trade with Europe, caused economy to crash •Summer 1804: Britis attack USS Chesapeake and remove American sailors, economic coercion (Embargo) instead of war o Hamilton's plan 10/16/20 Embargo Act ouisiana Purchase Marbury v. Madison POLITICS AND REGIONAL INTERESTS *Explain how different regional interests affected debates about the role of the federal gov. in the early rebublic James Monroe: elected in 1816, two terms known as Era of Good Feelings Era of Good Feelings: ospirit of nationalism, optimism and goodwill, democratic republicens dominated odebates over tariffs, national bank, internal improvements, public land sales, sectionalismover slavery, split of par+ cor); era only lasted actually from 1816 to Panic of 18 19 James Monroe: Fought in Revolutionary War and from VA; by 1820 (2nd term) Federalist party vanishes; he represented growing nationalis of American people; accomplishments: Florida, Missouri compromise, Monroe Doctrine Economic Nationalism: post war or 1812, growing political movement for internal improvements Croads and canals) and protecting domestic industries 10/18/20 oTariff of 1816: Fear that British dumping of goods would take away American business so congress passes protective tariff; only opposed by NE blc of little manufacturing @ the time Cre Henuse of Reps from KY, method for nation's ecomanic growth called American System: 1. Henry Clay's American System: leader of House of (protect Industries (provide national and raise revenue) currency benefits (benefits East) whole nation) protective tariffs 2.national bank s. internal improvements Reps. build national transportation system) (benefit West and south) oSecond Bank of the U.S.: 1816 • Constitution doesn't provide for federal funding for internal improvements, so left up to states Panic of 1819: Financial panic (first major one since constitution ratified), National Bank tightened credit to controlinflation → banks closed, unemployment, bankrupcies, depression in west, imprisonment for debt, Foreclosure of farmland nationalistic beliefs shaken and political outlook Political Change: Democratic Republicans split between those with traditional views and those w/ adapted (more Federalist) views; 1824 election split part officialy Western settlemen + and Missouri Compromise population doubled in west, nationalistic and economic interest settled in West oReasons for Westward Expansion: 1. Acquisition of lands through military victories (Indiena and Florida) 2. economic pressures: from embargo and war in NE and needed new land in south 9.improved transportation 4. immigrants: Europeans °New?'s and Issues: primary concerns From Western states: 1. cheap money leasy credit) from state banks rather than National Bank 2. cheapfederally sold land 3.improved transportation; debate over slavery sparked when Missouri applied for statehood • Missouri compromise: been preserving sectional balance since 1791; if Missouri became slavestate, would tip balance (also first applied state from Louisiana Purchase, future of slavery?) Tallmadge Amendment: Rep. Tallmodge From NY; 1. prohibit more slaves into Missouri z. children of Missouri slaves emancipated at 25 (gradual elimination of slavery); amendment defeated in Senate oclay's Proposals: 1. admit Missouri as slave state 2. admit Maine as free state s.prohibit slavery in rest of Louisiana territory North of latitude 36° 30'; passed by Monroe in March of 18 20 o resulted in Americans torn blw nationalism and sectionalism AMERICAN TIME INCORLD STAGE * Explain how and why American foreign policy developed over time oWashingtonis warning of foreign entaglements and permanent alliances Jefferson's Foreign Policy: foreign minister w/ ties to Europe (France) o avoided war and sought U.S. neutrality through provocations from French and British during Napoleonic Wars •Barbary Pirates: piracy from Barbary States off North African coast; Washington and Adams paid tributes to Barbary gov. to protect U.S. merchant ships; Tripoli (ruler) demanded higher tribute from Jefferson, so he sent U.S. Navy ships, Fighting lasted 4 years, did not win but gained respect and protection to merchant ships in Mediterranean water •British impressment of U.S. sailors and capturing of ships during Napoleonic Wars Chesapeake-Leopard Affair: 1807; British ship Leopard fired on U.S. warship Chesapeake, Jefferson responded w/diplomacy and economic pressures 10/18/20 •EmbargoAc+ (1807): cut off Foreign trade, ended up devastating U.S. economy rather than the British, major fail President Madison's Foreign Policy: same European problems as Jefferson •Commercial warfare: