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Asia. TERMS: Christopher Columbus Italion navigator that looked for a westword route to Asia," Euro to discover New Word NW Passage passage thru N America Bought by explores for trade to East 4.3 COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE KEY CONCEPTS: Unit 3.0 Explain the causes of the Columbian Exchange and its effects on the Eastern and Western Hemispheres The new connections between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres resulted in the exchange of new plants, animals, and diseases, known as the Columbian Exchange. -European colonization of the Americas led to the unintentional transfer of disease vectors, including mosquitoes and rats, and the spread of diseases that were endemic in the Eastern Hemisphere, including smallpox, measles, and malaria. Some of these diseases substantially reduced the indigenous populations, with catastrophic effects in many areas -American goods became staple crops in various parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Cash crops were grown primarily on plantations with coerced labor and were exported mostly to Europe and the Middle East. -Afro-Eurasian fruit trees, grains, sugar, and domesticated animals were brought by Europeans to the Americas, while other foods were brought by African enslaved persons -Populations in Afro-Eurasia benefitted nutritionally from the increased diversity of American food crops. TERMS Smallpox highly contagious viral disease. Fever, weaknes, skin eruptions. Killed Nortives Measles highly contagious, red spots + rashes Malaria W Africa, bantu speakers had immunity Cash crop readily sellable crop thats grown for the market (Ex vegetables, cotton, tobacco) Horses effeciency of Nortives' hunting & war. Could more succesfully hunt buffalo Cattle increased meat in N American diet Okra Africa US, became a staple in soups/stews 4.4: MARITIME EMPIRES ESTABLISHED KEY CONCEPTS: Unit 3.E Explain the process of state building and expansion among various empires and states in the period from 1450 to 1 to 1750. -Europeans established new trading posts in Africa and Asia, which proved profitable for the rulers and merchants involved in new global trade networks, Some Asian states sought to limit the disruptive economic and cultural effects of European-dominated long-distance trade by adopting restrictive or isolationist trade policies. -Driven largely by political, religious, and economic rivalries, European states established new maritime. empires, including the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French, and British. -The expansion of maritime trading networks fostered the growth of states in Africa, including the Asante and the Kingdom of the Kongo, whose participation in trading networks led to an increase in their influence. Unit 3.F Explain the continuities and changes in economic systems and labor systems from 1450 to 1750. -Despite some disruption and restructuring due to the arrival of Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch merchants, existing trade networks in the Indian Ocean continued to flourish and included intra-Asian trade and Asian merchants.¯¯¯¯¯¯ -Newly developed colonial economies in the Americas largely depended on agriculture, utilized existing labor systems, including the Incan mita, and introduced new labor systems including chattel slavery, indentured servitude, and encomienda and hacienda systems. Unit 3.G Explain changes and continuities in systems of slavery in the period from 1450 to 1750. -Enslavement in Africa continued in its traditional forms, including incorporation of enslaved persons into households and the export of enslaved persons to the Mediterranean a and th the Indian Ocean regions. -The growth of the plantation economy increased the demand for enslaved labor in the Americas, leading to significant demographic, social, and cultural changes. TERMS: Ming China drove out Mongols (+ influence), rebuilt infartructure (Great Wall), sponsored novel expeditions to SE Avia Indian Ocean Tokugawa Japan time of stability and growth. Social order froren, somurai became burnaucratic Asante W African state that traded GOLD, slovy, and ivory across the Atlantic. Kingdom of the Kongo W African state that sold slaves and gained social econ disruption Swahili Arabe trader/maverants that blended. absorted other cultures Omanis location maritime trade. expansion of Arabs Gojorats long coastine-good