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by a vote of 242-0 Vertical Integration in Business President Garfield was assassinated due to the spoils system. Created exams that needed to be passed to get a government role textbook information / slides : In "restraint of trade" "Rule of reason" loophole After failing to curb trusts on the state level, reformers finally moved Congress to pass the Sherman Act of 1890, which prohibited any "contract, combination, in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce." personal notes: supposed to stop monopolies but ended up outlawing labor unions "outlawed any combination that was in restraint of trade" (ANTI MONOPOLY - but did nothing to them) Teddy Roosevelt first used it against the Northern Securities Railroad Trust. Striked were illegal because they got in the way of trade, making Labor Unions illegal (going against the Act) textbook information / slides : is a process through which one company takes control of all stages of making a product. For example, Carnegie Steel controlled coal mines, ore ships, steel mills, and distribution systems for the steel company to reduce costs, improve efficiency, and increase profits. Vertical Integration: Gustavus Swift & Meat-packing Andrew Carnegie & U. S. Steel BLUE TEXTS ARE ALL VIDEOS THAT I GOT THE PERSONAL NOTES FROM 5 Sale to consumer 4 Transportation (finished products go to retail stores) 3 Processing (refineries transform crude oil into kerosene, lubricating oil and paraffin) 2 Transportation of raw materials (crude oil moves to to refineries) 1 Production of raw materials (oil is pumped out of the ground) me mo momo mom mo mo ma 3 ● Steps in petroleum production/distribution AAAAAAAA —_-— Horizontal integration personal notes : control all aspects and raw materials that are needed for your industry (getting rid of the middleman) Vertical Integration Purchase of Companies at All Levels of Production Ace Meat Industries Delivery Wagons Meat Packing Plants Cooled Warehouses ↑ Refrigerated Railroad Cars Slaughterhouse Cattle BLUE TEXTS ARE ALL VIDEOS THAT I GOT THE PERSONAL NOTES FROM Horizontal Integration textbook information / slides : in Business Andrew Carnegie's Gospel of Wealth DATE: Published June 1889 is a process through which one company takes control of all its former competitors in a specific industry, such as oil refining or coal mining. Horizontal Integration: John D. Rockefeller's personal notes: monopolies (own all competitors) Acquisition - consuming (taking over) the other companies Merger - merging (working together) with other companies Horizontal Integration Purchase of Competing Companies in Same Industry U.S. Oil Company Independent Oil Refineries textbook information / slides : Andrew Carnegie argued that the wealthy had a moral responsibility to carry out projects of civic philanthropy to help other members of society to better themselves and in turn improve society. Carnegie defended unregulated capitalism, arguing that BLUE TEXTS ARE ALL VIDEOS THAT I GOT THE PERSONAL NOTES FROM BY: Andrew Carnegie though it might be "hard for the individual" it was "best for the race." He also believed that the wealthy had a duty to use their wealth wisely to improve the community. Practicing what he preached, Carnegie distributed more than $350 million of his fortune to fund libraries, universities, concert halls, and other public institutions. Critics attack his philosophy as paternalistic and based on the bogus racial science of his times. Religion in the Era of Industrialization Wealth was no longer looked upon as bad. Viewed as a sign of God's approval. Christian duty to accumulate wealth. Should not help the poor. personal notes: donations, philanthropy It used to be offensive to boast if you were Christian. It is a duty to become rich Stated you should not donate money to the poor, because God would have made them rich if he wanted them to be. Discussion of Capitalism Carnegie says that the rich should follow a humble lifestyle and not flaunt their wealth Carnegie argues that the wealthy need to be good stewards of society and spend their money on public projects and use good judgment when spending their money, not just give it away. BLUE TEXTS ARE ALL VIDEOS THAT I GOT THE PERSONAL NOTES FROM Social Darwinism DATE: Europe in the 1880s BY: Herbert Spencer, Thomas Malthus, and Francis Galton Trusts textbook information / slides : Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection in biology offended the beliefs of many religious conservatives, but it bolstered the views of economic conservatives. Led by English social philosopher Herbert Spencer, some people argued for the belief that Darwin's ideas of natural selection and survival of the fittest should be applied to the marketplace. Spencer believed that concentrating wealth in the hands of the "fit" benefited everyone. British economist. Advocate of laissez-faire. Adapted Darwin's ideas from the "Origin of Species" to