exercised diplomacy and economic pressure to deal with Napoleonic wars before going to war o Nonintercourse Act of 1809: end to economic depression from Embargo; U.S. can trade w/all nations except Britain and France Macon's Bill No. 201810): restored trade w/ Britain and France as economic hardships persisted; if Britain ar France agreed to respect U.S. neutral rights at sea, U.S. would prohibit tradew/ nation's foe ONapoleon's Deception: Napoleon accepts terms, embargo against Britain, but French continue to seize U.S. merchant ships War of 1812: wanted by neither Britain nor U.S. Ocauses: • neither Britain nor France Followed U.S. neutral rights of sea as long as Britain and France remained enemies; British impressment of sailors; DR applauded French for overthrowing monerch in Revolution • Rebellion from Tecumseh (some aid from British) which was ended in Battle of Tippecanoe (1811), was blamed by Ameri. cans on British for instigating rebellion ower Hawks: members of Congress from Fronteirstates who promoted war w/ Britain to defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy Native rebellion on Frontier •Declaration of War: delays from British in meeting U.S. neutral seas demands plus pressure from warhawks war declaration; irony: British decided Suspend naval blockade but news did not reach White House unit congress had declared war oununited in support of war; supportive: Vermont, PA, south and West; against: NY, NJ, New England •Election of 1812: Madison won reelection again at DeWitt It Clifton of NY (candidate of Federalists and antiwar DRS) profit from European trade) o Opposition to the war: New Englandmerchants:commercial interests and ties to protestant British and Catholic French; Federalis+ Politicians: viewed war as DR scheme to conquer FL and Canada and increase DR voting streak; Quids: war violated classic DR commitment to limited fed. power and maintenance of peace OMadison's troops victory based on 1. Napoleon's continued success in Europe 2.U.S.land campaign agains+ Canada 01812-1813: unsuccessful s-part invasion of caneda, only encouraged British retaliation Naval Battles: victories due to superior shipbuilding and valorous deeds of U.S. sailors; US wership Constitution defeated British ship off Nova Scotia, American privateas capture merchant ships, but British blockade U.S. coas+ 01815: Lake Erie, Oliver Hazard Perry, declared victory Battle of the Thames(Tecumseh killed) → 1814: Macdonough defeats British fleet on Lake Champlain British retreat oChesapeake Campaign: 1814: British set fire to White House and attempt to take Baltimore but Fort McHenry holds out → Francis scott Key "The Star-Spangled Banner" osouthern campaign:commanded by Andrew Jackson, Battle of Horseshoe Bend: Alabama, eliminate British ally, the Creek Nation and U.S. gains territory; Battle of New Orleans: prevent British control of Mississippi, fought after treaty was signed oThe Treaty of Ghent: 1814: British weary of war, us. too weak to win, Ghent, Belgium on Christmas Eve 1814; terms: halted fighting prewar territory claims, prewar U.S. Can ada border; nogains foreither side o The Hartford Convention: bring end to proposed NE seccession from Union and debate over process for declaring war in the future •Impacts: 1.U.S. gained global respect 2. canada is British territory S. NE denounces seccession and Federalist party ends 4. NE proposed secession sets precedent for South 5. British abandon Natives who surrender to White Settlement 6. Rise of factories and industrial self-sufficiency 7. war heroes (Jackson and Harrison) newpolitical leaders 9. growing nationalism and separation from Europe Monroe and Foreign Affairs: more agressive, nationalistic approach with othernations; protection in Mediterranean from Barbary Pirates °Canada: 1. Rush-Bago+ Agreement (1819): limited naval armamenton Great Lakes and later agreement was extended to place border Fortifications 2. Treaty of 1818: improved British-U.S. relations, 1.shared fishing rights off Newfoundland Coas+ 2.joint occupation of Oregon territory for 10 years 3.U.S.