track, Eng E India Co. reted on them for loans to carry on app. in India. Javanese navigation, good maps, Euro presence X ·Maritime empires grew be. tech ∙As Muslims inc. controlled land trade, Euro. water -Euro inherited adv. wind pattern astro. charts from others astrolabe, compass, lateen sail (triangle Sail) Portugal-caravel smaller more novigable fast square + later sails lots of comp space -Dutch-Flugt exclusively for trade *more cargo, less new, chroper rapid Euro domination of maritime trade - States sponsored exploration for God, Glory, Gold -mercantalism → world is pie w/ fixed amount of $ (gold) If one gets bigger piese someone has to get smaller - God spread of Christianity misionaries ·lots of competition btwn expanding nations Portugal geography sea exploration (no where else to go) Bortolomeu Dias sailed to $ Africa + back Vasco de Goma Sailed around Africa India •Merchants arrived in China -missionaries come to convert Fransicons→→ Convert the mass of China Jesuits convert the exte Christions considered barborians+had little impact Trading Post Empire claimed strategic, small lands on coast -monopoly over spice trade -Spain Ferdinand Magellan 1" to circumnavigate the globe -est in Phillippines Christopher Columbus looked for westward route to Asia -found Aztec + Inca (gold+ silver) - enslowed natives into agri -Columbion exchange -England John Cabot → NW passage to Asia (unsuccesful) -claimed Newfoundland- Chesapeake for English -est. Jamestown -France found Canedo, ved resous, stopped looking for Aven used est as trading posts wil roves -Dutch Henry Hudson NW passage, found Hudson river - New Amsterdam -Columbian Exchange the transfer of people, animals, plants, diseases to/from East/West diseases -seperation of E+W-D no immunities -Smallpoxirbom, Euro developed immunity, deadly to natives ·Killed ~50% of notive pop -malana, measley, Plu Onimals /food -E+W pigs, cows, wheat, grapes hores horses utilized by mortives -W*E cacao, maize, potatoes pop ↑ agriculture -Enslaved natives, often excaped -Ex: Portuguese sugarcane in Brazil, notives ran away+ Ohut down -imported slaves from Africa (esp. Congo) -as agri demand 1, so did slove Trans-Atlantic clove trade -men removed from Africa, yet pop ↑ be Columbian Ev. food -↑poly ggny (less men) -isolated on farms, less African community /Culture en impact -more aggressive land use deforestation, Soil depletion -dense settlements → strain on water, pollution FREEMAN-PEDIA -Portuguese trading peor empire • trade w/ African leaders (guins + slovers) •gave some African tribes advantage cultural economic influence from Euro -Kingdom of the Kongo → converted to Christianity -Japan tolerant of Dutch Port. Influence ·as ↑ Emo/Christian influence, dap closed themseurs off -X Euro trade, purge Euro/formgs influence from Japan - rivalries → expansion British - French X India after 7 yrs War -Brit gained influence in India Brit È India Co. est trading posts restricted by Mughals, little termory -↑ tension brwn Hindu + Muslim -Brit played factions against eachother to ↑ power -Spanish -men + disease toppled Acrecs +Incons -rivalry w/ Portugal over Americas - Treaty of Tordesillos Portugal E of Brazil, Spanish W -Indian Ocean Trade ·change + infusion of Euro. merchants continuity ethnic merchants cont. despite Change -labor systems-coerced labor -hacienda system (lond) ·gov granted land (haciendas) to conquistadors nobles to journey to Americas could form or lease to other Sponsords workers in debt to cumers, forced to keep working -encomienda system (labor) responsibility over notes protection Christion adu. to natives tribute (labor) Similar to Fuedal sys in Euro -mit' a system (Incon labor) Incans work on public labor for certain time /year Scanish natiers sent ponton of men to sile mine -chattel slavery people own people Atlantic slave trade native enslavement unsuccessful be & pop + escaped Indentured servitude America (Brits) -work 7 yrs., then free •Middle Passage -packed in halls, spread disease 4.5: MARITIME EMPIRES MAINTAINED DEVELOPED KEY CONCEPTS Unit 3.H Explain how rulers employed economic strategies to consolidate and maintain power throughout the period from 1450 to 1750 -Mercantilist policies and practices were used by European rulers to expand and control their economies and claim overseas territories. Joint-stock companies influenced by these mercantilist principles, were used by rulers and merchants to finance exploration and