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appropriates funds for Lewis and Clark to explore the Northern Louisiana Territory starting in 1804; southern part explored by Zebulon Pike (1806) - More accurate mapping, greater and scientific knowledge of the region, establishment of diplomatic relationships with the Indians who lived there THE SUPREME COURT: JOHN MARSHALL ● 4th Chief Justice Marbury v. Madison (1803) - Before the Federalist dominated Congress passed the power to the Democratic Republicans, Judiciary Act was passed, creating 16 new openings for federal judges, which Adams (federalist) spends the last days of his administration packing those seats with the Midnight Judges (federal courts could be dominated by Federalist judges when federal power was passing to the Democratic Republicans) - Jefferson appoints Madison as his secretary of state, Madison decides not to deliver the documents - THE POWER OF JUDICIAL REVIEW: power of SCOTUS to decide if a law is constitutional (significantly increased its power) Mcculloch v. Maryland (1819) - Does a state have the power to tax a federal bank? (No) - National law > state law (whenever the two contradict) Barbary Pirates attack • Since the 1790s, the government had paid tribute to the Barbary States of North Africa (in exchange for protection of U.S. merchant ships trading in that area - Ruler of Tripoli demanded even higher payments once Jefferson was in office ● Jefferson opposed the increased rates (as well as the payments itself) - Intermittent war • JAMES MADISON: THE WAR OF 1812: • Cause #1: continued impressment of American citizens into fighting for the British (colonists were forced onto British ships to fight British battles) But really??? Even AFTER the American revolution???? • Cause #2: issues on the frontier 3 - Americans were constantly trying to move further west and gain more land • More conflicts with Native Americans • The War Hawks: these people wanted the war against Britain to defend American honor British was sending aid (very minimal) to a confederacy of Indians who were attacking westward migrating settlers???? Crazy. • Federalists: fiercely opposed the war (esp. in New England) - Hartford Convention: federalists threaten to secede from the union • America wins! (Doesn't lose) = increase of nationalism = federalists are are stuck up mfs and their values don't line up with the American public -> demise of the Federalist Party 4.3 POLITICS AND REGIONAL INTERESTS - War of 1812 made US weaknesses evident: • No national bank (charter expired in 1811): US lacked a reliable source of credit to raise funds ● • Weak systems of infrastructure and transportation: difficult to move men and supplies Clay's American System ● Federally funded infrastructure improvements (roads, canals - benefit farmers ad merchants) • Federal tariffs (protects US manufacturers) Second Bank of the US (economy would always have a national currency) Objected by Madison and Monroe (regional interests - overreach of federal power, and would disadvantage the south) • 1816: tariffs and national bank was solidly in place • Westward expansion: built regional tensions - Improved roads made travel easier, cheap land was hawked by the federal government -> Americans begin settling on the western frontier in even greater numbers 4 - 1819: Missouri applies for statehood as a union (would it be a slave state or a free state?) ● Slave state: tips the balance in favor of the south Tallmadge Amendment: would effectively ban slavery in Missouri after 25 years - Southern senators enraged, saw that this would eventually lead to the dissolution of slavery entirely • Balance of power in the nation was at STAKE! (Threatened to secede from the union - MISSOURI COMPROMISE/COMPROMISE OF 1820 • Thanks Henry Clay! - Missouri admitted into the union as a slave state, carve out Maine in New England (free state) - senate balance is preserved! • Established 36' 30' line 4.4 AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY 1813: Treaty of Ghent - ended the war between US and Britain • James Monroe takes office 1817: sends John Quincy Adams to London, he negotiates a treaty which establishes the border between US and Canada right along the 49th parallel; establishes a joint US-British occupation of the Oregon Territory for the next 10 years Florida territory: sends Jackson to protect the American border in Florida, he executes 2 Seminole chiefs and 2 British citizens; Spain sells Florida to the US • Adams-Onis Treaty (1819): 5 - Made sale of Florida official, formally defined the border between US territory and Spanish holdings in the West • Monroe Doctrine: lands and nations in the western hemisphere was America's backyard = America's business (officially challenged europeans for authority in the americas) • Late 1820s: Americans established a thriving trade relationship with Mexico, established robust trade in Chinese porcelains and silks 4.5 INDUSTRIALIZATION (THE MARKET REVOLUTION) Linking of northern industries with western and southern farms, created by advances in agriculture, industry, transportation • Transition from mainly agrarian society to industrialized society TRANSPORTATION EFFICIENCY INCREASE • Construction of the national road (Cumberland Road): connected MD to IL • Building of canals: Erie Canal (NY, 1825), linked western farms with eastern manufacturing • Steamboats: