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U.S. wanted Germany to be strong again. In order for Europe to be economically ($$) strong again, Germany needed to be strong too! England, France, and the U.S. put their zones together and create West Germany (democratic) 3. Soviet Union disagrees with the Allies and wants Germany to be weak so they can never be as strong as they were during WWII. BERLIN #3- Germany Divided 4. Soviet Union blocks the Allies' access to Berlin. Stalin hoped the Allies would give it up. This is the Berlin Blockade. First "fight" of the Cold War What was the U.S. to do? Did not want to use their military and set off another war. Answer-Berlin Airlift U.S. sends supplies with airplanes over the blockade. Fuhlsbüttel Finkenwerder Wunstorf Lübeck Wiesbaden Celle Bückeburg Rhein-Main k= Oberpfaffenhofen Shots “fired” during the Cold War Iron Curtain "Imaginary" curtain that serves as a border that no one can get in or out (separates communist nations from non-communist nations) Zw Now known as East Germany (communist nation) North Sea NETH FRANCE GERMANY Zurich SWITZ. 200 miles 200 km Hamburg Frankfurt Munich Former border of Yugoslavia ITALY DENMARK 100 Adriatic Sea Berlin GERMANY Prague O Baltic Sea CZECH REPUBLIC AUSTRIA Ljubljan Trieste SLOVENIA POLAND Vienna Ⓒ SLOVAKIA Bratislava HUNGARY CROATIA DODPR THE IRON CURTAIN 9999 FEANCE YOU TRY IT SISTER! JUNITED NATIONS 1999 JN "Ding Daring Foundation Alliances N.A.T.O. (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) Members would protect each other if one of them got attacked by the Soviet Union Capitalist, non-communist members Warsaw Pact Military alliances to support each other if one nation gets attacked Communist countries These SQUADS would protect their members just in case one was to get attacked! NATO COUNTRIES U.S.S.R./Warsaw Pact SATELLITE COUNTRIES OTHER COUNTRIES CANADA UNITED STATES North ATLANTIC Treaty Organization....get it?!?!? GREENLAND D OCEAN ICELAND UNITED KINGDOM ATLANTIC NORWAY NETHERLAN W. GERMANY FRANCE BELGIUM PORTUGAL SPAIN [SPAIN LUX DENMARK U. S. S. R. GREECE MEDITERRANEAN SEA BLACK SEA AFRICA TURKEY 1994 Bettmann Berlin Wall U.S.S.R. creates an actual wall to separate East Berlin from West Berlin. If people from East Berlin were able to get into West Berlin (controlled by the U.S. and allies), they would be protected by the U.S. Wall is put up so no one can escape from East Berlin WEST THE COMMUNIST WALLS Combat forces in East Germany Baltic Sea (Armored and infantry divisions) East German (55,000 men) GERMAN> Hamburg Elbe Hannover ● G Helmstedt corridors Autobahn 110 mies from Frankfurt 50,000 Border Police 115 Alarm-equipped fence TEH Death Strip-33 ft. 80-130 f Russian 1379,000 menj WEST BERLIN WEST GERMAN BORDER- Plowed land 80 ft Porsdam Minefields ا لنا 3-mile cleared coastal strip EAST BERLIN POLAND CZECHOSLOVAKIA ZONE WALL 3½ miles wide -Border patrol 420 ft. Protective Strip (Low-lying crops) 1,550 ft. Spree R. WEST BERLIN 11,000 Allied troops Strasse des 17 Juni TIERGARTEN Canal Concrete block Security Strip -(Houses, trees, shrubs removed) Watchtower BERLIN WALL Berlin Hilton Invalidenstrasse- APIL Soviet Mon Red guard relieved once a day) Canal Reichstag Chaussee strasse CHECKPOINT CHARLIE (Riots last week) U.S. Army HQ EAS,T ½/₂ I mi.. X Air Safety Center. THE Bernauerstrasse Bricked up doors and windows) Barbed wire Brandenburg Cate Unter den Linden Soviet Embassy Friedrichstrasse EAST 55,000 Red troops Off-Jimit Strip (3 miles wide, special pass needed) BERLIN Tempelhof Airport GERMANY Marx-Engels-Platz Ulbriche's Party HQ Youth, trying to escape, was killed on East Berlin side. Helanch Homestrasse X American Memorial Library TIME Map by R. M. Chapin, Jr. The Iron Curtain and the Berlin Wall ARMS RACE By 1949, both the U.S. and the Soviet Union had ATOMIC BOMBS (nuclear weapons) Neither side used their NUCLEAR WEAPONS in fear of MUTUALLY ASSURED DESTRUCTION (M.A.D. Policy)-each side would be destroyed if the other one launched its nuclear weapons **Competition to see who was stronger by having more and powerful weapons** M Em Didn't stop each other from creating new, more powerful weapons like the hydrogen nuclear bomb (700x more power than the atom bomb) SPACE RACE U.S. and U.S.S.R. compete to see who has the superior technology 1. 