were. used by rulers to compete against one another in global www. trade. Economic disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states. Unit 3.1 Explain the continuities and changes in networks of exchange from 1450 to 1750 The Atlantic trading system involved the movement of goods, wealth, and labor, including enslaved persons -Thenew global circulation of goods was facilitated by chartered European monopoly companies and the global flow of silver, especially from Spanish colonies in the Americas, which was used to purchase Asian goods the Atlantic markets and satisfy Chinese demand for silver, Regional markets continued to flourish in Afro-Eurasia by using established commercial practices and new transoceanic and regional shipping services developed by European merchants -Peasant and artisan labor continued and intensified in many regions as the demand for food and consumer goods increased. Unit 3.J Explain how political, economic, and cultural. factors affected society from 1450 to 1750. -Somenotable gender and family restructuring occurred, including demographic changes in Africa that resulted from the trade of enslaved persons. -The Atlantic trading system involved the movement of labor-including enslaved persons and the mixing of African, American, and European cultures and peoples, with all parties contributing to this cultural synthesis Unit 3.K Explain the similarities and differences in how various belief systems affected societies from 1450 to 1750 In some cases, the increase and intensification of interactions between newly connected hemispheres expanded the reach and furthered development of existing religions, and contributed to religious conflicts and the development of syncretic belief systems and practices. Unit 3.1 Explain the effects of the development of state power from 1450 to 1750. -State expansion and centralization led to resistance from an array of social, political, and economic groups on a local level. -Enslaved persons challenged existing authorities in the Americas through organized resistance. TERMS 4.7: CHANGING SOCIAL HIERARCHIES KEY CONCEPTS: Unit 3 M Explain how social categories, roles, and practices have been maintained or have changed over time, 4.6: INTERNAL EXTERNAL CHALLENGES TO STATE POWER KEY CONCEPTS: -Many states, such as the Mughal and Ottoman empires, adopted practices to accommodate the ethnic and religious diversity of their subjects or to utilize the economic, political, and military contributions of different ethnic or religious groups. In other cases, states suppressed diversity or limited certain groups' roles in society, politics, or the economy. -Imperial conquests and widening global economic opportunities contributed to the formation of new political and economic elites, including in China with the transition to the Qing Dynasty and in the Americas with the rise of the Casta system. -The power of existing political and economic elites fluctuated as the elites confronted new challenges to their ability to affect the policies of the increasingly powerful monarchs and leaders. SUMMARY/CONNECTIONS KEY CONCEPTS Unit 3.N Explain how economic developments from 1450 to 1750 affected social structures over time. -The interconnection of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, made possible by transoceanic voyaging, transformed trade and had a significant social impact on the world. Mercantilism+fied amount of 9 -wealth measured in gold/silver -Knowledge, scientific learning, and technology from the Classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds spread, facilitating European technological developments and innovation. -The developments included the production of new tools, innovations in ship designs, and an improved understanding of regional wind and currents patterns-all of which made transoceanic travel and trade possible. -Although the world's productive systems continued to be heavily centered on agriculture, major changes occurred in agricultural labor, the systems and locations of manufacturing, gender and social structures, and environmental processes. -The demand for labor intensified as a result of the growing global demand for raw materials and finished products. Traditional peasant agriculture increased and changed in nature, plantations expanded, and the Atlantic slave trade developed and intensified. -Empires achieved increased scope and influence around the world, shaping and being shaped by the diverse