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trade in the region Chinese DID NOT: ● Seek to conquer new territories Establish Chinese settlements Desire to spread their culture Zheng He was spreading Islamic beliefs on his own mission, it was not an official policy of the Ming Dynasty to spread Confucian (or Islamic) beliefs Swahili city-states 10/18 Warm Up Evaluate to the extent to which states facilitated trade in the period 1200-1450CE. 1. The question is asking me to explain and present evidence which proves what different states did to increase and maintain trade throughout 1200-1450CE. 2. Evaluate the extent to which means to judge or determine the significance or importance of the information, in this case it means to explain why and how different states maintained and made sure trade was flourishing in this time period. 3. I would need to know about the different trade routes that the states used, the location of the states, what their biggest exports were, and how all this information links to the trade that they made. Writing Skills 10/18 Thesis - What it isn't ● Just a simple restatement of the prompt • Wishy-Washy - Do not waver between two viewpoints/sides, take a side and stick to it. Thesis - What it is . This is YOUR CLAIM The guiding statement of an essay or paper - must answer the prompt • Throughout the essay EVERYTHING (evidence and statements) should be used to prove your thesis Must be historically defensible - meaning you need to be able to prove it using historical facts • Longer than you think. 1-2 sentences Chinese "Self-Strengthening" Movement Chinese were not passive in the face of their country's mounting problems (internal & external) ● In 1860's and 1870's they began a "self-strengthening" (Modernizing) of their policies to strengthen but retain tradition (kind of like Japan) This included: Overhauled examination system A few industrial factories (for textiles & steel) Coal mines expanded Feared by conservative leaders who felt that urban, industrial, or commercial developments would erode the power and privileges of the landlord class The Boxer Rebellion (1898-1901) ● General failure of the self-strengthening movement was obvious at the end of the 19th century • An anti-foreigner, anti-imperialist movement known as the Boxer Rebellion (1898-1901) erupted in northern China Led by militia organizations calling themselves "Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists" - the "Boxers" killed numerous European and Chinese Christians and laid siege to foreign embassies in Beijing ● • When Western powers & Japan occupied Beijing to crush the rebellion and imposed a huge payment on China as a punishment, it was clear that China remained a dependent country under foreign control • US will get trade in China as a result as well Telegraph systems initiated Modern arsenals, shipyards, and foreign language schools Push Factors The Open Door Policy - US told European Powers that China was open to trade to everyone, not only the strong European powers - Elements which tend to force people away from a particular region. Environmental pushes include limited natural resources, famine, pollution, disease, etc. Human pushes include poverty, oppressive social/political situations, etc Ideological pushes can include the perception of lesser freedoms or persecution Ex 1. States had a significant impact on trade in the period 1200-1450CE due to their use of centralized government and new innovation from the time period. (Missing State Examples) Cappel Ex. In the period 1200-1450 CE, many states significantly helped trade prosper in their regions like Dar al-Islam in the Middle East by raising the status of merchants and the Song Dynasty in China by promoting proto-industry and extending infrastructure such as the Grand Canal. 2.4 Trans Saharan Trade Notes Trade of the Trans-Sagaran trade network Salt Ivory Slaves Gold Rest of Notes on Phone ● ● ● Prompt: Evaluate the extent to which rulers used culture to consolidate or legitimize power in the period 1200-1450 CE. In the period 1200-1450 CE, rulers significantly used culture to consolidate power in areas such England where the church was the ground basis for having power or in the Americas in the Aztec Empire where the rulers claimed divinity and were seen as gods by the citizens of the Empire. Cappel Ex: In the period 1200-1450 CE numerous reuler used religion to a great extent to establish or justify their rule such as diving right in Europe, the Mandate of Heaven in China, and human sacrifices in the Mexica empire. 