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in the Florida economy they decided to declare themselves independence from Spain ● ● The U.S annexing parts of Florida But Spain don't react because they were busy dealing with other rebellions • Seminole Natives in Florida began raiding settlements in Southern George ● ● it." The Seminole War: with his troops and he attacks whoever is holding up a fight. • Spain was outraged because the President didn't give him the right to do this and now they are supporting Jackson. This is where the Adams and Oris Treaty comes into play. • Spain ceded Florida to the US and gave up any claim to the Oregon country • The boundary was established between the US and Spain at the 42nd parallel The US gave up any claims to Texas The US forgave a debt of 5 million dollars that Spain owned them New States: ● ● ● General Jackson says that "Florida would be a great addition to the country, give me 60 days and I'll get Monroe Doctrine Notes: O Vermont came from New york o Kentucky from Virginia O Tennessee from NC Ohio out of Northwest Territory O O Louisiana o Mississippi from new territory ● Monroe Doctrine: O Countries: ■ Maintain Neutrality All of the Northern Hemisphere is unable to conquer. ■ Since we beat the British in another war, we have to be confident to do so. o If people decide to come to the Northern Hemisphere, then the U.S. will fight. What led to the Monroe Doctrine? O O O ■ Russia: interested in the west coast ■ Spain and Portugal conflicts Britain ■ There is a constant threat of foreign influence over the American Continent. ■ The Government is skeptical of newly independent nations in the thought that they would conquer them. ■ Russia wants to expand its empire but this document stops them. ● Americans migrate west: O Established homestead in unmapped, wild areas away from being settled. O O As settlers moved into new ports of the country the national infrastructure of roads, boats, and railroads. o Congress was trying to make the country economically stable The US needed to be more relevant on itself ■ Westerns needed to be open for the economy and travel ■ Needed proper communication o Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, John Quincy Adams proposed a plan also known as the American System O The American System: Three components ● Internal Improvement ● Tariffs ● New national bank The Tariffs of 1816. O 20-25% ■ Made European goods more expensive ■ Encourage Americans to buy American goods The North was on board with this plan The Erie Canal ■ Played a huge role in the westward expansion Linked the great lakes along with the Atlantic Ocean Lowered the cost of shipping ■ ■ New York is the economic center of the US The West is the food producer of the country ■ Towns around the canal routes have transformed the cities around the harbor Created a bond between people from the West and East ■ Video(Extra Credit) ● Rome, New York 1817 No day off for the workers(1000) Oct 1825-completion of the Erie canal The west was the frontier of the Erie Canal Before the Erie Canal, settlers have to travel for a long time The canal is a man-made waterway to connect DeWitt Clinton 375 mile • Hudson river and great lakes ● Clinton's Ditch-Make fun of him ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● • • Sluices are used to dump water from one side of the canal lock to the other side. ● Seneca Chief named buffalo NY-Commercial center and economic center • Increase in population in NY 8-12 dollars, 18 cents for the workers Locks used to lower and increase water ● O National Road: ■ Turnpike: toll road ■ Congress's plan to support the economy by improving transportation O O Started in Cumberland to Western Maryland The Second National Bank o Support and Opposition for the American System ■ Support: ■ The first national bank expired ■ Needed to stabilize the economy O ● ● ■ Opposition Andrew Jackson: Argued that it would benefit all Americans Country depend on each other ● Came from the region from the country that has received high tariffs. O South has to pay a lot of tariffs o Argued that the government was seizing states' rights and overstepping the power of the national government. Infrastructure in America Today What does the Constitution say? o Regulate commerce(food, the economy, trade) It's critical for the country to improve the transportation infrastructure O Make laws that should be necessary and proper(elastic clause Federal law shall be the supreme law of the land ● Andrew Jackson: o Adams and Jefferson died in 1826 their deaths usher in a new generation of men that will serve as president A New Type of Voter and Jackson O The United States is changing: ■ Industrialization and urbanization created and grew a new group of Americans; the working class ■ The county is expanding: Pioneers and settlers moving west faced hardships like those that the original colonist