humans. The notion of "Survival of the Fittest." Individuals must have absolute freedom to struggle, succeed or fail. Therefore, state intervention to reward society and the economy is futile! personal notes: Survival of the fittest Used to explain that there are so many poor people "It's just natural, some people are more fit to be successful in business." To justify the losers and winners Therefore, state interventions to reward society and the economy are futile Stated that there is no point in paying the poor, it doesn't make sense because if they work hard and if they are supposed to be successful, they will. textbook information / slides : Examples: John D. Rockefeller Standard Oil Co. BLUE TEXTS ARE ALL VIDEOS THAT I GOT THE PERSONAL NOTES FROM Pools "NEW" Immigrants DATE: 1880-1920 PEOPLE: Italians, Greeks, Croats, Slovaks, Poles, and Russians. Southern and Eastern Europe. Largely Roman Catholic, Greek Orthodox, Russian Orthodox, or Jewish is an organization or board that manages the assets of other companies. personal notes : Monopoly textbook information / slides : Railroads also attempted to increase profits by forming, in which competing companies agreed secretly to fix rates and share traffic. 1887 Interstate Commerce Act Interstate Commerce Commission created. personal notes : holding companies (similar to a trust) IMMIGRANTS AND IMMIGRATION textbook information: The "new" immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe. They were Italians, Greeks, Croats, Slovaks, Poles, and Russians. Many were poor and illiterate peasants who had left autocratic countries and therefore were unaccustomed to democratic traditions. Unlike the earlier groups of Protestant immigrants, the newcomers were largely Roman Catholic, Greek Orthodox, Russian Orthodox, or Jewish. On arrival, most new immigrants crowded into poor ethnic neighborhoods in New York, Chicago, and other major U.S. cities. An estimated 25 percent of them were "birds of passage," young men contracted for unskilled factory, mining, and construction jobs, who would return to their native lands BLUE TEXTS ARE ALL VIDEOS THAT I GOT THE PERSONAL NOTES FROM "OLD" Immigrants DATE: 1840-1860 PEOPLE: Northern and Western Europe British Isles, Germany, and Scandinavia. English-speaking Were Protestants Nativism START: 1830s - 1840s once they had saved a fair sum of money to bring back to their families. personal notes: IMMIGRATION WAS LIMITED DUE TO THE ACTS AND LAWS THAT WERE PASSED. 1880-1920 Italy, Russia, Greece, Hungary, Poland Southern and Eastern Europe All different languages Different religions, orthodox, Judaism, Muslim textbook information : Through the 1880s, the vast majority of immigrants came from northern and western Europe: the British Isles, Germany, and Scandinavia. Most of these "old" immigrants were Protestants. Their language (mostly English-speaking) and high level of literacy and occupational skills made it relatively easy for these immigrants to blend into a mostly rural American society in the early decades of the 19th century. However, Irish and German Roman Catholics faced significant discrimination. personal notes: 1840-1860 Northern + Western Europe Ireland (Potato Blight), U.K., Germany The Irish were not considered white and were mistreated. France "White", English, Christian, similar political systems. It was easy for them to assimilate (be able to adapt and blend in) textbook information / slides : In the 1840s, hostility to these immigrants, known as, led to sporadic rioting in the big cities. BLUE TEXTS ARE ALL VIDEOS THAT I GOT THE PERSONAL NOTES FROM BY: Know-Nothing Party, Nativists formed a secretive antiforeign society, the nativists Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, which evolved into a political organization, the American Party. Chinese Exclusion Act DATE: May 6, 1882 Political Machines Because party members often responded "I know nothing" to political questions, the American Party was commonly called the Know-Nothing Party. personal notes : the political policy of promoting the interests of native inhabitants against those of immigrants, including by supporting immigration restriction measures. SUPPORTERS: the Ku Klux Klan developed an explicitly nativist, pro-Anglo-Saxon Protestant, anti-Catholic, anti-Irish, anti-Italian, and anti-Jewish (NATIVISTS) textbook information : The first large migration of Asians to the United States came from China after gold was discovered in California in 1848. Passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882 ended the immigration of people from China. The first immigrants from South Asia arrived in the early 1900s. However, in response to anti-Asian feelings, Congress passed immigration restrictions in 1917 and 1924 that almost completely stopped immigration from the entire continent. Only Filipinos, because the United States took possession of the Philippines in 1898, could immigrate personal notes: Panic of 1873 The Chinese were blamed (scapegoat) LAST PAGE FOR TIMELINE textbook information : In many cities, politicians welcomed newly arrived BLUE TEXTS ARE ALL VIDEOS THAT I GOT THE PERSONAL NOTES FROM DATE: no definite date but around the 19th century. Boss Tweed (William M. Tweed) immigrants to gain their loyalty in future elections. Political machines often brought modern services to the city, including a crude welfare for urban newcomers. The political organization would find jobs and apartments for recently arrived immigrants and show up at a poor family's door with baskets of food during hard times. But the political machines could be greedy as well as generous and often stole millions from the taxpayers in the form of graft and fraud. These tightly organized groups of politicians became known as political machines. personal notes: a political machine is a political party that performs certain functions in their society in their community. Helped the poor in their communities get the services they needed for example food, tenements, water, government IDs, and jobs. They also helped the immigrants in their community assimilate to "American Culture". Asked for votes Once in office they would use their power in dishonest ways to help themselves and their friends (corruption). Spoil system Made money using kickbacks (stealing money from the taxpayers of the city) Machine age (hence the name) textbook information / slides : Each machine had its "boss," the top politician who gave orders to the rank and file and doled out government jobs to loyal supporters. Several political machines, such as Tammany Hall in New BLUE TEXTS ARE ALL VIDEOS THAT I GOT THE PERSONAL NOTES FROM DATE: In office January 1, 1868 - December 31, 1873 Working Conditions York City, started as social clubs and later developed into power centers to coordinate the needs of busy immigrants, and the underprivileged. In return, machines asked for people's votes on election day. Successful party bosses knew how to manage the competing social, ethnic, and economic groups in the city. In New York City in the 1860s, an estimated 65 percent of public building funds ended up in the pockets of Tammany Hall's "Boss" Tweed and his cronies personal notes : CORRUPTED One of the biggest and most infamous Political machines. In the late 1860s, William M. Tweed was the political boss of New York City. Grand Sachem of Tammany Hall LABOR UNIONS AND STRIKES textbook information / slides : Long hours, low pay, and poor working conditions led to widespread discontent among factory workers. With the common problems of low pay, long hours, and unsafe working conditions, urban workers in different cities organized both unions and local political parties to protect their interests In many industries, such as railroads and mining, working conditions were dangerous. Many workers were exposed to chemicals and pollutants that were only later discovered to cause chronic illness and early death. BLUE TEXTS ARE ALL VIDEOS THAT I GOT THE PERSONAL NOTES FROM Economically Productive / Rise in Big Industrial workers rebelled against intolerable working conditions by missing work or quitting. personal notes: LONG WORK HOURS: Twelve-hour workdays were not uncommon, and workers often put in incredibly long hours. There was little time for rest due to their busy duties. POOR WORKPLACE CONDITIONS: The workplace conditions were often terrible. The offices were also dusty and unsanitary. Workers constantly faced the danger of accidents involving moving machine parts since the machinery wasn't always safe/sturdy. An annual average of 35,000 workers died in mine and industry accidents between 1880 and 1900. LABOR: Children were frequently used as workers in these mines and industries, and because of their small size, they were sometimes assigned to risky tasks that adults couldn't access/manage. Because many kids were unable to attend school regularly, child labor had a major effect on education. Immigrants and their children made up a sizable share of the labor during this time as well. LOW PAY: Both skilled and unskilled workers received fairly low pay. Unskilled laborers typically made one dollar and twenty-five cents per day, while skilled laborers made about three dollars per day. Children and women received earnings that were much less. textbook information / slides : Protected by patent laws, inventors looked forward to BLUE TEXTS ARE ALL VIDEOS THAT I GOT THE PERSONAL NOTES FROM Businesses handsome rewards if their ideas for new tools or machines proved practical. In 1811, New York passed a law that made it easier for a business to incorporate and raise capital (money) by selling shares of stock. When Samuel Slater emigrated from Britain, taking information about factory designs out of the country was illegal. At first, factory owners had difficulty finding workers for their mills. Factory life could not compete with the lure of cheap land in the West. In response to this difficulty, textile mills in