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out all the factors of production, from raw material to the finished product. Which allows smaller companies to survive and compete in the market. ● Ex. Swift Premium might control the stockyards, the slaughterhouse, the processing and packaging plants but still competed with Oscar Mayer. Horizontal integration O • Creating monopolies within a industry ● Ex. Standard Oil created by John D. Rockefeller. • Several small companies within the same industry are combined to form one larger company, either by being bought legally or by being destroyed through ruthless business practices. There are many problems with this consolidation of power. ■ Rapid growth requires lots of money. This required businessmen to borrow a huge amount of money from the bank and if they fail then the bank fails. Because of this 19th century, the US endured one major financial crisis. ■ Monopolies created a class of extremely powerful men whose interests clashed with the rest of the society. As the businesses grew, public resentment also grew which forced the government to control the monopolies. This is when Roosevelt came up with the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. ● Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890: "combination..or ● conspiracy in the restraint of trade." But local manufacturing was not subjected to congressional regulation of interstate commerce. On the other hand, labor unions were often found to be "in restraint of free trade" and were declared illegal. This loophole was closed during Wilson's administration in 1914 with the Clayton Antitrust Act which made allowance for collective bargaining. O Andrew Carnegie(Steel man) also promoted a philosophy of Charles Darwin which was a response to the public pressure for reform. • Social Darwinism: "survival of the fittest." • Gospel of Wealth: belief started by Andrew Carnegie who advocated philanthropy, by building libraries, and museums or funding medical research but not charity. Businessmen must put their money to good use. Factories and City Life: • Factory owners reduced costs by hiring women, children and immigrants. • Because of the low payment, many employees and immigrants live in terrible conditions. • Immigrants especially lived in ethic neighborhoods in shared apartments called tenements. • Municipal government didn't do much to help the immigrants. So, a group of corrupts called the political bosses helped the poor find homes and jobs; they also helped them apply for citizenship and voting rights. They built parks, funded auxiliary police and fire departments and constructed In return, these political bosses expected them to vote as instructed. • Political machines are organizations that political bosses have created to serve the community. O The most notorious boss of all time was "Boss" Tweed of Tammany Hall in NYC and the political machines of New York's Democratic Party o Tweed gave jobs, homes, and protection to new immigrants in exchange for their vote. His power became noticeable to the leading journalists, including The New York Times and the political cartoonist Thomas Nast. O Nast drew pictures of Tweed's corruption and published ledgers proving that Tweed embezzled millions of dollars through extortion and fraudulent construction projects. Tweed was found guilty and then escaped from prison when to Spain but was found because people recognized Nast's cartoons. In the end, he died in prison in 1878. • Knight of Labor: one of the first national labor unions found in 1869 by Uriah Stephens who was a Philadelphia tailor. Labor unions were formed to try and counter the poor working conditions. Some thought that the unions were a radical organization and that the government was wary; the businesses and courts were hostile. • Haymarket Square Riot: During s labor demonstrations in Chicago's Haymarket Sqaure, a bomb went off, killing police; the influencers of radicals in the union movement were blamed but no one knew the truth. This reinforced public opinion for the addition of labor unions. American Federation of Labor: led by Samuel Gompers who focused on "bread and butter" issues such as higher wages and shorter workdays. He also realized that his union would have more power if it excluded unskilled workers; the AFL was formed as a confederation of trade unions. • Middle class charitable organizations run by women made efforts at urban reform; they lobbied the local government for building safety codes, better sanitation and public schools. But the government did nothing so the members founded and lived in settlement houses in poor neighborhoods. These houses became community centers, provided schools, childcare, and cultural activities. O Jane Adams, founded the Bull House in Chicago which provided many services for the education of immigrants, day care for children and much more. While the poor were suffering, life was improving for