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organized resistance → stamp act congress in 1765→ petition to British parliament to repeal Stamp act bc they don't have representative → British parliament repeal Stamp act and Sugar act in 1766 People still consider themself as British citizen → common sense → inspired lower class and began to have the idea of revolution (second continental congress) Declaratory act→ British parliament has the right to pass law in colonies Townshend Act of 1766→ taxes on luxury goods → unite colonies together to boycott Boston massacre in 1770 → British soldiers tried to enforce British law but colonists are not happy conflict began, 5 colonists died Boston tea party in 1773→ colonists resisted Tea act → throw tea into Boston harbor → Coercive act of 1774→ closed down Boston harbor until all tea were paid Intolerable act→ many colonists armed up against it Social contract theory Give up some rights in order to protect the rights deemed most important protect natural rights for all people Popular sovereignty → government's power come from the people government ● • Revolutionary war British declared the colony in rebellion and made plans to capture colonialsenals at Lexington and Concord → shot heard around the world Declaration of independence Articles of confederation first government (1776) New government constitution ● ● History of unifying experience 1754 to 1776 Colonial elites were influenced by same ideas (enlightenment, Common Sense (1776)) Growing collaboration ● Declaration of independence 3 branches of government - Legislative → pass laws + Bi camerial: 2 houses work in conjunction with each other + unicameral: one house - executive → presidents/governors who carry out the laws - judicial → court systems who settle disputes Articles of confederation First national government Lasted 10 years Ratified in 1777 fail → states don't agree with each other Similarities in state constitutions Consent of the governed the people republicanism → people vote for people to represent them in government Three branches of government and bicameral legislature (except Penn.) Property qualifications (except Penn. and Mural) Northwest Ordinance One success of the Article of Confederations Allow new states formed to be admitted into the union 13 states given up their original claim Banned slavery in northern states ● Problems facing in America Legislative inefficient Economic stagnation Britain is still here Fundamental tensions Shays's Rebellion → stronger government but still feared a tyrannical constitution → goldilocks government not too powerful but just enough Small vs big; north vs south ● Avoiding tyranny of the government federalism - power sharing between the state and federal government → side by side, co-equal ● Separation of powers ~ powers divided between 3 branches (executive, judicial, legislative) of government each with their own specific and different powers checks and balances ~ each branch of government can check the power of the others ~president can veto laws passed by congress ~ congress can impeach and remove a president from office Supreme court can declare laws unconstitutional Enumerated powers → government is limited to the scope by the specific listed powers Implied powers → enable the government to carry out the delegated/enumerated powers ~ first thing caused political divided and political parties Large vs small states Virginia Plan (big state plan) ~ bicameral congress ~ houses representatives based on population New Jersey Plan (small state plan) → unicameral congress ~ each states have same representative in congress Great compromise ~ lower house (house of representatives) → number of representatives based on population, serve for 2 years, voted by people directly - upper house (senate) → same number for each state, serve for 6 years, selected by legislatures of states ● North vs South North ~ abolished slavery or gradual emancipation ~ enslaved people not to be counted for the purpose of determining representation South ~ chattel slavery - wanted enslaved people to count as one person → more population, more representatives ● Federalist vs republicans Federalism ~ Alexander Hamilton and John Adams ~ Strong central government ~ Loose construction/lots of implied powers ~ Feared "mobocracy" believed that government should be done by wealthy and well educated -Favored shipping and manufacturing interests ~ Favored alliance with Britain Power base in the North and coastal areas Democratic Republican ~ Thomas Jefferson and James Madison ~Strong state governments ~Strict construction/limited implied powers ● ~ Government should be in the hands of the "common man" ~ Favored agricultural interests ~ Favored alliance with France Power base in the South and West Compromise on slavery in the constitution Three fifths clause → three-fifths of the slave population would be counted for determining direct taxation and representation in the House of Representatives Slave trade clause → made it illegal for Americans to engage in the slave trade between nations, and gave U.S. authorities the right to seize slave ships which were caught transporting slaves and confiscate their cargo Fugitive slave clause ~ allowed for slaves who had escaped to north to be brought back ~ many northern states refused to enforce this provision and this act The People in the constitution Electoral college - voters vote for electors → electors vote for president Election of senators ~ appointed by the legislatures of the states Ratification process 9/13 ratify the constitution for it to go into effect Throw out the AOC Debates in each state ensued