2.5 - Cultural Consequences of Connectivity Spread of Hinduism ● Hinduism spread from South Asia to Southeast Asia through trade The Spread & Influence of Buddhism • Buddhism started in North India and spread to SE Asia and E Asia through trade. . Mahayana to E Asia, Theravada to SE Asia ● In Mahayana Buddha is a god, in Theravada Buddha is a guide The Silk Road & Buddhist Monasteries • Mahayana Buddhism flourished on the Silk Roads (popular bc of emphasis of compassion, ,use of Bodhisattvas, & Buddha was seen as divine) The Silk Road & Buddhist Monasteries Prosperous Buddhist merchants could earn religious merit by building monasteries and supporting monks Monasteries provided places of rest and resupply for merchants Gods of many people along the silk road were incorporated into Buddhism as bodhisattvas (guides to Enlightenment) Silk Roads - Spreading Disease! ● • Not just goods traveled along these trade routes - diseases traveled as well! People were exposed to unfamiliar diseases for which they had little immunity Smallpox & measles - devastated populations in both Rome and Han China (very early) The bubonic Plague in 1200-1450 CE period 2.2: Mongol Conquests and Empire 1200-1350? Generally speaking, the Mongols: ● Had few technological breakthroughs . Spread no new religions ● Wrote few books and plays ● Brought no new crops or agricultural methods ● Left few artifacts and buildings ● Didn't hold on to an empire very long According to many perspectives in different times, the Mongols: ● Were destroyers of civilizations ● Were ruthless uncivilized barbarians ● Were tolerant as long as you swore allegiance They lived on horseback Nomadic ● ● Extremely good at horsemanship • Opposing armies were not prepared for this style of rapid, mobile warfare Mongols ● At its peak, the mongolian empire covered 12.7 million square miles, roughly 22% of the earth's land surface. • They created the largest land-based empire in history Status ● Social Classes - based on abilities Woman had greater status than in most religions Spread of Islam . By the 8th century the Muslim Empire & the religion of Islam spread through conquest - trade & missionaries • By conquest - East to India, West to the Arabian Peninsula (Spain) • By Trade - Sub-Saharan Africa, East Africa • By Sufi missionaries - Through India, Southern Asia 1.2 Developments in Dar al-Islam 1200-1450 Wed - 9/14 Caliphates in Dar al-Islam . Muhammad (630-632 CE) ● The First 4 Caliph period (632 - 661) - Close personal friends of Muhammad • Umayyad (661 - 750) For bold - Islam spead by conquest Abbasid (750 - 1517) ● Ottoman (1517-1924) Making an Arab Empire ● 644 Sassanid (what was left of the Persain Empire) were defeated by Muslim forces • Byzantine Empire (what remained of the Romans) lost southern half of their empire • Swept across North Africa • Conquered Spain in the early 700s ● Attacked southern France (730s, Battle of Tours, unsuccessful) ● To the east, Arab armies reached the Indus River In 751 CE they defeated Chinese forces in the Battle of Talas River -This stopped China from expanding further West -Converted Central Asia's Turkic-speaking people to Islam ● The merchant leaders of the new Islamic community wanted profitable trade routes and access to wealthy agricultural regions Establishing an Empire ● ● Arab Empires were generally tolerant of monotheistic outside religions ● Many who were conquered were already monotheistic and familiar with Muslin practices like prayer, fasting, pilgrimage, and prophets • Tolerant of established Christian and Jewish faiths (dhimmi) Dhimmi = People of the book -Protected as second-class subjects of the empire -Practiced their religions freely after paying a jizya -Dhimmis could even serve in high positions in Muslim kingdoms goods which put small farms out of business because they could not compete with their cottage industry. This forces a mass migration to the cities as they look for jobs in the new factory districts. As the industrial revolution advanced and proved successful, other states wanted to copy the success of England and began their process of modernization. In the period 1850-1915, states significantly used modernization to improve their economy through liberal government reforms such as education and westernization, and new technologies such as railroads and telegraphs to increase economic production. Meiji Restoration in Japan, specifically how they borrowed western ideas (government, military, and factories) and implemented them to advance. Will also connect to them becoming an imperial power in the early 1900s. Sourcing Document 1: Sultan Majid's purpose in the decree is likely to increase access to education and government jobs which would help support the Ottoman defensive modernization. Doc 2. Frere likely gave this speech to convince the Indian people that Modernization is good so the British can continue to industrialize, gaining power and influence in India without opposition. Doc 3. Zhidong is likely trying to convince the Qing Emperor to expand modernization in an attempt to bring more power to the Chinese Empire to protect the country from external invasion. Doc 4. Witte is likely trying to convince the Tsar to continue and expand modernization efforts so that Russia can rise to the level of other European countries with whom they are competing. Doc 5. The purpose of this image is likely to convince people of the lower/working class to join the labor movement to increase their power and influence in reforming labor policies. 