the wealthy and middle class; the increased production and wealth meant greater access to luxiures and more leisure time such as sports, high theater, vaudeville (Variety acts) and later movies. • During this period, there was also an increase in popular novels and newspapers. The growth of this industry depended on Joseph Pulizer and William Randolph Hearst. • Yellow Journalism: a new style of sensational reporting commercialized the value of bold screaming headlines and the lurid tales of scandals. Jim Crow Laws and Other Developments in the South: • Most advancements only affected the Northern cities. ● In the South, agriculture still remains the prominent source of income which requires labor. The industrialization programs of Reconstruction did produce some results, howerer; textile mills sprang up in the South which reduced the cotton farmers' reliance on the North. • Sharecropping: a method by which they rented land was called the crop lien system which was designed to keep the poor in constant debt. Because farmers had no money to buy land and supplies, they would borrow money to buy seed and tools in exchange promised a portion of their crop as collateral. O The interest rates were huge and promised the landowners that the farmers would forever remain in debt. Jim Crow laws: As the federal government reduced it influence on the southern towns, they began to erupt in discrimination. After the Supreme Court passed that the 14th Amendment dodnot protect the black community against discrimination from the priviatly ownered businesses and that blacks would have to seek equal rights from the states. O o The Court also revered the Civil Right Act of 1875 which said public businesses and public facilities could not be segregated thus opening the door to segregation. o Plessy vs. Ferguson: The case stemmed from an 1892 incident in which African American train passenger Homer Plessy refused to sit in a car for Black people. The Supreme Court ruled that the goal of the federal government was not to maintain social equality. "Separate but equal" - which basically set back all the efforts for civil rights made during the civil war era. Booker T Washington: an important figure in the fight for freedom. A Southern black who was born in slavery, Washington harborded no illusion that the white society was going to accept blacks as equal. So, he encouraged economic independence which would help gain African American respect despite their education status, at least that what Washington believed. Many thought of him as an accommodationist - because he refused to press for immediate equal rights. His ideas were often opposed by W.E.B Du Bois who protested for immediate action and encouraged African American to go to school and educate themselves. The Railroad and Development in the West: • In the western, ranching and mining were growing industries. • Ranching drove their herds across the plains ignoring property rights and Natives American prerogatives to the land. Individual miners lacked the resources to mine so they would find a rich mine and sell their rights to that company. Transcontinental Railroad(Continuity of manifest destiny and the expansion of america hand. By making the transcontinental railroad, the trend of expanding westward continued) O 1863-1869 - Former farmers, immigrants, freed slaves, and Civil War veteran worked to make Lincoln's dream of the railroad. O The railroad changed the West in many ways. Railroads despite being owned by a monopoly were made at public expense. This is why the public objected to the railroad rates being overpriced where there is a monopoly and underchange in a competitive and heavily trafficked market. This had a negative impact on farmers in the area. o Because of the railroad construction, rail companies would have railroad bounty hunters hunt herds of buffalo to near extinction. o Little Big Horn: a fight between Native Americans won and George Custer met his death. o Railroads also brought in other changes such as connecting vital cities to depot towns which transformed these towns and connected them to civilization. o Easier, faster travel meant that there was most contact with ideas and technological advancements. O Because of the railroad the nation standardized the telling of time because before each town had its own time zones which made it harder; after, the country adopted 5 time zones. ● O Frontier Thesis(Turner): A progressive historian named Frederick Jackson Turner to declare that the American frontier was gone and also the first period of American history; he also argued that the frontier was significant because it shaped the American character, defining the American spirit, foreseeing democracy, and providing a safety value for economic distress in urban and industrial centers by providing a place to which people could flee. Homestead Act: the government wanted to make the people colonize the midwest and that's why they