faces • Many were immigrants who came to find a better life ● O Election of 1824: O In 1824, the congressional caucus was bitterly divided on who should become president: ■ John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts ■ Andrew Jackson of Tennessee ■ Henry Clay of Kentucky ■ William C. Crawford of Georgia The Election of 1824; A "Corrupt Bargain" ■ None of the candidates receives enough electoral votes to win the presidency The winner is decided by the House of Representation On February 9, 1825, the House of Representatives net to select the president Clay persuades these members to vote for Adams, who becomes the president of the US. Adams, them offered the position of Secretary of State ■ ● ■ ● Formal education or wealth limited. ● Jackson and his supporters accused Adams and Clay of making a Corrupt Bargain o Jackson's New Democratic Party: ■ Abandoned the Democratic republican party formed of new Democratic • Appealed to men from every part of the country from many ways of life and from many economic nations ● The Democratic Party represented President Jackson o Emphasized him appel, "common man" and would protect the ordinary citizens from corruption O Jackson's Democratic Party also changed campaigning ■ New tactics generated excitement ■ Election rallies and barbeques ■Hald massive fundraisers ■ Publishing effect in favor of Jackson (Clay called Jackson a donkey and nicknamed him jackass) ● O Who challenged Jackson in 1828? O ■ O "J. Q. Adams who can write and Andy Jackson who can fight" ■ John Quincy Adams National Republican Party: Made for educated, wealthy people Business leaders(increase in corruption) • Supported high tariffs, government sponsors roads and canal and the second band of us ● For the first time, vote throughout the country followed developments in the presidential race o Campaign of 1828: ■ Jackson and the Democrats were in a favorable position compared with the opponent ■ ■ ■ Development of a two-party system By 1828 many states ended voting requirements All adults, white men could vote whether they owned property or not ■ Significant enlarged the voting population Candidates have to appeal to more people ■ Results of the Election of 1828: ■ Since Adams came from Massachusetts, he receives votes from the northern states ■ Jackson received the majority of the votes from the southern and western states. Inauguration of Andrew Jackson ● The Spoils System: O A political practice in which winners of elections remove people from government jobs and appointments and replace them with their campaign supporters rewarding his supporters with government positions reminded his critics of the corrupt bargain that Jackson himself has when John Quincy Adams appointed his friend Henry Clay who helped him win. The Tariff of Abomination and the Nullification Crisis: O In 1828 the government posses the biggest tariff in the history of the nation O O O O O In response to the tariff, "Vice President John C. Calhoun" wrote that if you don't like a federal law don't follow it South Carolina passes the Ordinance of Nullicafation which said the tariffs were null and void in that state. President Andrew Jackson responded that the federal government was supreme ■ Would use force if necessary to force into submission ■ Congress solved the problem The Indian Removal Act: ■ Jackson has a hostile attitude towards Natives ● Do not believe in assimilation • I feel in US territory, they would need troops in protects settlers Bill authorized the president to grant unsettled land west of the Mississippi in exchange for land in the east. Andrews Jackson's Bank War: ■ Suspicious of the bank and determined to end it ● Believed it was a monster Believed it gave the rich more money ● Unconstitutional ■ Jackson defeated the bank using the Veto the bank(veto the bill 16 times) House of Representatives tries to override the veto by the bill did not receive much support The bank eventually fell apart ● He moved money from national banks to state banks O There is an economic depression right after. Effects of the Jackon's Bank War: Martin Van Buren becomes president in 1836 ● Jackson's actions against the national bank hurt the economy ● Panic of 1837: Financial crisis when the federal government becomes passed the Specie Circular a law that limited the use of paper money in the sale of land ● o William Henry Harrison O Ruins of the platform of Jackson, a man of the people o 4-hour inauguration speech O Then he got sick in the rain and died. He was only in office for a month His vice-president: John Tyler - accident president Essential Questions: Did the goverment become democratic under Jackson? Democratic means working for the people and doing what is best for the country. Yes: Jackson's name has been associated with democracy and the ● • Lead to rapid deflection which caused the bank to close, businesses to fail and thousands