Lowell, Massachusetts, recruited young farm women and housed them in company dormitories. In the 1830s, other factories imitated the Lowell System. personal notes: The railroad was the first massive business in the US Provided faster transportation Transcontinental railroad Businesses could ship their goods across the country Technological innovations Bessemer and open-hearth process The faster and cheaper way to turn iron ore into steel More lightweight and pliable Much easier and cheaper to build things out of steal Refrigerated train cars People could transport goods so they wouldn't go bad. Edison invented the lightbulb, phonograph, motion pictures, etc New Jersey - the first Hollywood Lived in New Jersey Patent Apply to the government, and protect your invention claiming it is "yours" Doesn't last forever "time limit" BLUE TEXTS ARE ALL VIDEOS THAT I GOT THE PERSONAL NOTES FROM Pullman Strike DATE: May 11, 1894 LEADER(S): Eugene V. Debs 276 patents were issued during this period Millions of people were coming to America for wealth Lots of new workers Lots of money (Westward expansion) The government lets businesses do as they want do. Growing market Natural resources brought abundant capital. New Business Culture Laissez-faire- do nothing/hands off (literal translation from French) The ideology of the Industrial Age. Private property Free enterprise Capitalism Everybody can own their stuff / no role/room for the government textbook information / slides : A strike started by workers living in George Pullman's company town near Chicago. The Pullman Palace Car Company manufactured widely used railroad sleeping cars. In 1894, Pullman announced a general cut in wages and fired the leaders of the workers' delegation who came to bargain with him. The workers at Pullman laid down their tools and appealed for help from the American Railroad Union. The ARU's leader, Eugene V. Debs directed railroad workers not to handle any trains with Pullman cars. The union's boycott tied up rail transportation across the country. For failing to respond to this injunction, Debs and other union leaders were arrested and jailed. The jailing and others effectively ended the strike. In the case of In re Debs (1895), the Supreme Court BLUE TEXTS ARE ALL VIDEOS THAT I GOT THE PERSONAL NOTES FROM DATE: December 8, 1886 approved the use of court injunctions against strikes, which gave employers a very powerful legal weapon to break unions. LEADER(S): Samuel Gompers personal notes: Pullman Strike, (May 11, 1894-c. July 20, 1894), in U.S. history, widespread railroad strike and boycott that severely disrupted rail traffic in the Midwest of the United States in June-July 1894. American Federation of textbook information / slides : Labor (AF of L) The federal government's response to the unrest marked the first time that an injunction was used to break a strike. Unlike the reform-minded Knights of Labor, the American Federation of Labor (AFL) concentrated on "bread-and-butter unionism," attaining narrower economic goals. Founded in 1886 as an association of 25 craft unions of skilled workers, and led by Samuel Gompers until 1924, the AF of L focused on just higher wages and improved working conditions Catered to the skilled worker. Represented workers in matters of national legislation. Maintained a national strike fund. Evangelized the cause of unionism. Prevented disputes among the many craft unions. Mediated disputes between management and labor. Pushed for closed shops. personal notes: did not focus on national political issues. It concentrated on gaining the right to bargain collectively for wages, benefits, hours, and working conditions. BLUE TEXTS ARE ALL VIDEOS THAT I GOT THE PERSONAL NOTES FROM Knights of Labor DATE: December 1869 LEADER(S): Terence V. Powderly textbook information / slides : The Knights of Labor, as the most visible union at the time, lost popularity and membership. A second national labor union, the Knights of Labor, began in 1869 as a secret society in order to avoid detection by employers. Under the leadership of Terence V. Powderly, the union went public in 1881, opening its membership to all workers, including African Americans and women. Powderly advocated a variety of reforms: (1) forming worker cooperatives "to make each man his own employer," (2) abolishing child labor, (3) abolishing trusts and monopolies, and (4) settling labor disputes by arbitration rather than strikes. Because the Knights were loosely organized, however, Powderly could not control local units that decided to strike. The Knights of Labor grew rapidly, attaining a peak membership of 730,000 workers in 1886. However, it also declined rapidly after the violence of the Haymarket riot in Chicago in 1886 turned public opinion against the union. Eight-hour workday. Workers' cooperatives. Worker-owned factories. Abolition of child and prison labor. Increased circulation of greenbacks. Equal pay for men and women. Safety codes in the workplace. Prohibition