passed the Homestead Act and the Morrill Land-Grant Act. The federal government offered 160 acres of land to anyone who would ● O "homestead" (cultivate and live there) it for five years. But 160 acres was not enough for the large-scale cultivation the government expected plus they were giving away Native American land, and many companies would often exploit the law for their personal reasons. The Morrill Land-Grant Act set aside land and provided money for agricultural colleges. US Fish Commision: was created in 1871 to study and monitor the wild fishes. John Murir created the Sierra club which is one the largest conservation groups in the US and later Roosevelt created environmental preservation through the National Park System. National Politics: • Mark Twain called the era between Reconstruction and 1900, the Gilded Ages of politics because it was all gold and shiny on the outside but corrupt on the inside. • Spoils System: giving patronage to friends which is basically giving jobs to your friends. • The Interstate Commerce Act which supervised the railroad activities and regulated unfair and unethical practices. Women's Suffrage also began in this period. Where the American Suffrage Association fought for women's suffrage amendment to the state constitution. By 1890 they achieved partial success by gaining a vote on school issues. And in 1920, they finally gained the right to vote - 50 years after male suffrage had become universal. The Progressive Era: Labor The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory tragedy was a major spark for changes in the workplace ● • The Progressive era attempted to curb unfettered industrial capitalism and its effect on the labor class, fast paced production caused changes and workers burned out. While jobs became "less complex" the rate of work became exhausting. John Spargo's Bitter Cry of Children highlighted the horrid condition of child laborers ● Important People: ● Lewis Hine: ● While labor laws, especially those targting child labor, were put into effect in the early 1900s, most paced political backlash from factory owners and corporate intreasts. It would not be until after the Great Depression/WW1 that would substantial legslation limiting child labor would go into effect. O a muckraker who covered the plight of child labor in the Gilded Age and early 20th century Hine's work often appears on the APUSH exam o John Muir O ALWAYS ON THE AP EXAM O One of the most well known environmentalism during this century o Conservationist: The environment is something we use, so we have to conserve it and take care of it, so that others can use it in the future. They are not against the idea of development because it's for the better. ■ Ex. Roosevelt o Environmentalist: The environment is to be saved, preserved, set aside, protected from human abuse. Ex. John Muir President Roosevelt: o As President, Roosevelt provided federal protection for almost 230 million acres of land(set new precedents): ■ Created 150 national forests ■ 51 federal bird reservations ■ 5 national parks 18 national monuments the first four national game preserves O 1902 Roosevelt signs the "Newlands Act" or U.S. Reclamation Act: o Roosevelt creates U.S. Forest Service in 1905 o Square deal: ■ Everyone gets an equal share in the political, economical, and environmental sector ■ "Square" has an equal side thus everyone gets equal parts which is basically the idea of progressivism. ■ REMEMBER CLUE* Consumer Production - new federal mandates • Upton Sinclair's book The Jungle influenced TR to act ● Meat Inspection Act of 1906 and Pure Food Drugs Act of 1906 O ■ ■ Set standard for quality meat and labeling of food and drugs in US markets O Create FDA O Check political cartoon from daily digest Labor and Business ● Massive coal strike in 1902 O O In summer because coal is important in the winter, that is why they hoped that the companies would pay attention. Roosevelt's belief of the government getting into the problems of the country dragged him into the coal strike. A SAUREATING 208, BET IT MUST BE DONE o So, he forced the business to give the workers what they wanted and the companies thought that he didn;t have the power but Roosevelt was like "Watch me Bitch"(SLAYYY). ■ Unregulated Business o In the end, the working force got shorter hours and higher wages. For the first time in years, because of Roosevelt the workers gained a voice. ● Known as the "Trust Busting President" Targeting Railroads: Northern Securities Railroad. Sherman Antitrust Act: eliminated monopolies (which really didn't happened) Roosevelt eliminated "bad trusts" which were smaller companies that were corrupt but for the larger companies, he forced the "good" monopolies to follow the rules. Ida Tartbell would approve of this. Environmental Conservation • Known as the "conversational President" Conservationism(protect nature unless there is a need that would benefit the world) vs. Preservationism(NO