of people to lose their land Van Buren was blamed for the crisis Election of 1840 ● ● O O common man o Protected the constitution (Nullification with North Carolina) o Founded a new political system ■ Campaigned directly to the people ■ Spoils system: wanted people from the lower classes in government and take out the old and rich people. o Represent the people and more people began to vote O The banks were unconstitutional O Was not democratic: Broademed presidential powers and threatened the republic O Removal of the people o Veto(used it 12 times) O He ignored the Supreme Court ruling o Spoils system: giving friends jobs o Threatening to use the army to submission the states Essential Question: Was America destined to rule the continent? How was ideology used to justify this expansion? ● How did nationalism contribute to the westward expansion? How did westward expansion lead to sectionalism? How did expansion change America socially, economically, and politically? ● ● The Roots of Expansion: Political O O O Westward Expansion O ■ Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the nation and created opportunities for growth ■ Presidents, members of the Congress, and American people believe it was right for the US to expand to the Pacific Ocean ■ The Indian Removal Act relocated Natives and opened new opportunities for expansion. Social: Americans thought it was god's will ■ Religious freedom prompted immigration. Economics: ■ The emergency of rail transportation road, and canal plus the availability of cheap land made migration attractive to settlers Settlers moved west to find new opportunities O Destiny: pre-determined, bound to happen, inevitable o Manifest: the creation of something, presents its to you, obvious, clear, to bring to reality. Manifest Density: ■ Belief that the US was destined to expand ■ Expression was an assertion of Americans self-confidence and a manifestation(display) of the nation's power ■ Used to justify territorial expansion as well as treatment of Native Americans who stood in the way ■ ● ● Why do people move West?: o Religion The expansion was not only good, but it was obvious(manifest) and certain(destiny) ■ Escape Religious Persecution ■ Mormons moved for Polygamy ■ Religious Missionaries o Economy ■ Opportunities ■ New Markets for business ■ Claim land because there is so much land • Mining ● Farming ■ Locate borders of Pacific Ocean ■ ■ Employment Panic of 1837 • Bankrupt and high unemployment due to bank closure ■ Fresh Start o Crowding in the East Coast ■ Move to the west with an abundance of land o Homestead Act of 1862: You claim land and live and work for 5 years and then you own it after 5 years o Spread values of Democracy o Everyone starts in Independence Missouri when moving west O The most common trail is the Oregan trail ■ Originated in the same trail as Lewis and Clark New Mexico: o Traders and Pioneers o Trade and make money O Santa Fe Trail o Trade silver and gold Oregon: o Settlers, Missionaries, and Pioneers o Form Covert Natives into Christianity o Oregon Trail ● O Fertile Soil Fur ● Utah: o Morons, Settlers O Grain Religious Freedom and Avoid Persecution o Oregan Trail O Desert And Salt Lake • Myth vs. Reality: o Stories of beautiful landscape, mountains, forest, and valley O The reality of the Trek ■ 2000 miles long ■ Took 4-6 months ■ Expensive: $500-1000 ■ Exhausting: ■ ● ● Covered wagons, muddy bags, steep hills Built sod houses Covered 6 miles in 2 hours(walking) Conflicts with Native Americans Diseases: ● Leave the sick and dead behind ● Run out of food Ex. Donner party- Hasting's made a guidebook with a shortcut without actually going on the trail. They named the place Donner place of the memorials. Disputes Over Western Lands: o Oregon Territory ■ Contested by the US and Great Britain ■ Sharing Oregon with British ■ Too many Americans rather than the British ■ Americans want sole ownership of the land They want to increase the 54 to 40 latitude ■ o Fifty-four or Fight(slogan) ■ Democrats Presidential Candidate ■ James K. Polk ■ Expansionist ■ Embraced Manifest Density ■ Played to the people ■ o Deciding the Oregon Territory ■ ● I Whenever people wanted he gave it to them A 1946 peace agreement was arranged 49 parallel will be US boundary(still is today) War-Expense Polk didn't want to fight with the British because he knew that it would be harder to get to the southern border. o History of the Texas Territory: Because of the Spanish rule and conflicts with Native Americans. Many Mexicanas did not settle in the area of Northern Mexico known as Texas. Mexicans attempted to populate the area • Develop land Mexico Invites Settlers ● Mexico offers land grants for settlers Americans migrated to the territory led by Stephen Austin ● ● Low priced land • Trade opportunities grew between US and Mexico o Territories of texas, New Mexico, Utah, Arizona, Nevada trade more