-Canada border at 49th parallel Florida: switch blu Spanish and U.S. control of land → Seminoles (runaway slaves) and white Outlaws conducting U.S. raids and escaping into Florida Jackson's military campaign capture of Pensacola capture of FL oFlorida Purchase Treaty (1819): Adam Onis Treaty FL and Oregon in exchange for TX and $Smillion oMonroe Doctrine: restoration of European monarchies after the fall of Napoleon; Russia in Alasks worried U.S. and British oproposed joint Anglo-American warning (by British to US) to warn Europe to stay out of Latin America (Canning to Rush) •American Response: John Quincy Adams disagreed (from agreement w/ Britain from Monroe and advisors): 1. IF U.S. acted a lone, Britain could be counted upon to stand behind U.S. policy 2. No European power would risk going to war in South America, and British navy would destroy if someone did. Monroe follows Adams Statement • Doctrine: Dec. 2, 1829; "asa principle... of U.S.... the American continents... not to be considered... For future. colonization by any European powers"; also, U.S. opposed attempts by a European power to interfere in affairs of any republic in Western Hemisphere • Impact: soon forgotten by Americans, angered European monarchs, including British MARKET REVOLUTION *Explain the causes and effects of the innovations in technology, agriculture, and commence over time. • New 19th century innovations would decrease demand in agriculture (Jeffersonian nation) and increase demand in commerce Industrial revolution, political debates over tariffs, internal improvements, and Bank of the U.9. Development of the Northwest: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota all became states before 1860 and using the Northwest Ordinance (1787) •Early 19th century: unsettled and settled areas relied on Miss, to transport grain to southern markets and part of New Orleans •Mid 19th Century: closely tied to Norther states by 1.military campaigns by federal troops driving natives off land 2.canals end railroads established markets b/w Great Lakes and East Coast Agriculture: com and wheat supplemented by steel plow (Deere) and mechanical reaper (Mc Cormick) Transportation: roads and can als for moving people, raw materials, and manufactured goods Roads: PA: Lance ster Turnpike (17908); National or Cumberland Road: 1,000+ miles from Meryland to Illinois, completed in 1950s using state and Federal money Canals: Erie Canal in NY(1825), linked Western farmers to Eastern cities, cause of improved transportation: lower food prices in East, more immigrants settling in West, Stranger economic ties between two sections osteam engines: factories could be located anywhere because no longer ren using water on streams osteamboat: Robert Fulton, cheaper and faster shipping on rivers o Railroads:commercial centers in Western towns, linked North and Midwest, less common in south so relied more on rivers Communication. 1844: Morse invents telegraph, communication b/w government officials and military leaders Growth of Industry: rise in manufacturing and industrial growth Mechanical Inventions: Eli Whitney's Interchangable Parts; led to mass production ex. guns ocorporations for Raising Capital: sharing of stocks, raising of capital for building infrastructure oFactory System: from Samuel Slater (British); first U.S. textile factory (1991); 1820s: NE is manufacturing center b/c of waterpower and farming decline yielded ready labor supply; factor system growth →→growth of banks and insurance. Labor: Lowell System: young farm wom en housed in company dorms, child labor, and immigrants later on ounions: group of workers which protested for decreased work hours, stopped by 1. immigrant replacement workers 2. State laws outlowing unions 9. Frequent economic depressions w/high unemployment Commercial Agriculture: switch from subsistence farming to cash crops 1. lots of cheap land available from fed.gov. 2. loans w/ low interest rates provided by State banks to farmers for land 3. cena is and railroads opened new markets. Cotton and the South: omain cash crop because of cottongin and invested capital in slaves and new land o cotton connected south with global economy EFFECTS OF MARKETTE BEWOLUTELOAD @hd SCCLEFETY AND CULTURE * Explain how and why innovation in technology, agriculture, and commerce affected various segments of American Society over time oMarket revolution distinct American culture, increase in religious fervor, reform movements ose if sufficient households growing interdependence Women: • Employment: domestic service or teaching; once married, left jobs for household duties ocult of domesticity:new responsibilities as moral leaders within the name; men worked away from the name; Few er arranged marriages; still no right to vote Economic and Social Mobility: wages improved but gap b/w wealthy and poor increased; social mobility blw generations Population Growth and change: oincrease in population due to high birthrate and immigration (1890); increase in diversity; more laborers and consumers 01830s-1850s: 4 million immigrants; reasons: 1. new inexpensive and rapid ocean transportation 2. famines and