1957-U.S.S.R. launches Sputnik, 1st satellite 2. Soviet Union shows much advancement by getting 1st animal, man, and woman in space 3. U.S. needs a big win...1969 the U.S. lands the 1st man on the moon... wins Space Race! "Hotspots" of the Cold War What is this all about? "Hotspots" of the Cold War were conflicts that involved actual physical battles These were proxy wars-a war where two opposing countries support fighters that serve their interests instead of waging war directly Non-communism VS. Communism Remember, the United States and Soviet Union couldn't directly fight each other because of Mutually Assured Destruction (M.A.D.)-they could wipe each other out with their nuclear weapons! "Hotspots" of the Cold War 1. Korean War 2. Cuban Missile Crisis 3. Vietnam War Korean War (1950-1953) Why was Korea divided? When Japan surrendered to the Allies in 1945 to end World War II, Japan's colony of the Korean peninsula was split into two zones of occupation - the U.S.-controlled South Korea and the Soviet-controlled North Korea. The two zones are divided at the 38th parallel Korean War (1950-1953) In 1948, two governments were established: North Korea (communist) • Capital: Pyongyang ● Leader: Kim Il Sung South Korea (non-communist) Capital: Seoul Leader: Syngman Rhee China (communist) North Korea 'yongyang Korea 1945 AD "Partition by U.S., U.S.S.R." Wonsan Hanvang (Seoul) 38th parallel South Korea Pohang Pusan Korea and 38th Parallel China North Korea Pyongyang Seoul South Korea 38th Parallel Korean War (1950-1953) North Korean leader Kim Il Sung wanted to unite the peninsula under communism North Korea launches a surprise attack over the 38th parallel and push South Korea back (1950) The United States and United Nations go to war to support South Korea. Worried that communism will spread in Asia!! (China already became communist the year before in 1949!) China Yalu R. 38⁰ NORTH KOREA Seoul SOUTH KOREA Pusan June 25, 1950 NK surprise attack! THE KOREAN WAR IN FOUR MAPS Key: NK = North Korea SK = South Korea U.S. = United States U.N. = United Nations China 38% 38° Yalu R. NORTH KOREA SOUTH KOREA *Seoul Pusan China 38° 3.8° Sept. 14, 1950 NK pushes SK to Pusan. U.S. and U.N. come to help SK Yalu R. NORTH KOREA Seoul Inchon SOUTH KOREA 38⁰ Pusan Nov. 25, 1950 U.S. General MacArthur delivers a blow to NK at Inchon, and pushes NK back over the 38th parallel. U.S. / U.N. and SK decide to keep the attack going to completely defeat NK. They push NK all the way back to the Yalu River China Yalu R. 38° NORTH KOREA *Seoul SOUTH KOREA 38% Pusan July 27, 1953 China gets worried about their border and believe that the U.S. forces are a threat to communism. They support NK and push the U.S. forces back to around the 38th parallel. Korean War (1950-1953) North and South Korea agree to an armistice in 1953. They agree to stop their fighting, but the war never ends because they never agree on peace terms (treaty). The borders really don't change much from the start of the Korean War! North and South Korea are still at war today!! Current leader of North Korea: Kim Jong-un Current leader of South Korea: Moon Jae-in Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) In order to understand this major and very dangerous Cold War event, you need to know the context of the situation: 1) Cuban Revolution 2) the Bay of Pigs invasion NORTH AMERICA ATLANTIC OCEAN Caribbean Sea Cuba WEST INDIES Map by NG Maps Cuban Revolution (1953-1959) Causes • Rule by a repressive dictator (Fulgencio Batista) • Corruption and bribery of politicians • Cuba's sugar plantations controlled by the elite and U.S. • HUGE gap in wealth (few rich, many poor) • High unemployment, despite prosperity in business President Fulgencio Batista Cuban Revolution (1953-1959) Among those who opposed Batista was Fidel Castro Organized a guerrilla army and fought against Batista Gains victory in 1959 • ● Becomes new leader of Cuba Impact of the Cuban