populations they incorporated. -Economic disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states. prioritized balance of trade colonies exist to enrich mother country -Joint stock companies expansion financed by non-gov priv investors ·British East India Company •Dutch East India Company -Commercial Revolution ・infusion of gold/silver from Americas -transitioned trade from good at good to good is gold -ex: China + Silver Silk -Triangular Trade (Atlantic) Manufactured goods Euro-ow Africa ·Slowes W Africa Americas •Raw materials: Americas Ewro -Indian Ocean Trade ·still being fought over for dom ·Ex: Euro us. Muslims Euro won in sea, lest on land monopolies+total domination over a market Certain merchants/gov granted exclusive tracking rights @ ports Spanish tobacco monopoly in Americas +$$ -Continued traditional regional trade ·Cultural changes •African slave trade → Kok weak but $ -demographic Changes it women, T polygyny, & pop, "pop) ·Euro expansion →→& native cultures -Natives & be dispose all culture burned books + evasure -religion Synoretism blending of beliefs -Ex: Africans Natives blended in Christianity ·Conflict -Sunni-Shia divide -Protestant Reformation TERMS Moroccan ✔ Songhai-Battle of Tordid over doen, over trom Saravan trade of salt+gold → Sohana splitting Mercantilist policies + ↑ exports, & imports, & gold/silver W Euro woollinen Indra-cotton China Silk -general resistance Portugal - Africa Ndongo faced slave raids, so the queen reached agreement w/ Ports to o stop protect neighboring tribes -Ports continued, the allied w/ Dutch rebened against Ports •Russian serf resistance - Cossack rebellion -Cossacks provided hoven for serfs + fought against serf system -got some ground, then crushed by Russian State Mugnal Empire (religious) -Maratha (Hindu) rose against Muslim leaders -succe-fully ended Mughal Empire Spain → N America-Pueblo Revolt -Pueblo + Apoche Indians disliked Christian conversions, -Killed colonizm burnt churches ·Metacoms war (N America vs. Brit) -tried to kick out Brits, unsuccess ·enslaved mustance •Stono Rebellion -discomment SC sloves Killed white workers worse conditions ·Ottoman empire warrier aristocracy vs. ulama (Islamic scnolons) Janissaries wanted power coups incapable Suhors + unrest + power stift Vision (- is (advisors to sultan) held power now ·•Jews found sanctuary in Istanbul but had to pay jizya tax +confined harem politics women locked direct power but could influence thu sons/husbands... women grew to have major influence ·Ging dynasty (not Chinese) legitimized power the traditional Chinese practices •Cling didn't tolerate Han Chinese culture (in you) Ex: gov had to wear hair in trad. Manchurian style ·Massacred 100k's of Han Chinese Europe ·conflict bhwn nobility royalty French King drained power of nobility+mound noores -Russia -Boyan (aristocracy) vs. tsar Boyers opposed tsans policies thar winning armed conflict, toxking boyart land, moving them to Moscow -Americas ·Casta system social hierarchy based on ancestory race ·Europe mived indigneous/Africans Euro dom maritime empires -now ships: fluyt, caravel, corrack smaller cheaper foster • strictly movenant ships ·latem sailfaster (Arab) -astro charts.compass, astrolabe → travel further -Muslims contrasted land-based trade, so Euro went to sea Search for way to get to Asim via water - Christopher Columbus discovers Americas -Columbian exchange biological exchange of animals,pps, food,+ disroses btwn W-E •Euro brought smallper+killed + 50% of noniung ·Syphis spread to from Americas •Euro Americal sugar, horses, etc. Americas + Euma: potaton, maize, guinea pigs, etc. ·Atlantic slave trade -unsucou enslavement of notives for agri- African slowes ·chattel slavery ppt own ppl -to get notives to work for Euro, they used diff labor lys. encomienda sys conquistadors postet notives for later ·nocienda Bys + conquis. Used land grams plantations ·mit'a Bys + from Incans.comed lobor, work days Indentured servitude & temp enslavement, impractical for Eures -African glans found this -mercantilism-exon sys in Exws, freed wealth (gold+sitor) interme competition ↑ exports timports ·took row materials, manufactured goods to export -trading post empires -small land claims @ trading parts -new colonies existed to serve mother country ·Joint-stock companies prix. investors that funded exploration (Dutch & India - Eng & India) -social hierarchy unnest ·Americas caste systern Euro-"mixed + indig. /African