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Prohibition of Alcohol 18th amendment established prohibition of manufacturing and selling of alcohol volstead act implemented the amendment I guanas Income Tax (progressive/graduated) tariff lowered 16th amendment passed - graduated income tax make more money-> pay more tax Similarities and differences compared to Populists • Populists are rural (often poor); Progressives are middle to upper-middle class • Populists desire gov't ownership of railroads and banks; Progressives see this as "socialist" • Populists desire inflationary money policies; Progressives see this as irresponsible • Many Populist programs do carry forward and ultimately embraced by Progressives: railroad legislation (1903 % 1906), income-tax (1912), expanded currency and credit structure (1913 & 1916), direct election of Senators (1913), initiative, referendum and recall, postal savings banks (1916), subtreasury plan (1916) • Progressives are predominantly middle class to lower-upper-class WASPS • Progressives sought to restore America to earlier period of less monopoly, increase efficiency of gov't, and stem the tide of socialism • Progressive social activists sought eliminate child labor, improve working conditions for women and men, gain female suffrage • Jane Addams and Lillian Wald: Settlement House Movement • Florence Kelley: campaigned against child labor, female exploitation, and consumer protection • Progressive analysts in universities believed society can be improved scientifically: Lester Ward, Richard Ely, Charles Beard, John Dewey APUSH Unit 9 Study Outline • Socialists were reformers but not progressives • Eugene Debs led Socialist party; gained 6% of popular vote in 1912 • Some labor unions representing unskilled workers looked for socialist solutions: gov't control of railroads and banks • Radical socialists like IWW ("Wobblies") used violence and sabotage; eventually targeted by gov't during WWI under Espionage Act; many arrested, some deported; • Compromised integrity of more moderate socialist movement • Palmer Raids in 1919-20 cracked down on communists, socialists and anarchists GROUP 2 • Muckrakers after 1900: Investigative journalists. Explores the problems. Doesn't offer solutions. ● Henry Demarest Lloyd "Wealth Against Nations" • Magazines: McClure's, Cosmopolitan, Collier's, Everybody's • Lincoln Steffens -- Shame of the Cities (1902): detailed corrupt alliance between big business and municipal gov't • Ida M. Tarbell -- published devastating expose on Standard Oil Co. "Mother of Trusts" • Detailed Rockefeller's ruthless tactics to crush competition (including her own father) Standard Oil trust was broken up as result in 1911 • Upton Sinclair -- The Jungle (1906): graphic depictions of the unsanitary conditions in the packing plant sparked a reaction to the meat industry and led to eventual regulation under TR. O Pure Food and Drug Act 1906 - Inspection and regulation of labeling foods O Meat Inspection Act 1906 - Subjects meat shipped over states to federal inspection • David G. Phillips -- "The Treason of the State",: Charged that 75 of 90 senators did not represent the people but rather the trusts and the railroads. Caused TR to label him and others "muckrakers" • John Spargo -- The Bitter Cry of the Children (1906): Exposed the abuses of child labor • Ray Stannard Baker -- Following the Color Line (1908): Attacked the subjugation of America's 9 million blacks, & their illiteracy • Frank Norris -- The Octopus (1901) and The Pit (1903): Saga of the stranglehold of the railroad and corrupt politicians on California wheat ranchers. • Theodore Dreisler: The Financier (1912) and The Titan (1914): Pessimistic novels focused on the economic hardships faced by the poorest and most exploited Americans. ****Progressive Movement: predominantly middle to lower-upper-class WASPS APUSH Unit 9 Study Outline Progressive analysts believe society can be improved scientifically: Lester Ward, Richard Ely, Charles Beard. John Dewey anti-Political machines: Galveston, TX-commission system & city manager system; Australian ballot; LaFollette's "Wisconsin Experiment": initiative, referendum, recall direct election of