1st Doc - Further your Argument 2 Reasons the US enters the war USS Lusitania - British passenger ship was destroyed by the Germans (over 100 US citizens aboard) Zimmerman Note - secret telegram to Mexico from German government Treaty of Versailles • Germany lost its colonial empire and 15% of its European territory Was required to pay heavy reparations to the winners of the war Turkey, Austria, and Hungary were not in a financial position to make reparations Germany had to pay $33 billion US dollars (in today's dollars) France occupied part of Germany due to missing payments Other European countries created loans to help Germany make payments • Military forces severely restricted Creation of resentment United States as a Global Power ● US manpower contributed to the defeat of Germany ● US industry and infrastructure did not suffer the damage of war as lands in Germany and France Financial resources turned the US from a debtor nation into Europe's creditor Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points seemed to herald a new international life. ● Wilson suggested the creation of a League of Nations International peacekeeping organization US Senate refused to join the League of Nations Mandate System • Splitting of the Ottoman Empire by the British and French Unit 7: World War II Japan in the 20th Century ● Similar to Italy and Germany All newcomers to great power status Industrialized only in the late 19th century (Meiji Restoration) Empire-building in the late 19th century Limited experience with democratic policies Also moved toward authoritarian government in the 1930s. Different than Italy and Germany Limited participation in WWI Economy grew rather than suffer from the costs of WWI Considered a "winning participant" in WWI unlike Germany Abbasid Empire/Caliphate ● ● ● ● Third Islamic caliphate to succeed Muhammad Took over the Umayyad Caliphate in 750 CE 762 founded the city of Baghdad and made it their capital Relied on Persian bureaucrats to run their government Baghdad became a centre of science, culture, philosophy and invention in what became known as the Golden Age of Islam Power ended when Seljuk Turks captured Baghdad in 1055 Baghdad was then sacked by the Mongols in 1258 Seljuk Turks . Converted to Islam between the 10th and 14th centuries • Migrated southward into the Middle East ● Initally they were slave soldiers but greadually took over as the Abbasid Caliphate declined • Empire centered in Persia and present-day Iraq Claimed Muslim title of sultan (ruler) Sultan = Political Ruler | Sultanate = Caliphate but not Religious ● Caliph = Religious and Political Ruler Islam and the Iberian Peninsula: Al-Andalus • Spread from North Africa in early 8th century ● Muslims, Christians, and Jews lived in better harmony than anywhere in the world Fine arts and sciences flourished -medicine, astronomy, architecture, literature, art . By 1000 Spain was about 75% Islamic . By the 11th century, toleration began to fade because Christians began to invade from the north in an effort to reclaim Spain for Christianity • Reconquista, the reconquest of Muslim Spain by the Christan monarchs (complete in 1492) Delhi Sultanate • Turkic-speaking warrior group from Central Asia (recently converted to Islam) and brought their faith to northern India Began around 1000 CE • Early Invaders destroyed Hindu and Buddhist temples ● With Sultanate of Delhi in 1206, Turkic rule became more systematic Substantial Muslim cmmunities merged in India -Disillusioned Buddhists and low-caste Hindus and untouchables found Islam attractive Sufi missionaries also made it appealing by accommodating local gods and religious festivals to develop to a "popular Islam" (syncretism) - One of the biggest reason Islam spreads to South Asia and Southeast Asia China & The Jesuits 16th 18th Centuries ● Jesuits took aim at Chinese elite ● A modest number of converts, mostly scholars and officials Jesuits learned Chinese, learned Confucian texts, downplayed their mission to convert Accommodated Chinese culture by defining Chinese rituals honoring the emperor or venerating ancestors as secular or civil observances • Early 18th century, papacy opposed the Jesuit policy of accommodation Pope claimed authority over Chinese Christians and declared sacrifices to Confucius and the veneration of ancestors were "idolatry" - and thus forbidden to Christians Unacceptable challenge to the authority of the Chinese emperor Jesuits banned from China in 1774 The Counter-Reformation Outcome: ● Catholicism remained predominant in Western Europe near the Mediterranean Sea • Spain, Portugal, & France and their colonies were Catholic Islamic Religious Schisms ● Ottoman Empire - 1453, conquered Constantinople from Byzantine Empire and established Sharia Law, strict Islamic legal system • Safavid Empire - Shah Ismail I used Shi'a Islam to unify the empire and denied legitimacy to any Sunni Led to frequent hostilities with Ottomans • Mughal Empire - under Akar I (r. 1556 - 1605) religious toleration existed ● New religion of Sikhism developed from Hinduism and influences of Sufism (Islamic mysticism) Russia Video Questions Ex. This decree shows a liberal move by the Ottomans in an attempt to bring more people into the economy to increase output, thus showing a significant government policy to increase their economy 2nd Doc This speech shows how India's attempts at modernization were being backed by the improved railway system, in turn this allows India to transport goods more vastly and efficiently thus improving the nation's economy. 