reliable vehicle to ship goods and raw materials on water (goods could be delivered downstream and back upstream) • Railroad: largely replaced canals by 1820s - 1830s, linked regions for trade and manufacture (expanded like crazy) Local and state governments granted special loans and tax breaks to railroad companies (sometimes even land!) to help this expansion INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY • Eli Whitney: manufacture of interchangeable parts (guns specifically) - 1820s: factory system born, related to interchangeable parts • Manufactured goods could be mass-produced by unskilled laborers - Cotton gin: significantly sped up the process • Commercial farming rapidly increases (cash crops) Cotton most important for southern farmers 4.6 EFFECT OF MARKET REVOLUTION ON SOCIETY Migration: industrial cities exploded in size and diversity • Irish and German Irish: famine German: new jobs! • Northern industry expanded greatly • Nativists flourished in the 1830s and 1840s, spewing stereotypes • Development of the middle class Education and temperance, protestant affiliation Money to spend on leisure Cult of domesticity: women's identity and purpose is to raise the family and build the home • Women in factories: 6 Typically worked 6 days a week for very little money (12-13 hours a day) • Lowell Factory, MA: mainly staffed by New England farm girls, closely supervised by bosses that controlled every aspect of their lives 4.7 EXPANDING DEMOCRACY - Small farmers and working men begin demanding the right to vote PANIC OF 1819: • Second Bank had tightened up lending policies to try and control inflation, but by restricting the available funds to borrow, national bank caused many state banks to close Decrease in demand for exported American goods (economic MESS!) Increase in unemployment, bankruptcies everywhere, those unable to pay their debts went to prison 7 By 1825 most eastern states joined with western counterparts and substantially lowered/eliminated property qualifications for voting • Significant growth and realignment in political parties occur - Federalist Party is basically gone atp Democratic Republicans begin to fragment into factions • Democrats: more expansive view of federal power, absorbed some federalist notions (national government, loose constructionism) • National Republicans: limited federal power and strict constructionism ELECTION OF 1824: dumpster fire!!!! • Democratic Republicans end up with 4 candidates (they couldn't agree on a single one): John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, William Crawford, Andrew Jackson Jackson and Adams - 2 strongest contenders • Jackson wins popular votes, none of the candidates won majority of electoral college votes - President chosen by the House • Clay throws his support behind Adams and uses his influence in the House to get Adams elected (Jackson is pissed) Adams names Clay his secretary of State • The corrupt bargain (as called by Jackson and his followers (no one actually did anything wrong) Democratic Republicans did this to themselves w/ 4 candidates 4.8 JACKSON AND FEDERAL POWER - 1820s and 1830s: the rival factions of the Democratic Republicans form into the Democrats and the Whigs • Democrats: led by Jackson and drew their values from the old Jefferson-style Democratic Republicans: limited power in the federal government, free trade, local rule (despised corporate monopolies, high tariffs, and the national bank) 8 Whigs: led by Henry Clay, more like the Hamilton-style Federalist Party:more vigorous and involved central government (provision for a national bank, protective tariffs, federally funded internal improvements) [beefed with crimes committed by immigrants] - Tariffs: HUGE issue between the two parties • Tariff of 1828: final month of John Quincy Adam's admin - Raised duties on imports by 35-45% • Beneficial to northern manufacturers and western farmers, southerners suffered because they relied more heavily on imported goods 1828: Andrew Jackson becomes president • VP John C. Calhoun (SC) hated this tariff so much that it became the Tariff of Abominations: severely disadvantaged the south economically -> unjust overreach of federal power Doctrine of nullification: Calhoun argued that if a state judged a federal law to be unconstitutional, the state could just pretend that it didn't exist (non-binding, and could therefore be nullified) • 1833: Jackson persuades Congress to pass a Force Bill - gave him authority to respond to SC's insolence with military action; Calhoun and his SC buddies decide to back to their threat to secede from the Union (if the tariff could at least be reduced, which it was( - SC submitted to federal authority but nullified the Force Bill The national bank: second BIG argument • 1830s: several state banks had to close their doors because they were unable to make payments to the national bank, led citizens with worthless paper money 1832: Clay persuades Congress to pass a bill that rechartered the bank Jackson vetoes it, calling it a "hydra of corruption" - he thought the bank was unconstitutional and that it served to prop up the wealthy and harm the lower classes (also wins the next presidential election by a LANDSLIDE) . Internal improvements: the THIRD FIGHT. Clay's American System had authorized roads and canals to be build with federal authority Whigs thought that such expenditures