senators (17th Amendment); direct primary anti-Trusts: Anthracite Coal Strike ● workers go on strike for higher pay ● Gov invited both parties, strikers and owner to white house, makes an agreement, gov sides with the people over big business 1902; Bureau of Labor and Commerce ● TR first trust buster Northern Securities case, 1902; Standard Oil case, Hepburn Act (1906): Gived ICC power so they can find and punish railroads if they are changing their rates ClaytonAnti-Trust Act (1914): - law extending antitrust protections of sherman antitrust act - exempting labor unions and agricultural organizations from antimonopoly constraints Underwood Tariff Bill (1913), Federal Trade Commission (1914) • Underwood Tariff - Provided for substantial rates reduction and unprecedented gradual income tax • Federal Trade Commission - Appointed a commission to investigate illegal business practices in interstate commerce like unlawful competition, false advertising, and mislabeling of goods Living conditions: Settlement Houses (Jane Addams, Lillian Wald); Women's suffrage: 19th Amendment; Carrie Chapman Catt, Alice Paul - leading suffragist, feminist and antiwar activist, launched movement for equal rights amendment to constitution; Jeannette Rankin Prohibition of Alcohol: Women's Christian Temperance Union, Francis Willard; Anti-Saloon League; WWI; 18th Amendment; Volstead Act (1920) ● Volstead Act - Enforces the 18th amendment Labor reform: Muller v. Oregon, 1908; child labor laws in states were Progressive's greatest ● Muller v Oregon - Women are workers: grants them less work hours triumph; Workingmen's Compensation Act (1916); Adamson Act (1916) APUSH Unit 9 Study Outline • Workingmen's Compensation - Granted assistance to federal civil-service employees during periods of disability ● Adamson Act - Established 8 hour workdays for employees on trains involved in interstate commerce Consumer protection: Meat Inspection Act, 1906; Pure Food and Drug Act, 1906 • Pure Food and Drug Act 1906 - Inspection and regulation of labeling foods • Meat Inspection Act 1906 - Subjects meat shipped over states to federal inspection Conservation: Newlands Reclamation Act, 1902; national parks; Bureau of Mines Economic Reform: Federal Reserve Act (1913)- most significant economic legislation during time period, allowed for elasticity of money Education: John Dewey, "Learning by doing" Health: Rockefeller Foundation eradicates ringworm Robert La Follette's "Wisconsin Experiment" -- "DIG CID" Direct election of Senators; 17th amendment Initiative: citizens can introduce a bill instead of just state Congress referendum: citizens vote on a direct law recall: give citizens a right to recall a governor Gov't regulation of public utilities; Civil service reform; Income tax; 16th amendment Direct primary GROUP 3 Theodore Roosevelt: SQUARE DEAL: 3 "Cs" - Control corporations, Consumer Protection, Conservation of natural resources Control of Corporations: TR as trustbuster (differentiate good and bad trusts): Anthracite Coal Strike (1902), Northern Securities Co. (1902) Dept. of Commerce and Labor; Bureau of Corporations Elkins Act (going after railroad rebates), Hepburn Act (expanded power to help interstate commerce commission(ICC) to regulate the rates of the railroads. Consumer Protection: Meat Inspection Act, 1906 (inspect meat before going to the market); Pure Food and Drug Act, 1906 (food labels w/ ingredients are needed on foods) Conservation: : Newlands Reclamation Act, 1902; national parks (Conservation is to use our own resources wisely) (Preservation is to not touch the land at all) Teddy was in conservation Teddy Roosevelt first president to set land aside He also appoints Gifford Pinchot Chief Forester APUSH Unit 9 Study Outline ● Teddy preserves beautiful land(Grand Canyon, etc.) 1904 Teddy Roosevelt gets reelected(decides that this is his last term) O Panic of 1907: causes: speculation by banks and trusts O Big Business blames Teddy Roosevelt Woodrow Wilson: New Freedom "TBT" - anti Tariffs, bank, and Trusts "CUFF": Clayton Antitrust Act, expanding Sherman's Antitrust Act so that it applies to the big businesses and not the Union forces Underwood Tariff • Lowering of the