revolutions in Europe 3. U.S. reputation of economic opportunities and political freedom omost immigrants stayed in North and Old Northwest and provided inexpensive labor and increased demand for mass-produced consumer goods Urbanization expansion of Slums: crowded housing, poor sanitation, infectious diseases, high crime; Industrial Revolution attracted people osmall towns grew into cities Organized Labor: omanufacturing cheaper goods and development of wealthy and middle classes olabor parties to protest for better factory working conditions 01842, Mass. Supreme Court, Commonwealth v. Hunt: peaceful unions had right to negotiate labor contracts with employers EXPANDING DEMOCRACY *Explain the causes of the expansion of participatory democracy from 1800 to 1848. Greater Equality: omore difficult for outsiders to distinguish between classes oequal opportunity for white males; still restrictions on women; feminism movements begin in 18408 onew suffrage laws, changes in political parties and campaigns, improved education, and increased news paper circulation Spread of democracy o Universal white male suffrage: state constitutions in new western states allowed all white men to vote and this spre ad to the rest of the country. Changes to Parties and campaigns: • caucuses (state legislature meeting of political party leaders) For candidate elections replaced by nominating conventions; 1st: Anti- Masonic Party 10125/20 opopular election used by all states except SC For 1832 presidential election opopularelection of president campaigns on a national scale and candidates neede a large political parties (2 party system) oRise of third parties: ex. Anti-Masonic Party and workingmen's Party omore elected state and local officials rather than appointed o campaigning towards common man •Spoils system and Rotation of Office holders: President Jackson appointed Federal jobs based on party or dispensing jobs in return for party loyalty (spoils system); rotation in office: limiting a person to one term in office and replacing them with another deserving democra+ JACKSON AND THE FEDERALL ROLER *Explain the causes and effects of continuing policy debates about the role of the federal government from 1800 to 1848 01829-1897, Age of the Common Man or Era of Jacksonian Democracy 01824 election: Jackson won the popular votes but lost the election to John Quincy Adams; four democratic republicans: JOA, Henry Clay, William Crawford, and Andrew Jackson, no caucus system for electing presidential candidates • Jackson won popular vote, but not electoral because it was split blw 4 candidates; corrupt bargain: President Adams appointed Clay his Secretary of State, Jackson claimed decision of voters had been foiled by secret political maneuvers Adams vs.Jackson: Adams asked Congress for money for internal improvements, aid to manufacturing, national university, astronomical observatory; 1928 "Tariff of Abominations": satisfied northern manufacturers but alienated southern planters oRevolution of 1929: Jacksonians use discontent of Southerners and westerners to elect Jackson, smear campaign agains+ Adams, Jackson won w/ Reputation as a war hero and men of the western frontier °President Jackson: symbol of emerging working and middle classes (common man), war hero from Battle of New Orleans, fought duels and had a temper, no college education, self-made man • Presidential Power: representative of all the people, protector of common man against a buses of power by the rich and the privileged, frugal Jeffersonian, opposed: increasing Federal spending and national debt, narrow interpretation of powers of congress, vetoed lots of bills, "Kitchen cabinet": closest advisers who were not part of the official cabine+ •Peggy Eaton Affair: wife of Jackson's secretary of war,common woman, not accepted by cabinet wives resignation of Up Calhoun, new UP Van Burren of NY Indian Removal Act (1890): sympathized w/ land hungry citizens, forced resettlement of thousands of Natives, Bureau of Indian Affairs (1996): created to assist resettled tribes; Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1991): Cherokees were not a foreign nation w/ the right to sue ina federal court, Worcester v. Georgia (1932): laws of Georgia had no force within Cherokee territory, Jackson sided w/ Georgia leaving Court powerless to enforce rulings oTrail of Tears: 1899: U.S. Army Forced 15,000 Cherokees to leave Georgia, 4,000 deaths (SC's response to 1828 "Tariff of Abominations" Nullification Crisis:nullification theory:each state had the right to decide whether to obey a federal law or to declare it null and