Revolution Political Castro created a communist dictatorship • Denial of basic political rights and freedoms Economic . Government control of ALL business and industry • Took ALL foreign property with little or no compensation to those countries DEMLE FIDEL CASTRO Impact of the Cuban Revolution U.S. became very angry at Castro when he took over American property U.S. placed an embargo on Cuba -->This meant that sugar cane could no longer be sold to the United States. America's growing fury with Castro, and the Cuban Revolution in turn, pushed the Cubans closer to America's great enemy: the Soviet Union Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961) U.S. plan to support anti-Castro Cubans that fled Cuba Goal: invade Cuba and overthrow Castro U.S. secretly trained and funded all weapons for the Cuban rebels Havana Cuba Bay of Pigs This is where the rebels will invade Cuba What the Bay actually looks like @www.demis.n Guantánamo Bay Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961) Plan fails because Castro found out about it before the invasion Rebels are defeated very quickly and taken prisoner With the embargo and now an attempted invasion to overthrow him by the Americans, Castro looked for protection from the Soviet Union Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) Cuba wanted protection from the United States. They decided to work together and have the Soviet Union put nuclear missiles in Cuba that could strike most any portion of the USA. Soviet Union was happy to have missiles so close to their enemy since the US has missiles in Turkey aimed at them. DENVER 2299 MEXICO CITY MEXICO U. S. A. CHICAGO ATLANTA HAVANA MI CUBA 13334 WASHINGTON 131742 NEW YORK ATLANTIC OCEAN Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) On October 14, 1962 an American U-2 spy plane flying over Cuba captured pictures of long range Soviet missiles in Cuba. This was a crisis like never before. These missiles could reach any point of the United States with nuclear warheads causing mass destruction. For 13 days (October 16-28), the world was on the brink of war!! MRBM LAUNCH SITE 2 SAN CRISTOBAL 1 NOVEMBER 1962 DER LAUNCH POSITIONS FORMER LOCATION OF MISSILE READY SENTS The U.S. and Soviet Union faced each other down in a confrontation that would be the closest the world came to nuclear annihilation during the Cold War!! President of the United States John F. Kennedy Cuban Leader Fidel Castro with Soviet Union Leader Nikita Khrushchev Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) October 22, 1962: President Kennedy would be putting Cuba under "quarantine". This meant that no offensive weapons would be allowed to enter Cuba. He would do this by setting up a naval blockade. Also said that any attack on the US from Cuba would be considered an act of war from the Soviet Union. Kennedy promised that the U.S. Navy would sink any Soviet ship that tried to get to Cuba UNITED STATES MEXICO US troops Tampa US Naval Base Aircraft carriers Actual blockade Miami Key West CUBA CHESNUT LINE (01-20 November 1 Deployed Guantanamo "USS ENTERPRISE" Monitors quarantine WALNUT LINE (24-31 October 1962) warships PUERTO RICO (US) Roosevelt Roads VENEZUELA LAUNCH 3anусH 1 Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) Both the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. wanted to avoid war (it wouldn't be good for either of them...remember M.A.D.??) United States and Soviet Union held secret negotiations to calm everything down Agreement to end the Crisis: Soviet Union would take out all missiles from Cuba and the U.S. would take the missiles out of Turkey and not invade Cuba Vietnam War In order to understand why the United States got involved protecting a small Southeast Asian country, need to know the context Where is Vietnam? Arctic Ocean antic Ocean Southern Ocean Pacific Ocean Vietnam OnTheCorleap.com Indian Ocean Indochina PENINSULA INDOCHINESE Myanmar (Burma) Bay Bengal GraphicMaps.com Indian Ocean Laos Vientiane Thailand Gulf of Thailand Hanoi * Gulf of Tonkin Cambodia Phnom Penh China Hainan (China) Vietnam South China Sea 200 mi 200 km Pacific Ocean South China