tariff to 29% reducing money from government • makes up for the 16th amendment Federal Reserve Act, • Panic of 1907 showed that the ability to move money across the country is too hard • federal reserve board - bankers • 12 regional banks across the country • provided a more flexible money supply • controls interest rates and reserve requirements Federal Trade Commission can investigate trusts, issue cease and desist orders Foreign Policy "Dollar Diplomacy"-Support U.S. foreign policy w/ U.S. $; U.S. gov't supports U.S. investors through foreign policy. ▪ Under Taft, U.S. troops sent to Cuba, Honduras, Dominican Republic and Nicaragua (1912) Wilson: "Moral Diplomacy"--> If the government does not elect good men, then the U.S. won't acknowledge it ▪ U.S. troops sent to Haiti in 1915-Despite Wilson's anti-imperialism rhetoric ▪ Jones Act of 1916-Philippines became a territory ▪ Jones Act of 1917-Puerto Ricans became citizens ▪ U.S. intervention in Mexico: Vera Cruz, Huerta, Pancho Villa Unstable Mexican Government Carranza, Pancho Villa, Zapata→Civil War over leader Huerta Huerta's government collapse, Pancho Villa attacks American towns, John Jay Pershing arrests Pancho Villa Japan Lansing Ishii Agreement (1917) U.S. & Japan again reiterated Open Door; aimed at keeping Germans from dominating region during WWI. GROUP 4 WWI APUSH Unit 9 Study Outline • American neutrality at the beginning of the war isolation since Monroe Doctrine • Causes of American entry into the war: Sinking of Lusitania & Sussex Publication of Zimmerman notes German declaration of unrestricted submarine warfare ending war quickly; get a share in the treaty Concerns in unsettling national politics by Russian Revolution German mass killing • German attacks on neutral or civilian shipping: Americans in Lusitania and Sussex ships; Germany sinks it because it was carrying ammunition with it; US unhappy • Lusitania (1915), Sussex ultimatum (1916) Lusitania - British passenger ship sunk by Germany, 128 Americans die Sussex - French ship sunk, leads to Wilson giving sussex ultimatum (if u-boats strike U.S. ships, U.S. breaks diplomatic relations with Germany) • Zimmerman Note Proposal for Mexico to ally with Germany if Mexico wins war, promises to restore U.S. territory back to Mexico -> America ouraged • Unrestricted submarine warfare (1917): most important reason for U.S. entry into war germany keeps sinking american boats • Wilsonian idealism to sell the war fight for continuous american support • Aims: "make the world safe for democracy"; "a war to end all wars" • Creel Committee: propaganda organization to sell the war to Americans Set up by Geroge Creel • 14 Points: plan to end WWI - very idealistic and progressive . Mobilization Doughboys from US to Europe, 1918 • War Industries Board (led by Bernard Baruch): coordinate use of natural resources with military • Conscription: APUSH Unit 9 Study Outline No dodging/buying a way out • Bond drives • Hoover and voluntary compliance: Hoover's Food Administration voluntary ration; "Hooverizing" ex. Meatless Mondays, Victory garden so effective that Fuel Administration copies it • Dissent France wants revenge Wilson wants international peace results in a huge German reparation and disarmament • Many strikes due to high inflation during the war • Espionage Act (1918) and Sedition Act used to crack down on opposition to war Espionage act - provided fines/imprisonment for spies in the U.S. from foreign countries Sedition Act (1918) - Cannot criticize war effort • IWW "Wobblies" were major target of gov't • Schenck v. U.S.: upheld Espionage Act 1919, challenges sedition act because of free speech being infringed ruled "clear and present danger rule" Civil liberties not balanced - National security v Civil liberties • WWI represented largest attack on civil liberties in U.S. history • Versailles Treaty (1919) failed to include most of Wilson's 14 Points; Senate doesn't ratify League of Nations (Wilson's biggest failure) Wilson represents U.S. in versailles but only take 1 republican (Hoover) Punished Germany by: loss of land loss of military (100k only for defense) taking full responsibility of war loss of colonies (source of revenue) loss of