void, Webster-Hayne debate: Hayne argued for the rights of states, Webster attacked idea that any state could defy or leave the Union Jackson: "Union must be preserved", Force Bill: gave Jackson authority to act against Sc, Proclamation to the people of SC: nullification and disunion were treason, no troops, opened doors for compromise oOpposition to Antislavery Efforts: Jackson's strong defense of federal authority forced the mill +an+ advocates of State's rights to retreat, used his executive power to stop antislavery literature from beingsent through U.S. mail oBank veto: President of National Bank (privately owned but supported by government funding) was arrogant leading people to believe bank abused its powers, served the wealthy, Jackson believed bank unconstitutional and vetoed Clay's bank recharter bill 02 Party System: Jackson supporters: Democrats, clay supporters: Whigsl federalist -esque party. *Jackson's second Term: goal: destroy Bank Of United States; Pet Banks: Jackson withdrew federal Funds and deposited them in ver- ious state banks (pet banks), Secretary of Treasury Roger Taney; Specie Circular: Jackson's financial policies and Peverish purchase western landsinflation of land and goods prices; specie Circular: all future purchases of federal lands be made in specie (gold and silver) rather than banknotes banknotes lost value and land sales plummetedPanic of 1857: economic depression °Election of 1896: V Pidemocrat) Ven Buren won ensuring continuation of Jackson's policies; Whig strategy to throw election into House of Reps failed. oDemocra+s: Issues: Opposed: national bank, protective tariffs, Federal spending for internal improvements, Concerned: highland prices in West and business manopolies, Base of Voter Support: South, West, Urban workers owhigs: Issues: Supported national bank, protective tariffs, federal spending for internal improvements, concerned:crime 8990ciale with immigrants; Base of Vater Support: NE and mid-Atlantic States, urban professiona 19 •Presiden+ Van Buren and Panic of 1894: Jackson's opposition to rechartering Bank of U.S. was one of many causes, Whigs blamed democrats for laissez-faire economics (advocated for little Federal involvement in economy) o The "Log Cabin and Hard Cider" Campaign of 1840: Whigs in good place to win with weak economy and more organized party, candidate: William Henry" Tippecanoe "Harrison, war hero, campaign: symbolize Harrison's humble beginnings w/log cabins on wheels, passed out cider, propaganda:"Martin van Ruin" aristocratul a taste for foreign wines, Harrison wine and establishes Whigs as a national party, died from pneumonia < 1 month after taking office, UP John Tyler: not much of a whig, vetoed whigs national bank bills, favored southern and expansionist Democrats during 4 year term. oWestern Frontier: idea of "West" expanded to CA and Oregon Territory by mid 18009 ONatives driven further westward as white settlers migrated • Exodus: 1850: Natives not killed by disease, battle, or Forced to migrate found a temporary respite in the Great Plains Life on the plains: horses allowed for nomadic hunters following buffalo, cheyenne, Sioux oThe Frontier: West location changed over time but idea remained as place for fresh start promising greater Freedom for all ethnic groups •Mountain Men: guides and pathfinders for gettlers crossing the mountains into CA and Oregan in 1840s, were Fur trappers who had Followed after Lewis and clark owhite settlers on the Western Frontier: Sim. to early colonists, log cabins, worked allday, disease, malnutrition, but fewer Native attacks owomen: performed many tasks ex. doctor, teacher, cook, but shorter lifespan due to isolation, endless work, rigors of childbirth opoar Farming methods exhausted soil, trappers and hunters brough+ beaver and buffalo to brink of extinction JAE DEVELOPMENT OF AN AMERICANOWLITHURB *Explain how and why a new national culture developed from 1800 to 1848 o independence own culture w/nationalistic tone and European influences; regional cultures developed at the same time onew generation of adults: nationalism and patriotism, westward expansion, little intergest in European politics Enlightenment intuition, peelings, individual acts of heroism, study of nature: romanticism expressed by transcendentalists Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau: questions doctrines of churches and merchants, challenged materialism valued individualism, reforms 11/2/20 •Ralph Waldo Emerson:writer and speaker, urged Americans to create own (not European) Culture, leading critic of slavery OHenry David Thoreau: Walden: lived simply