of contract foreign labor. BLUE TEXTS ARE ALL VIDEOS THAT I GOT THE PERSONAL NOTES FROM Haymarket Affair (Bombing) DATE: May 4, 1886 LEADER(S): Albert Parsons was the leader of the American branch of the International Working People's Association (I.W.P.A.), an anarchist group Labor Movement Abolition of the National Bank. personal notes: The Knights organized unskilled and skilled workers, campaigned for an eight hour workday, and aspired to form a cooperative society in which laborers owned the industries in which they worked. textbook information / slides : Chicago, with about 80,000 Knights in 1886, was the site of the first May Day labor movement. Also living in Chicago were about 200 anarchists who advocated the violent overthrow of all governments. In response to the May Day movement calling for a general strike to achieve an eight-hour day, labor violence broke out at Chicago's McCormick Harvester plant. On May 4, workers held a public meeting in Haymarket Square, and as police attempted to break up the meeting, someone threw a bomb, which killed seven police officers. The bomb thrower was never found. Even so, eight anarchist leaders were tried for the crime, and seven were sentenced to death. Horrified by the bomb incident, many Americans concluded that the union movement was radical and violent. The Knights of Labor, as the most visible union at the time, lost popularity and membership. personal notes: textbook information / slides : personal notes: = labor unions BLUE TEXTS ARE ALL VIDEOS THAT I GOT THE PERSONAL NOTES FROM Treaties between the Native Americans and Conflicts Purpose of Dawes Act DATE: February 8, 1887 BY: Senator Henry Dawes Assimilation NATIVE AMERICANS textbook information / slides : While the settlers ignored laws and treaties intended to maintain peace with the American Indians, the government usually supported the settlers when disputes turned violent. personal notes: textbook information / slides : A new phase in the relationship between the U.S. government and American Indians was incorporated in the Dawes Act of 1887. The Act was designed to break up tribal organizations, which many felt kept American Indians from becoming "civilized" and law-abiding citizens. The Dawes Act divided the tribal lands into plots of up to 160 acres, depending on family size. U.S. citizenship was granted to those who stayed on the land for 25 years and "adopted the habits of civilized life." personal notes: Tried to assimilate the Native Americans into US culture. textbook information / slides : Although this book created sympathy for American Indians, especially in the eastern United States, it also generated support for ending Indian culture through assimilation. Reformers advocated formal education, job training, and conversion to Christianity. They set up boarding schools such as the Carlisle School in Pennsylvania to segregate American Indian children from their people and teach them White culture and farming and industrial skills. BLUE TEXTS ARE ALL VIDEOS THAT I GOT THE PERSONAL NOTES FROM Homestead Act of 1862 DATE: May 20, 1862 BY: President Abraham Lincoln Exodusters Railroads personal notes: They were stripped from their families and taken away to get their culture taken away from them. WESTWARD EXPANSION textbook information / slides : promoted settlement of the Great Plains by offering parcels of 160 acres of public land free to any person or family that farmed that land for at least five years. Like the headright system in colonial Virginia and the sale of land in the Northwest Territory, this act helped many White settlers, but very few African Americans. personal notes: Gave 160 acres of land to settlers willing to move out to the frontier ● Great Plains • "This is your opportunity to start over, and escape the horrors of the city" • No wood, dry grassland. Houses were made out of mud and gross (soddy) • Soddy houses could not hold up against harsh weather or rains Encouraged settlers to move out to unsettled places. textbook information / slides : personal notes: African Americans who left the south to homesteads in west (specifically Kansas) textbook information / slides : personal notes: Chinese (west) and Irish (east) built Trans-Continental Railroad (molly-maguires) BLUE TEXTS ARE ALL VIDEOS THAT I GOT THE PERSONAL NOTES FROM Republicans Democrats created national market, more farms out west, more towns and cities created out west Native Americans' lives were ruined by all the innovations and people moving outward. GOVERNMENT SYSTEMS textbook information / slides : In the North, Republican politicians kept memories of the Civil War alive during the Gilded Age by figuratively waving the "bloody shirt." This meant reminding the millions of veterans of the Union army that their wounds had been caused by (southern) Democrats and that Abraham Lincoln had been murdered by a Democrat. The party of Lincoln, because of its anti slavery past, kept the votes of reformers and