3rd Doc. This speech exemplifies how China was attempting to mimic other nations that had been successful at their attempts at modernization as well as explain how modernization would be successful in their nation thus boosting the nation's economy and making them an imperial power once again. 4th Doc This letter shows how although Russia was falling behind other international superpowers due to their lack of industrialization, they would still be able to thrive as a nation if they started their attempts at modernization, therefore improving their economy and making them a superpower once again. 5th Doc Although this image is speaking out against the ills of industrialization and capitalism, it does show that the capitalists in the US have used modernization as a way to increase economic output since they are experiencing the social issues associated with industrialization. Therefore, the US has used modernization to increase their economic output through modernization. Firs Cappel body para. One way that states used modernization to improve their economy was through liberal policies. Sultan Majid's decree is opening up military and government jobs to everyone who can pass a test, as well as opening education opportunities. Both of these were traditionally reserved for the high classes in Ottoman society. The purpose of this decree is likely to increase access to education and government jobs which would help support the Ottoman defensive modernization. This decree shows a liberal move by the Ottomans in an attempt to bring more people into the economy to increase output, thus showing a significant government policy to increase their economy. Westernization was another method... (from here I would explain the Meiji Restoration and how it led to increase in Japan's economy) The Great Dying • Both the Aztec and Inca Civilizations declined because of The Great Dying ● Also applied to other Native civilizations throughout the Americas In some places up to 90% of the Native population died due to war, slavery, and (probably the most signifigicant) disease because of the contact with the Europeans. ● Topic 1.6 - Developments in Europe c. 1200 - c. 1450 Unit 1: Global Tapestry Medieval Europe ● Roman imperial order disappeared by 500 CE Roads fell into disrepair, cities decayed, long distance-trade dissolved ● Roman order replaced by highly localized society: fragmented, decentralized, and competitive ● Latin West did become fully Christian, but it was a gradual process lasting centuries . It was a Roman Catholic - centered on the pope Rural ● Slowly emerged as dynamic, expansive and innovative Medieval Europe (Christian West) ● 550 C.E Europe had a lot of problems With weak states and little more than subsistence agriculture, intellectual activity declined • Frequent invasions weakened the West Raids by seagoing Vikings from Scandinavia Various tribal groups and nomads frequently attacked Charlemagne - "Charles the Great" - tried to unite Europe, created the Holy Roman Empire (which wasnt actually an empire) A. Gardiner likely wrote this document to show that the British were not at fault for the Sepoy Rebellion to show that they were justified in their action B. An Abrupt End to Maritime Exploration After 1433 Chinese authorities stopped expeditions. Why? - The decline of the Ming ● Problems defending borders Death of Emperor Yongle - sponsored many of the voyages Successors viewed voyages as a waste of resources China viewed itself as being self-sufficient, requiring little help or assistance from the outside world Needed to combat other threats to the North and West Weal emperors ● Nomadic groups invaded across Great Wall ● Peasant rebellions Manchurians (foreign nomads from beyond the Great Wall) won the Mandate of Heaven - Corruption Court factions bickering for the emperor's favor The Qing Dynasty (1644-1912) • Manchu gained control of Beijing and began campaign to conquer rest of Ming territory . By late 18th century China reached close to its current borders - Renamed empire the Qing (pure) Dynasty Not Han Chinese Manchus (considered "barbarians" from the north) Expansion of the Qing • Rejected a maritime empire, but built a massive land empire Incorporated many diverse people 80 year military campaign brought nomadic territories of Mongolia, Xinjiang, and Tibet under their control Transition from Ming to Qing not as difficult as transitions between dynasties in earlier periods - Manchu had been close to Chinese civilization and had adapted many Chinese customs and attitudes Some gave their support to Manchu in taking over government (Mandate of Heaven) • Conquered for security reasons, not economic reasons Russian expansion was also a concern, but resolved it diplomatically Used gunpowder technologies and access to resources to expand Topic 1.5 State Building in Africa Tues 9/20 Unit 1: Global Tapestry Mansa Musa Video Mali became rich because of gold and salt. ● Mansa Musa was one of the richest people to ever live. He put Mali on the map and took control of trade roots + expanded them. Mansa Musa was a Muslim. ● ● On his trip to Mecca he spread vast amounts of gold into the economy which caused inflation in many of the cities he traveled