in a cabin in the woods, pioneer ecologist and conservationist, "On Civil Disobedienc nonviolent movements of Gandhi and MLK °Brook Farm: George Ripley, communal experiment of people living ou+ transcentalist ideal, fire and debtended experiment, famous writers and activists onew communal experiments: shakers: separated men and women, no marriage and celibacy; Amana Colonies: Germans from religious reform of Pietism in Iowa, simple communal living w/ marriage; New Harmony: secular experiment by Robert Owen in Indiana, failed utopian socialist community; Oneida Community: NY, socialism, shared property and partners, "free love", silverware production; Fourier Phalanxes: French Socialist Charles Fourier, shared work and housing in communities •Arts and Literature: painting:gen re painting of everyday life of ordinary people, ex. George Caleb Bingham, Williams. Mount, Thames Cole and Frederick Church, Hudson River School in NY; architecture: classicism; literature: romantic, distinctively American, nationalistic works, ex. Washington Irving's "Rip van Winkle", "Sleepy Hollow", Nathaniel Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter, Herman Melville's Moby Dick, Edgar Allen Poe's poetry SECOND GREATE AINAKEALLING *Explain causes of Second Great Awakening oreligious revivals, reassertion of traditional Calvinist (Puritan) teachings of original sin and predestination and new Christian developments in us Causes: 1.growing emphasis on democracy, the individual, now art affected people's view of religion, less formal and more participatory services 2. rational approach to religion → mare emotional expressions of beliefs in worships 9. market revolution: Industrial/ commercialization → more greed and sin 4.disruption by market revolution and mobility of people informal worship settings outside of churches in cities o Revivals: began among highly educated, couterattack agains+liberal views in 1790s ex. Timothy Dwight in Vale College-evangelical preachers 11/2128 Revivalism on Frontier: preaching through emotions and fear of damnation ex. charles Grandison Finney in upstate NY oBaptists and Methodists: south and western frontier, circuit preachers and campmeetings ex. Peter Cartwright •New Denominations: millenialism: world ending w/ second coming of christ, William Miller, Oct. 21, 1844, → seventh-Day Adventists; church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Sain+s: Joseph Smith, persecution, Brigham Young led group to Utah and settled community New Zion (practiced polygamy and disaffiliated w/ Church) O Touched on reform as well. AN AGE OF REFORMA *Explain now and why variousreform movements developed and expanded from 1800 to 1848 oantebellum period (pre Civil War 1861), establishing public schools, improve treatment of mentally ill, ending sa le of alcohol, equal rights for women, abolishing slavery; historic sources: Puritan mission, Enlightenment, Jacksonian democracy omoral persuasion political action 1112120 •Temperance: high alcohol as cause of problems in society, 1826: Protestant ministers formed American Society: make drinkers pledge abstinence, washingtoniens: recovering alcoholics who argued for treatment for alcoholism as a disease, opposers: German and Irish immigren+s, Women's Christian Temperance Union, 18th amendment in 1919 banned sale of intoxicating liquors oMovement for Public Asylums: mistreatment of criminals, mentally ill, and paupers-new prisons, hospitals, and poorhouses; Dorothea Dix: new mental hospitals and improved existing institutions; Thomas0allaudet: school for deaf Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe: school for the blind; penetentieries: solitary confinement → high rate of sulcides, asylum movement: Auburn system of providing moral instruction and work programs under rigid rules of discipline opublic Education: Free public schools for children of all classes supported by taxes; Horace Mann:comman(public) school movement leader; Mora I Education: William Holmes Mc Guffey elementary textbooks; Higher education: growth of private colleges, demannina tional colleges ochanges in families and roles for women: industrialization fewerchildren needed → birth control; cult of domesticity: idealized view of women as moral leaders in home; Women's rights: saran and Angelica Grimké, Sarah's Letters on the Equality of the sexes, Lucreita Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton; Seneca Falls Convention (1848): Declaration of Sentiments, gender equality and rights of women. •Antislavery movement: gradual abolition to immediate abolition, 2nd Great Awakening made Christians view