Sea Part of the Indochina colony ruled by France, then later by Japan during World War II Context of the Vietnam War During World War II, Japan took the Indochina colony (Vietnam was part of it) from France. With Japan defeated after World War II, France wanted its colony back. Vietnam saw things differently. They helped the Allies fight Japan and believed it was their self-determined right (remember Wilson's 14 Points to end wwI??) to have their own independent country. Context of the Vietnam War Vietnam goes to war with France for their independence (1946) The United States supports France because they believed the colony would help France economically (after WWII, France needed to rebuild their country after all the destruction from the war) Led by Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam is successful at defeating the French (at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954) Context of the Vietnam War The Geneva Accords of 1954 declared a cease-fire (armistice) and divided Vietnam into 2 nations at the 17th parallel North Vietnam • led by Ho and his communist forces South Vietnam led by Ngo Dinh Diem (supported by the U.S. and France) LAOS THAILAND NORTH VIETNAM Gulf of Thailand Ho Chi Minh Trail CAMBODIA Gulf of Tonkin CHINA 17th Parallel SOUTH VIETNAM South China Sea The divide was supposed to be temporary. The Geneva Accords stated that Vietnam was to be unified in 1956 by free elections! NORTH VIETNAM North Vietnam -Led by Ho Chi Minh's communist forces and supported by the USSR and China. In 1954, An International Peace Conference divides Indochina at the 17th parallel. Minh Trail CAMBODIA Division Gulf of Tonkin South Vietnam -Led by an anti-Communist government under the rule of Ngo Dinh Diem and supported by the U.S. and France. 17th Parallel SOUTH VIETNAM Context of the Vietnam War U.S. believed in the domino theory: the "fall" of North and South Vietnam to communism would trigger all of Southeast Asia to become communist To avoid this, the U.S. heavily supported South Vietnam and Diem, even though Ho Chi Minh in the North was very popular with the Vietnamese people! BANGLADESH | INDIA BURMA THAILAND CAMBODIA LAOS VIETNAM VIETCONG Almost to the Vietnam War South Vietnam's Diem was corrupt, oppressive, and extremely unpopular Resistance against Diem in the South was organized by North Vietnam and called the National Liberation Front, better known as the Viet Cong Viet Cong = communist guerrilla fighters in South Vietnam (many were just common people who were inspired to fight against the foreigners who controlled South Vietnam) Vietnam War (1964-1973) or as the Vietnamese would call it, the "American War" Gulf of Tonkin Incident-North Vietnam allegedly attack U.S. Navy ships in the Gulf of Tonkin Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964)-allows the President of the U.S. (Lyndon B. Johnson) to use whatever means necessary to protect the United States from armed attack The United States is now going to war with North Vietnam!! (But U.S. never officially declared war) LAOS North Vietnam Mekong THAILAND Gulf of Thailand Phnom Penh Hanoi 1999 The History Place Haiphong CAMBODIA Vinh 0 0 fr CHINA Gulf of Tonkin Demilitarized + Quang Tri Hue 100 South Vietnam Saigon Da Nang Kontum Pleiku Qui Nhơn" 100 Cam Ranh South China Sea 200 km 200 mi DID YOU KNOW 731 FB.COM/AWAKENTHER Awaken the mind. LIE GULF OF TONKIN INCIDENT The U.S. entered the Vietnam War when the government and its media reported an attack on U.S. ships. Although the Vietnam War resulted in 50,000 American deaths and millions of Vietnamese casualties, this incident NEVER HAPPENED. Vietnam War (1964-1973) Johnson ordered the U.S. Air Force and Navy to do Operation Rolling Thunder (intense air strikes to stop communist attacks) This only increased the numbers for the Viet Cong! (WHY?? Many South Vietnamese were getting killed by the U.S. Also, the Viet Cong were people from villages who were oppressed by the U.S. supported government) By 1966, U.S. had 400,000 troops in Vietnam Vietnam War (1964-1973) By 1965, U.S. was on a search-and-destroy mission to kill Viet Cong (in South