with the US than Mexico ● O Americans did what they want in the area The Mexican government had nothing to do with this O Come to Texas.... O By 1830, More Americans than Mexicans lived in Texas o By 1834, Populated doubled O 1,000 settlers a month O Americans know Texas would yield wealth discussion to incorporated in the US O American brought slaves to Texas but Mexico had abolished slavery . Cultural Tension Rise: o Language: Spanish vs. English ● ● ● o Religion: o Slavery: ■ Roman Catholic vs. Protestant O ■ Mexico has abolished slavery in 1821 ■ Some American settlers brought slaves with them Mexico Extends its Power: O Dictator Santo Anno came to power in Mexico o Revokes local power in Texas O Mexico taxes imports Mexico seals its borders Mexicans goverment wanted Texas citizens to free the slaves O ■ Posses a law prohibiting more Americans from coming into the Texas territory and Mexico ■ Americans continue to more illegally o Mexicana Restrictions: ■For continued land ownership, convert to Catholic, and then become a Mexican citizen Texas Look for Independence: Americans began to demand power ■ Austin Imprisonment ■ United themselves to fight the Mexican government ■ Led by Sam Hudson o Mexican determined to enforce its laws, settlers determined to revolt ■ Led to the Texas War for Independence The Texas Declaration of Independence: o Produced Overnight ■ Because while it was being prepared the Alama in San Antonio was under siege by Santa Anna's army of Mexico o Parallels United States Declaration signed almost eight years later O Texas Revolution: ■ ■ O ■ Contains statements on the function and responsibilities of government followed by the list of grievances ■ A war fought in 1835 and 1836 between the American settlers in texas and the Mexican government ● Santa Anna determined to beat Texas ● Texans arm yourself ● Tensions Flare: American settlers were unhappy with some of the policies of the Mexican government • Led by Sam Hudson ● Lure the Mexican Army into the North Use the alamo Battle of the Alamo ● ● Established an army to between of the settlers ● o "Remember the Alamo" The most famous battle of the War Mexicans defeated the Texans o Killed most of the people Texas use the defeat of the Alamo as motivation to crush Santo Anno and his men Battle of San Jacinto ● Texans led by Hudson killed 200+ Mexicans and captured Santa Anno ● Which leads to their victory ■ Treaty of Velasco Texas is recognized as an independent republic ● Sam Houston become president • "Lone Star" Republic Loss of Texas is a source of tension between Mexico O 1838 Houston invites the US to annex Texas ■ Will create division between the US states ■ Americans see Texas as an extension of slavery ■ Texas as a slave state = unbalanced in the battle o Mexico thinks that if the US annex Texas it would be aggression. O Texas will become the 28th state in 1845 during Polk's presidency. O Mexico taught annexation of Texas as a threat Polk sees annexation of Texas as Manifest Destiny ■ Want California and New Mexico as well John Slidell was sent to Mexico with 30 million dollars to negotiate a treaty. O O o Border Argument: O O O Mexico doesn't want to even see them ■ Texas sees the border at the Rio Grande River Mexico sees the border of the Nueces River ■ Polk's Plan: ■ Believe Mexico's aggression against the US would unite the Americans to war ■ April 1846, General Zachary Taylor and over 3000 people order them to set up near the Rio Grande river Mexico considers this a threat and invasion ● ● Mexicans come to fight, which results in 9 American death ■ Polk pushes for a declaration of war Sectional Attitude: ■ Americans support the idea of Manifest Destiny but they don't want it from military support ■ Southern states loved this because they were interested in adding more slave states, leading to more southern states in congress. ■ Northerns were against this because they didn't want southerners to take power from them. ■Wilmot proviso ■ ● An unsuccessful idea that all new states will be neutral states American Blood on American soil Polk needs the support of the congress ■ The message was persuasive: American Blood slipped on American soil ■ A congressman was skeptical of Polk ● Lincoln wanted to see the exact place where the invasion happened ● Soldiers and the Mexican War: "Spot examination" • Lincoln was nicknamed "Spotty Lincoln” O The outbreak of war, the US army has only 8,600 Officers and men ■ Goverment called for 50,000 men Volunteers from the low end of the socioeconomic ladder ■ 40% immigrants ■ illiterates ■ Without any teaching of battle war, people were just sent to fight. Life of a Soldier and Desertion: ■ The volunteers learned that war was not glorious . Food was bad O O o They would steal from Mexicans to keep themselves fed. Threat of diseases ■ Many of the volunteers were dying from diseases O • Many Immigrants deserted the