through. Timbuktu was a center for trade Catalan Atlas was a very important map of how Europeans viewed the world early on The Bantu Migrations ● About 2500 B.C. the Sahara began to dry out. • Through the process of desertification, the land became dry and parched and the desert spread. Desertification encourages migration, as people were forced to seek new places to live. Over thousands of years, migration had contributed to the rich diversity of people and cultures in Africa. These peoples spoke many different languages that came from one root language. We call that language Bantu. • Migrated south and disseminated: -Linguistics -Iron metallurgy ● -Agricultural techniques Great Zimbabwe ● Great Zimbabwe was a city in the south-eastern hills of Zimbabwe; it was the capital of the Kingdom of Zimbabwe- a kingdom that thrived due to trading native gold and ivory Construction on the city began in the 11th century and continued until it was abandoned in the 15th century ● Archaeological evidence suggests that Great Zimbabwe became a center for trading with copper coins found there appear to be of the same pure ore found on the Swahili coast, and also with artifacts suggesting that the city formed part of a trade network extending as far as China. Causes for the decline and ultimate abandonment of the site around 1450 have been suggested as due to a decline in trade compared to sites further north, the exhaustion of the gold mines, political instability, and famine and water shortages induced by climate change. Great Zimbabwe had a centralized government. • Prosperous Buddhist merchants could earn religious merit by building monasteries and supporting monks ● Gods of many people along the silk road were incorporated into Buddhism as bodhisattvas (guides to enlightenment) The Longmen Caves illustrate the spread of Buddhism into China via Silk Road trade Chinese Popular Religion The term Chinese Popular Religion is used for the blend (syncretism) of Daoism, Confucianism, and Buddhism practiced by many people in China • Essentially Neo-Confucianism Buddhism in East Asia Japan ● Zen Buddhism (form of Mahayana) Korea Buddhism spread here via Chinese conquest and colonization • Tribute system with China ensured a cultural link between the two ● Buddhism had a much greater cultural impact in Korea Buddhism in Southeast Asia Borobudur . Located in Java (SE Asia) ● Originally a Hindu temple, converted to a Buddhist temple Mainland SE Asia • Adopted Buddhism from China ● A female Buddha was part of Vietnamese popular religion showing syncretism of Vietnamese beliefs (and less patriarchal than China) and Chinese Buddhist culture Diffusion and Scientific and Technological Innovations Significant Chinese Innovations ● Moveable Type, Gunpowder, Compass, Paper Marco Polo (1254-1324) Venetian merchant traveler ● Recorded travels in Il Milione which introduced Europeans to Central Asia and China Medieval Europe • ● Roman legacy still persistent in military organization laws, fines, and penalties Charlemagne (ruler of the Carolingian Empire, modern France) tried to recreate the unity of the Roman Empire, but failed • Decentralized society emerged - feudalism Thousands of independent, self-sufficient, and isolated landed estates or manors were exercised by a warrior elite or landowning lords • They were in constant competition. The church filled the void left by the Roman Empire ● Hierarchical organization of popes, bishops, and local priests Took over political, administrative, educational, and welfare functions Latin was the language of the Church (not the "language of the people") Church became wealthy ● Were flexible in adoption some pegan traditions to assist in winning pagan ● ● converts . By 1100 most of Europe had embraced Christianity • Rulers provided protection for the papacy and strong encouragement for the faith ● In return, Church offered religious legitimacy for the powerful and prosperous ● Rulers drawn to the Church because it gave legitimacy Society and the Church, 500-1000 ● The Catholic Church conducted spiritual rituals (called sacraments) & created a system of rules called Canon Law that all Christians had to follow ● Christians who violated Canon Law could be excommunicated (banished from the church) • Kings or lords who violated Canon Law could face interdiction (ban on sacraments being performed on your land) This would be a "death sentence" for the king. Medieval Europe . By 1000, invasions finally ended • This provided security and stability for Europe to flourish Warming trend after 750 also helped (more agriculture = surplus = increased population) This led to High Middle Ages (1000-1300) - times of expansion and growth Delhi Sultanate pt. 2 . Although Islam was popular it was never the dominant faith as it was in the Middle East and North Africa ● 20-25% of the population ● Muslim communities were only concentrated in small areas ● Islam = monotheistic with no representation (images) of Allah Hinduism thousands of statues of the various gods/goddesses that represent multiple manifestations of the Brahmin ● Islam could not be absorbed into Hinduism like Buddhism Sufi Missionaries • Represented Islam's mystical dimension • Sought a direct and