were necessary - Jacksonians saw this as a federal overreach, such policies were unconstitutional - Indian Policy - • Indian Removal Act of 1830: Cherokee nation in Georgia declared itself a sovereign nation, Georgia saw Cherokees more as house guests Gold discovered!??!??!? - 9 Act passed, mandated that all Indians be relocated west of the Mississippi River in the Oklahoma Territory • Cherokee challenges the constitutionality of their removal in Worcester v. Georgia - SCOTUS actually sides with the Cherokees?!?!?! Georgia had no right to impose state laws within Cherokee boundaries because those lands enjoyed federal protection • Treaty of New Echota (1835): officially exchanged Cherokee lands in the east for reservation territory west of the Mississippi - 1838: forcible removal of the Cherokees and other tribes begin • The Trail of Tears: great sickness and dying that occurred along the way because none of them were prepared for the journey 4.9 DEVELOPMENT OF AMERICAN CULTURE Some resisted removal with violence/hiding: settled on a reservation in the western portion of NC and became known as the Eastern Band of the Cherokee Indians (eventually became citizens of NC and later the US) ROMANTICISM: • transition to more Greek and Roman revival architecture • Emphasis of emotion at the expense of accuracy - Transcendentalism: belief in human perfectibility • Utopian Communities: Shakers: christian group established in Kentucky, held property in common, population died out shortly because they were NOT for the union of man and woman Oneida Community: dedicated themselves to perfect equality, both socially and with respect to property (which they held in common) . ● Spread to marriage and parenting Nice silverware! Kept them up financially 4.10 THE SECOND GREAT AWAKENING - Series of religious revivals among Protestant Christians emphasizing righteous living, personal restraint, and a strong moral rectitude that would lead a person and a society to salvation Spread rapidly throughout America through Methodists and Baptists who organized camp meetings - Told sinners that salvation was in THEIR hands (1st great awakening was that salvation was in GODS hands) Caught up the lower classes in its fire, camp meetings were largely egalitarian Rationalism< romanticism 10 - Charles Grandison Finney: preaching with great emotion, way less philosophcical, moral in nature (moral reformation of society) 4.11 AN AGE OF REFORM Largely occasioned by the Market Revolutions (cultural and economic shifts), expanding democracy RELIGIOUS REFORM: • The Mormons: founded by Joseph Smith, god's appointed prophet to bring the church back to its true form (Book of Mormon); god commanded polygamy??? Brigham Young takes over! Moves to Utah - TEMPERANCE: • Induced by the Second Great Awakening • American Temperance Society (1826): directed most of their efforts at working class men, eventually found supporters in the halls of power ABOLITIONISM: . Influenced by the Second Great Awakening: slavery was a sinful institution • William Lloyd Garrison: The Liberator; American Anti-Slavery Society (1833), spread rapidly among the north • Frederick Douglass: Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass: dehumanization as a slave and slave owner -WOMEN'S RIGHTS: • Many were members of the American Anti-Slavery Society - Status of women made it difficult to advocate for abolitionism Seneca Falls Convention: 1848; led by Elizabeth Lady Stanton and Lucretia Mott Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions: cast in the form of the Declaration of Independence; list of grievances of women against a society that has repeated been against them and treated them as second-class citizens 4.12 AFRICAN AMERICANS - - Names: 11 • When plantation owners bought the slaves, they gave them English names Many enslaved people continued to address each other by their African names - sustain the memory of their culture and communal heritage; kept alive their West African and Caribbean languages when they were among themselves; maintained culture through telling folk tales, music, dance, that belonged to them; this culture was spread throughout the south SLAVE RIGHTS AND REBELLIONS • NAT TURNER'S REBELLION (1831): - Slave rebellions were among one of the greatest fears of the slave holding elite Organized slave revolt in virginia . - Turner began that god had chosen him for this mission, killed masters (57 white people), turner and his conspirators were later hanged after the Virginia militia squashed the rebellion the next day Virginia planters panicked and unleashed terror on ~200 of their slaves, beating all of them and killing many • MUTINY ON THE SPANISH SLAVE SHIP AMISTAD (1839) - Slaves ended up killing the cook and the ship's captain after a joke that they were going to be cooked and killed 12 United States v. The Amistad: court decided in favor of the rebels and set them free • 1820-1840: illegal to free a slave in the south (by most legislatures), deemed a crime to teach a slave to read and write, outlawed marriage, abolished access to the courts 4.13 SOCIETY OF THE SOUTH -Yeoman farmers: most of the farmers in the south (independent farmers) Planter elites made white society dependent upon themselves • WHITE SUPREMACY: Argued for the positive GOOD of slavery - White race > black race = glue that holds the core of the southern society together