MATTER WHAT ● Protect nature) o How does TR break precedent? ■ Runs for 3rd term ■ Progressive Party ● ■ John Schank shot Theordore Roosevelt at a meeting and shrugs it off and makes a speech for two hours. Massive popularity boost. Aka = Bull Moose Party Willam Howard Taft(Republican Party): o "Baby Kiss Papa Goodbye" - political cartoon Theodore Roosevelt departs from the White House, leaving an infant labeled "My Policies," wearing the same spectacles as Roosevelt and holding a small stick, in the care of William H. Taft as the maid. ■ The baby would be named "The Square Deal" from the movement that Roosevelt supported which is Progressivism. Supported by Progressives: ■ ● Puck ● Created Federal Children's Bureau - continuation of the Social Gospel. Pushed for social welfare. Becomes element of Social Security Act Busted 90+ Trusts(somewhat more effective than ● Roosevelt) when after Rockefeller Mann-Elkins Act: regulated Railroad fee, included telephone, telegraph and radio Bureau of Mines: miners workers rights, government oversight • Pushed for the 16th and 17th amendment O 16th amendment: federal income tax - the more you make, the more you pay O 17th amendment: allowed voters to cast direct votes for U.S. senators. Direct election of senators. This was an attempt to reduce corruption before senators were chosen by state legislatures. ■ Angered Progressives: ● • Payne-Aldrich tariff: lower tariffs on some things and increases tariffs on other things. Wealthy conservation politicians and owners were happy. ● Woodrow Wilson: The progressives were unhappy with Taft's decision to replace Roosevelt's secretary of the interior, James R. Garfield, an aggressive conservationist, with Richard A. Ballinger, a conservative corporate lawyer. Ballinger-Pinchot Dispute o Elephant/Moose = Donkey o Republican Party/Progressive Party =Woodrow Wilson: O Democratic Party O Because of Taft's and Roosevelt's fight, Wilson gains the White House. o Connected to NJ: ■ Was a governor ■ President of Princeton O Wilson argued that changing economic conditions demanded new and aggressive government policies-he called his political program "the New Freedom"- to preserve traditional American liberties. ■ "That the law has to step in and create new conditions under which we may live, the conditions which will make it tolerable for us to live. o Progressives loved this idea. Each party has their own method to the madness. (Roosevelt's personality was progressive - he forced, Taft used law, and Wilson had his own) o Wilson wants to attack the "triple wall of privileges" Trusts • Clayton Antitrust(1914): O stopped companies from buying stocks to form monopoly o Labor rights recognized(unions, strikes) • Federal Trade Commision Act (FTC) - 1914 O New "watchdog" agency o Investigation regulatory violation O End unfair business practices ■ Tariffs ● Underwood Act(1913) o Substantially reduced tariff . 16th amendment (1913) Allows for income tax on individual income and company profile o Graduated (Progressive) Tax - the more you make, the more you pay O ■ Banking System Regulation: ■ • Federal Reserve System(1918): o Independent banking system under federal control O Nation divided into 12 districts; central bank in each district o They manage inflation, supervise the banking system, provide banking services, and maintain the stability of the financial system. Wealth Stratification: • Attempt to limit the mega rich from doing whatever they wanted. ■ Increase Segregation and racial injustice - bad • Appointed white southerners ● Increase white house segregation Also if he was sooo progressive then why didn't he pass the 19th amendment for the suffrage of women. What similarity did Washington and Du Bois share in their view of Black American? O Booker T. Washington: ■ Wanted blacks to work within the Jim Crow system. Belief system based on compromise with whites. ■ Wanted economic advancement for blacks. o W.E.B. Du Bois: ■ Wanted to challenge the Jim Crow system. ■ Unwilling to compromise with whites. ■ Wanted total equality for blacks. o Both are very instrumental in their goal. Both hope to attain equality for the African American community. Booker T. Washington grew up in early slavery O o Both were there in the same time period O Du Bois was critical of Washington's approach for freedom. ■ Washington was encouraging the African Americanas to assimilate; he told them to focus on getting rich but also losing their integrity. Using the tools that you are similar to attain economic independence such as labor because that's O what African Americans were known to do. White America was accepting of Washington beliefs. Du Bois wanted the black African community to take part in politics for political power, get education and insist on civil rights. This historial movement is similar to the women's suffrage movement which also had old women be more conservetive while the younger brains were harsher, ■