glavery as a sin; American Colonization: 1817, unsuccessful idea to move freed slaves to an African colony; William Lloyd Garrison: American Antislavery Society, The Liberator, immediate abolition of 91 avery; Liberty Party: 1840, political action more practical than reform, James Bimey candidate 1840 and 1844, goal of ending slavery; Black Abolitionists: Frederick Douglass: The North Star Newspaper, Harriet Tubman, David Ruggles, sojourner Truth, William 9 till all helped fugitive slaves escape to the North; Violent Abolitionism: David Walker, Henry Highland Garnet: revolt against owners, Nat Turner: slave in VA who led revolt ended antislavery talk in South oOther Reforms: American Peace Society: abolishing war, dietary reform, dress reform for women ABRICANMERLOSSING THE PER Aster BEUBLecc * Explain the continuities and changes in the experience of African Americans from 1800 to 1848 o hope that slavery would disappear as soil exhausted and ban on slave imports after 1808, but cott on industry and expansion of slavery into new states (Alabama and Miss.) changed this, Missouri Compromise • Free African Americans: 1860: 500,000 free AA in U.S.; North: 1% of northeners, 50% of all free AA in the country. Faced discriminatio Formed own christian congregations, racial prejudices prevented voting and jobs; South: 250,000 Free AA, emancipated during. Revolution or mulato children, self-purchase of freedom, could own property in cities, legal papers to prevent kidnapping oResistance by the Enslaved: running away, open rebellion, restrained resistance For Freedom; restrained action: work slowdowns and equipment sabotage; Runaways: Underground Railroad, militi a patrols, bounty hunters, fugitive glave laws; Rebellions: Haitian glave uprising in 1800s caused fear in Southerners, Gabriel Pros ser revolt in UA in 1800 executed before any action, Denmark Vesey 1822 Charleston Sc, used Bible and Missouri Compromise as inspiration, ended by reformers and nung, Na+ Turner in VA, rebellions gave slaves hope and made southerners strengthen slave codes while revolts polarized country. 11/9/20 SOUTHERN Society *Explain how geographic and environmental factors shaped the development of the south from 1800+0 1848 oregional distinctions remained, based on a combination of geography and economics, 1861: 155+ ates, all but four seceded and joined Confederacy 1119/28 ocotton is main cash crop, Eli Whitney's cotton gin made cotton cloth affordable, newlandin westem territories for cottonorops cotton experts linked South and Great Britain "Cotton is king" oslavery, the "Peculiar Institution": wealth measured by land and enslaved people, some owners sensitive to how they treated their slaves, apologists used historical arguments to claim it was beneficial for the slave and the master; Population: Four- Fold (1 to 4 mill. from 1800+0 1860) blc of cotton boom and some Slaves illegally imported; Deep South: 75%. AA of total population, slave codes restrict movement and education; Economics: Field laborers, Skilled crafts, house servants, factories, construction gangs, many sold slaves in upper South to deep south, 1860: value for Field hand $2,000 when wage was #1 per day, South had less capital than Northin industrialization owhite Society: rigid hierarchy, aristocratic farmers at top w/ poor farmers and mountain people at bottom; Aristocracy: elite wealthy planters, >100 enslaved people, >1,000 acres,dominant state legislature; Farmers: <20 gloves, only several hundred acres, produced bulk of cotton crop, worked in fields alongside Slaves, lived as modestly as farmers of North; Poor whites: 75%. owned no Slaves, defended slavery in hopes they one day would own glaves: Mountain People: disliked planters and slavery and remained loyal to 40,000 (170,000) Union in Civil War, Cities: Few large commercial cities, New Orleans, St. Louis, Louisville, Charleston; slavery focus of political thought as rest of world turned from it; Code of Chivalry: Feudal society, southern gentlemen chivalrous code w/personal honor, defense of womanhood, paternalistic attitudes; education: better schooling for upper class, acceptable professions: Farming, law, ministry, military, prohibition on teaching slaves to prevent revolts; Religion: biblical support for slavery while churches and denominations took different stances; social reform: southermers committed to tradition and slower to support public education and humanitarian reforms, viewed northern reforms as against southern way of life D, A, B, B, E, B, D, D, B, E, A, T,A,B,F,A, F, C, E, B, D,4,B,A, D,B, B, B, C, C,D,A,A, E, B, B, C, D,D,D,A,C,A