African Americans. The core of Republican strength came from men in business and from middle-class, Anglo-Saxon (immigrants from northern Germany and southern Scandinavia.) Protestants, many of whom supported temperance or prohibition. Republicans followed the Hamiltonian tradition and Whig past, supporting a pro-business economic program of high protective tariffs. personal notes: big business (industrial north), wealthy people, middle class, black people, nativists (anti-immigrant) textbook information / slides : After 1877, Democrats could count upon winning every election in the "solid South," the former states of the Confederacy, until the mid-20th century. In the North, Democratic strength came from big-city political machines and immigrant voters. BLUE TEXTS ARE ALL VIDEOS THAT I GOT THE PERSONAL NOTES FROM Municipal Government Populist Party Democrats were often Catholics, Lutherans, and Jews who objected to temperance and prohibition crusades conducted by Protestant (and largely Republican) groups. Gilded Age Democrats, following in the Jeffersonian tradition, argued for states' rights and limited federal power. personal notes: Solid South - from 1875-1960 white Southerners vote Democrats. southern whites, recent immigrants, urban poor (factory workers) farmers textbook information / slides : personal notes : local or city government textbook information / slides : personal notes: The ideology that the common people have the capability and power to have control over their government BLUE TEXTS ARE ALL VIDEOS THAT I GOT THE PERSONAL NOTES FROM Timeline of Chinese Immigration and Exclusion 1842 China lost the First Opium War to Britain. The Qing Dynasty signed a treaty favorable to British trade interests and ceded Hong Kong Island to the British Empire. 1848 Gold was discovered at Sutter's Mill, California; thousands of Chinese immigrants departed from Hong Kong to mine for gold in California. 1850 California instituted the Foreign Miners' tax, which targeted Chinese and Latino miners. The Taiping Civil War began in China. 20-30 million died as a result, and millions more were displaced by its end in 1863. 1852 Approximately 17,000-25,000 Chinese in California. 1854 California Supreme Court ruled that Chinese did not have the right to testify against white citizens in People v. Hall. 1860 United States trade with China tripled from 1845 levels. China lost the Second Opium War to France and Britain. The Qing Dynasty signed a treaty favorable to Western interests, including the legalization of the opium trade. 1865 Central Pacific Railroad recruited workers directly from China. 1868 China and the U.S. signed the Burlingame Treaty. It guaranteed Chinese immigration to the U.S., protection of Chinese citizens, and helped U.S. trade interests in China. 1869 First transcontinental railroad completed. 1871 A white mob tortured and hanged 17 to 20 Chinese in Los Angeles. 1873 Panic of 1873 led to a major economic depression in the U.S. The effects of the depression were felt into the 1880s. 1877 A white mob rioted against Chinese in San Francisco, killing several and extensively damaging Chinese-owned property. 1878 A U.S. federal court ruled in In re Ah Yup that Chinese were not eligible for citizenship. 1879 New California State Constitution forbade corporations and government offices in California from employing Chinese. 1880 Approximately 105,000 Chinese in America (less than 10% of California's BLUE TEXTS ARE ALL VIDEOS THAT I GOT THE PERSONAL NOTES FROM population); California passed an anti-miscegenation law (Chinese and whites could not marry). The 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act restricted Chinese immigration (in one year, the number of new lawfully admitted Chinese immigrants dropped from 40,000 to 23). Vocab Anglo-Saxon race - immigrants from northern Germany and southern Scandinavia "The core of Republican strength came from men in business and from middle-class Protestants, many of whom supported temperance or prohibition." Textiles - fabric Civil services - government jobs Reform - change/improvement Nativism- believe they are better/ anti-immigration Federal subsidies - to pay for (the government gives money to someone) Infrastructure - highways, roads, sewage system, etc (everything we need for the society to function) Anarchist - a person who rebels against any authority, established order, or ruling power Forgotten Presidents Ulysses S. Grant (1868-1876) (Republican) Rutherford B. Hayes (1876-1880) (Republican) James Garfield (1880-1881) (Republican) Chester A. Arthur (1881-1884) (Republican) Grover Cleveland (1884-1888) (Democrat) Benjamin Harrison (1888-1892) (Republican) Grover Cleveland (1892-1896) (Democrat) William McKinley (1896-1901) (Republican) All Business Men J.P MORGAN - Bank JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER - Standard Oil Company ANDREW CARNEGIE - Carnegie Steel Corporation CORNELIUS VANDERBILT - Railroad and Shipping Industries