money (33 billion in gold) -> leads to Germany printed inflation 1920 ruled the treaty was too hard (led to WWII) or was fair but poorly enforced WWI's Impact on American Society > Women earn right to vote (played a major role in the war effort) Prohibition (sacrifice during war made drinking alcohol unpatriotic) ➤ "Great Migration": millions of African Americans migrate to north out of the south. ➤ Inflation during war triggers huge strikes after war: Seattle, Boston Police, steel industry ➤ "Red Scare" as a result of Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 and radicalism in U.S. (fear of communism, anarchy, radical labor unions, etc.) - Palmer Raids ➤ "Red Summer": race riots occur when returning white veterans compete with blacks for jobs. Increased nativism (results in immigration acts of 1921 and 1924); much anti-German sentiment during the war ➤ Farmers experience prosperity during war; when Europe recovers, farmers suffer depression ➤ U.S. emerges as world's #1 creditor nation; growth leads way to economy of "Roaring 20s" Democrats and Wilson suffer major defeat in 1920 (Harding talks of "normalcy") o Americans are tired of Progressivism and are sick of sacrifice. o 1920s emerge as most conservative political era of the 20th century GROUP 5 1920s • "Americanism": White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP) values o "Red Scare": 1919-1920- Palmer Raids against Russians and suspected communists ▪ Strong anti-union sentiment o Anti-immigration/anti-foreignism APUSH Unit 9 Study Outline ● Fear of radicalism o Bolshevik Revolution • Largest number of strikes in U.S. history (20% of workers) ● 5,000 suspected communists arrested in 33 cities o Seized without warrants, denied access to attorneys Public supported actions initially O Eventually began to question how it compromised individual rights Result O ● ● Militias and police prepare for bloody May Day strikes that never occurred, people and courts turned against Palmer, putting an end to his raids American Federation of Labor loses 1/4 of its members o ▪ Immigration Act of 1921: Reduces E. European immigration • Ends open immigration, creates quota system • 350,000 total per annum (1910 census) ▪ National Origins Act of 1924: Significantly reduces E. European immigration; bans Asians • reduced immigration to 152,000 per annum (1890 census) • Canadians and Latinos are exempt; numbers increase • Leads to Immigration Act 1929, cutting immigration in half until 1965 ▪ Sacco and Vanzetti • Charged and convicted of killing 2 people in a robbery in Massachusetts Italian, atheists, anarchists, draft-dodgers ● Given death penalty ▪ KKK o Anti-modernism ▪ Creationism vs. evolution (Scopes Trial) Teacher John T. Scopes arrested in Tennessee Arrested according to Butler Law, which bans the teaching of evolution ● ● American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) helps scopes o Lawyer is Clarence Darrow, against William Jennings Bryan Scopes found guilty, only fined $100 o Fundamentalism suffers a setback ▪ Popular evangelism: Billy Sunday, Aimee Semple McPherson o Prohibition APUSH Unit 9 Study Outline (anti-wet) • "Roaring 20s" Economic Boom • Automobile industry became th #1 industry, industry in general rose 70% o Business seen almost like a religion (Bruce Barton: The Man Nobody Knows "Jesus was the first modern businessman") o Henry Ford (automobile industry replaced steel industry; improved the standard of living and employed 6 million by 1930): assembly line (adopts ideas of Fredrick W. Taylor) o Buying on credit o Chain stores o New industries: movies, radio (Guglielmo Marconi), automobile, airplane (Wright Brothers, Charles Lindbergh), synthetics, electric appliances, sports o White collar jobs (increase of women in the workfield): sales, advertising, management o "Welfare Capitalism": If businesses take better care of their workers, unions will no longer be necessary • Sexual revolution o Sigmund Freud o Margaret Sanger: birth control o Flappers o Women in speakeasies o Increase of women in workplace o Liberalized divorce laws for women • Culture o The "Jazz Age": (Post-WWI dance music) Louis Armstrong (First master improviser), Duke Ellington ● Harlem