army ● Several hundred deserted and went to the Mexicana side O The Immigrants weren't tied with America, they felt no need to be patriotic to the Americans. o The Press and The War ● Inventions of the telegraph created a new communication • People were able to get the latest news Accounts by journalists, not the politicians, the news is not filtered and causes great influences on the war Americans become emotionally united O The Battle of the Mexican War Americans Generals . Robert E. Lee - Northern Army general in Civil War Ulysses S. Grant - Southern Amry General in Civil War Stephen Kearny o Long marcher • Zachary Taylor O O 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo O O ■ O O O Winfield Scott Old Rough and Ready The US ended the war by marching forward and capturing Mexico City Texas legally belongs to the US The Rio Grande is the official border o Old fuss and Feathered ■ ■ The US takes New Mexico and California Territory for 15 million The Mexican War(Different Perspective): ● "The North Americans Invasion" ■ Treaty reflects the position of the Mexicans ■ The US later purchased more land(Arizona) for the railroad that they will build Effect of the War The US enlarged its territory by 13 and achieved current borders. Mexican POV: The California Gold Rush History of Calfornia: O The 1700s War left Mexicans bitter towards the US and strained relationship between the two nations ■ The land was ruined ■ The political structure was ruined ■ The economy suffered. ■ 1841-1845 ■ Owned by Spain ■ Used for missionaries(the first city was San Diego) ■ Spanish military forces built several architectures 1821: Calfornia wanted to gain independence like Mexico American pioneers settled in the territory and wanted to join the US ■ John Fremont led the revolt against the Mexican government This was during the Mexican American War so the soldiers helped gain California. O ■ ■ This led to the US gaining Calfornia o Eureka(I found it) Gold 1848 ■ ■ Discovered in Calfornia • By August 4000 people migrate ● Most important even in attracting settlers west Gold Fever • 1852-population is 200,000 49ners Life as a Miner ● More gold found in CO, MT, ID, and Colorado O Silver found in Nevada. ■ Single men ■ Mining for gold was hard work O ● 6 days a week, 12-16 days a week • Repetitive, Backbreaking work ● Crude living governments Sickness claimed many lives ■ Methods • Panning • Cradle Tough • Long-Tom ■ Cities became prosperous in San Francisco but fewer men became rich BoomTown - towns in new places would appear overnight o Wild and violent Mining towns short-lived O No more gold produced people to "Ghost- Town" o Diversity in Calfornia: O ● O ■ Migrants from around the world would come to the US after 1849 lured by the gold ● American Miners ● African American Immigrants from Latin America Immigrants from Asia The Chinese in Calfornia: ■ Faced frequent discrimination ■ Laws prohibited Chinese Americans from getting any success in Calfornia ■ They were forced to pay high taxes on the gold that they got ■ Chinese Americans made up % of the American's CA gold mining region at the end of the 1850s. Not all worked as miners • They lived together for safety and comfort - Chinatown African Americans in Calfornia ■ Owners bought their slaves along to do the hard work American Americans worked with people from other backgrounds ■ Others earned money by providing services and supplies ■ Free African Americans when to California but got discrimination African Americans were about 1% of the American population Manifest Destiny Affects Natives Americans: ● When Americans began moving west they moved into Native Territory O 1790- 3.9 million Americans O 1830- 30 million Americans(4.5 moving west) O 1820-120,000 Natives O 1844 less than 30,000 Natives remain The Goverment thought they were right to take the land if they wanted to grow ● Manifest Destiny justified the removal ● Effects on Native Americans: O O O Relocation. ■ Indian Removal Act(1830) ● Gave Natives land in west for land in east ■ Land given up was cultivated ■ Land received was wild prairie • Against culture and heritage to leave the land ● Relocation split up tribes and broke up communal landholding ■ Treaties made between Americans and Natives were constantly broken and ignored and misleading Restriction and Fighting Against Settlers: ● ● Conflicting beliefs over land use Natives did not believe in traditional ownership of land Natives tried to join against settlers O Black Hawk War Second Seminole War O Battle of the Big Horn o Battle of Wounded Knee ■ Natives Against Natives • Moving west into other Native land led to fighting Assimilation: O ● ■ Assimilate: to absorb into the culture of a population or ● group ■ Natives taught to fit into "white culture" Conveyed to Christianity Gave up traditional beliefs ● Learn English ■ Believe that assimilation was their best way to survive