Vietnam) Problem is that South Vietnam is full of dense jungles and the Viet Cong fight as guerrillas (also have no real uniform so they blend in with local people) The U.S. has a VERY difficult time fighting the Viet Cong and many American soldiers die in the jungles! www.vietnamphotography.com American codename for the Viet Cong was "Charlie" Searching for VCs Vietnam War (1964-1973) To counter thick, dense jungles, the U.S. used different methods: Air strikes from above • Napalm (big fire-bomb) ● Agent Orange (chemical to kill leaves on trees...a deforestation chemical) www.peteralanlloyd.com S. AIR FORCE Before and after image of U.S. using Agent Orange chemical. This would cause major birth-defects for future Vietnamese children Ho Chi Minh Trail BURMA PLAIN OF JARS THAILAND HỌ CHI MINH TRAIL CAMBODIA Saigon C HINA N. VIETNAM Hanoi M Gulf of Tonkin DMZ SOUTH VIETNAM North Vietnam supplied the Viet Cong by using the Ho Chi Minh Trail HAINAN South China Sea Burma Laos Thailand North Vietnam Hanoi Ho Chi Minh Trail Mekong River Cambodia 120 Gulf of Tonkin Saigon China www.peteralanlloyd.com South China Sea South Vietnam ⒸDavid Burns www.fasttrackteaching.com/burns K22 Tet Offensive (January 1968) Major turning point of the Vietnam War Up until this point, the U.S. was telling the American people that they are winning the war, the Viet Cong are weak, and they are not strong enough to create a serious attack On the major holiday of Tet on January 30, 1968 the North Vietnamese Army and Viet Cong attack 30 cities throughout South Vietnam simultaneously!! Even though the U.S. pushed the attack back, it was seen as a major loss and American support for this war plummeted Tet Offensive Ending the Vietnam War When President Nixon comes to power in the U.S. he creates a policy of Vietnamization-withdrawing U.S. troops gradually and giving control of the war to South Vietnam Paris Peace Accords (1973) 2. 1. U.S. will remove all troops from South Vietnam North Vietnam promised to take no action against the South, but would hold free elections to determine the fate of the country 3. U.S. would come back if the North attacked the South ALL U.S. troops leave South Vietnam in 1973 Vietnam War Ends 1974-North Vietnam increases attacks on the South and takes over more and more (U.S. gave money to the South, but never came back) 1975-North Vietnam launched a massive attack and on April 30, 1975 the capital of South Vietnam (Saigon) was captured Vietnam is now reunited under communism and the war is over BURMA PLAIN OF JARS THAILAND HỌ CHI MINH TRAIL CAMBODIA Saigon CHINA N. VIETNAM Hanoi ro Gulf of Tonkin DMZ SOUTH VIETNAM HAINAN South China Sea A Lithuanian SSR Byelorussian SSR Georgian Armenian Ukrainian SSR SSR SSR UM USSR Moldovian SSR SSR Azerbaijan SSR Kazakh Turkmen SSR Estonian Russian Kyrgyz SSR SSR SSR Tajik Latvian SSR SSR SSR Uzbek Source: Sue Ann Kime and Paul Stich, Global History, N & N Publishing (adapted) END OF THE COLD WAR COLLAPSE OF THE SOVIET UNION There are 3 big reasons why the Soviet Union falls and the Cold War ends! 1. Economic Problems 2. Mikhail Gorbechev's Policies 3. Fall of the Berlin Wall #1: Economic Problems Command economy was stagnate (did not increase) a. collectivization was unproductive b. economy could not match the West Peter Turney CORBIS ARMS RACE was VERY expensive and the economy could NOT handle it! #2: Mikhail Gorbachev New leader of the Soviet Union, wanted to make big changes to U.S.S.R. Perestroika-restructuring/overhaul of the failing state-owned economy (command economy) a. Goals: increase economy/industry, free-market reforms b. Impact: inflation (value of money decreases), shortage of food Glasnost ("openness")-ease strict control of nation, allowed more freedoms (media, expression) a. Impact: people wanted independence from USSR #3: Fall of the Berlin Wall Fall of the Berlin Wall (1989)-East Germans wanted prosperity and freedom of West Germany (SYMBOLIC END OF THE COLD WAR) ove BERLI K End of the Soviet Union With all of these factors, on December 25, 1991 the Soviet Union no longer existed! The Cold War is over and the United States won!