Renaissance: o Expressed pain, sorrow, and discrimination of African Americans at the time O Marcus Garvey ■ O ■ O UNIA - Universal Negro-Improvement Association • Nicknamed "Back-to-Africa Movement" Poets ■ Duke Armstrong. Langston Hughes "Lost Generation" - group of writers that criticized materialism of 1920s ■ Gertrude Stein, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Sinclair Lewis, William Faulkne, TS Elliot O H. L., Mencken, Icons: Charles Lindbergh, Babe Ruth O African American culture flourishes Advocated black racial pride and separatism rather than integration America was too racist, separation would be more beneficial • Conservative politics under Harding, Coolidge and Hoover: 1920-1932 • Republican, conservative, Pro-business presidents o Harding's conservative agenda (continued by Coolidge) ● Return America to "normalcy" (idealism -> isolationism) APUSH Unit 9 Study Outline ● Old Guard Conservative Republican ▪ Rejected programs to help farmers ● McNary-Haugen Bill (never passed) o o O Sought to keep agricultural prices high Vetoed twice by Coolidge Result - farm prices stay low ▪ Rejected public control of electricity (Muscle Shoals) Would have helped people Government plan during WWI to build a dam at Muscle Shoals o Opposed by Harding and Coolidge - believed that idea of government controlling a dam is too socialistic ▪ Exception: Hoover was a progressive; head of Dept. of Commerce o Harding scandals: Teapot Dome, etc. GROUP 6 The Great Depression • Long-term causeso o Weak industries: farming, railroads, cotton o Overproduction/underconsumption o Unstable banking system o Uneven distribution of income o Weak international economy: high tariffs, debt problems from WWI • Short-term cause: Stock Market Crash of 1929 (Caused by overspeculation and buying on margin, borrowing money to trade stocks.) • Results o 25% unemployment (33% including farmers); as high as 50% in Chicago ▪ Blacks, blue collar workers most affected ▪ "Hoovervilles", hoboes, families broke up; marriages were delayed o 25% of banks failed o Thousands of businesses failed o 25% of farms went under ▪"Dust Bowl" esp. in Oklahoma and Arkansas o Hoover's response ▪ Agriculture Marketing Act . Try to help farmers ● Buy the surplus from farming . Try to increases the domestic food prices • Volunteerism and charity • Hoover's philosophy • People should volunteer during hard times to help those in need . Not everything should be government ▪ Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) ● Government loaning money in order to stop businesses from collapsing. APUSH Unit 9 Study Outline • People felt like this was the government loaning money to business instead of helping them, but the government was trying to keep businesses alive to allow more jobs to survive. ▪ Moratorium on international debts • Suspended Germany's war debt in an attempt to ease tensions and international financial problems. 1920s Diplomacy Washington Disarmament Conference, 1922 Five Power Treaty: 5-5-3 • US: 5 ships • Britain: 5 Ships • Japan: 3 Ships • Japan gets smaller navy, but an easier time taking pacific in WWII Four Power Treaty: U.S, Britain, and France would not reinforce Pacific bases ● Turns into 9 power treaty Nine Power Treaty: Respect Open Door in China Dawes Act, 1924-U.S. loans to Germany are used to repay reparations to Britain & France • When Britain and France are paid, it means that US gets paid, since they helped with supplying • Britain and France didn't like Germany getting bailed out Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928-"War is illegal" • Sought to outlaw war but was naive; it was impossible to enforce. . Could have war for defensive reasons Clark Memorandum, 1928-renounces intervention of U.S. in foreign countries; lays foundation for Good Neighbor Policy of the 1930s. US won't intervene Latin America ● US doesn't have enough money to go overseas to help smaller countries • US sign treaty with Haiti, makes them leave their land after a few years Hoover-Stimson Doctrine, 1932-U.S. would not recognize any territory seized by force; response to Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931. • Japan continues to invade despite this.