personal experience of the Divine • Participated in music, chanting, dancing to become closer to Allah Sufi missionaries had the biggest impact on frontier regions of Islam ● Followed conquering armies of merchants into Central and Southeast Asia, India, Anatolia, parts of Africa -Anatolia Germany ● Devotional teachings, modest way of living, and reputation for supernatural powers gained a hearing for their faith ● Often emphasized personal experience of the Divine, rather than law -This allowed them to accommodate local beliefs and practices = growth of Islam outside Middle East Islam in West Africa Traders instead of warriors carried Islam across the Sahara into Ghana, Mali, and Songhai Earliest converts were ruling elites of these kingdoms Offered African merchants important trade ties ● Islam did not spread to rural areas which lung to the ancient African religions and traditions (1.2) Innovation in Dar al-Islam Thurs - 9/15 "Write This Down" Cordoba, Spain - Alexandria, Egypt - Baghdad, Iraq - All 3 of these cities built Universities/Centers of Learning, Lots of innovation and new ideas came from these places. Documents • Put all 3 of your sentences about each document together and THIS is the structure of your body paragraphs Explain the Doc Source the Doc Connect the Doc (to thesis) 6.1 Quinine - Someone figured out you can use this to treat and prevent malaria Steamboat - allowed for better traversal of African terrain. They could get in and out easier using the rivers Railroad - eventually will be build (along with telegraph) to increase transportation and communication even more Remember: Revolutions caused many of the European countries to lose colonies ● Germany has united under one ruler and formed a country (use of Nationalism) and want to flex Italy too • Industry is BOOMING and therefore the need for resources and markets is high The Scramble for Africa ● This is the name historians use to describe this period in Europe and Africa ● As more explorations in to the interior of Africa are conducted, European leader realize 2 things: 1. Africa has lots of resources! 2. There will probably be a war between Europpeans to get control of Africa Remember Otto von Bismarck, he decides that leaders need to sit and meet about this ● ● Agricultural growth, increased trade, return to cities Cities & towns grew: London, Paris, Venice, Constantinople Traded: wood, beeswax (for candles), furs, wheat, salt, cloth, and wine Increased trade led to more opportunities for women: European Politics up to 1450 C.E. 9/23 Worked as weavers, brewers, midwives, retain, laundering, spinning, and prostitution Feudalism Triangle Pope/Church - Monarch - Nobles - Knights - Merchants/Farmers/Craftsmen - Peasants/Serfs (Money Flows Upwards) • • Feudalism (MEANS Political Relationship) - ● From 6th onward, need to support armed men and horses for heavy cavalry (knights) without much cash or trade revenues led to the creation of the feudal system Feudalism = decentralized political arrangement Lords gave land (to be worked by peasants or serfs) to military leaders in exchange for mutual obligations of defense and loyalty = LAND FOR LOYALTY!! ● Basis of society was agriculture and labor was tied the land as serfs ● Serfs could not be sold but were passed along with the land as chattel (property) • Lords provided protection and aid to vassals Vassals in turn owed their lords military service and/or some goods or payment ● Feudalism was also present in Japan (Shogunate) Manorialism (economic relationship) • Manorialism = system of economic and social relations between landlords and their personal laborers Most people were serfs (free labor), living on self-sufficient agricultural estates called manors Serfs received some protection from landlords; in return they turned over part of their goods to remain on the land Manorialism vs. Feudalism ● Feudalism describes the relationship between the king and his nobles in medieval Europe • Manorialism describes the relationship between a noble and his peasants in medieval Europe ● Feudalism was primarily political and military, Manorialism was more economic and social Fiefdom Outcomes of Global Conflict • Europe was impoverished - Fear of Communism very real • Industrial infrastructure shattered • Eastern half falls to Soviet Communism ● Loss of European power led to decolonization movements in Asia and Africa ● Soviet victory over Germany increased the pride and nationalism in Communist countries US and Soviet Union emerged as the global superpowers ● Renewed interest in international efforts to maintain peace Creation of the United Nations in 1945 as successor to the League of Nations ● World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) were also created in 1945 Meant to regulate the global economy to prevent another depression and stimulate economic growth in poorer countries ● Europe was weak and divided Yalta Conference • Meeting between Stalin, FDR, and Churchill in February 1945 Final strategy for Germany and what do with them after the war Reaffirm unconditional surrender Free elections for Poland, Bulgaria, and Romania Stalin promises to join Pacific fight against Japanese ● Germany will be tried for War Crimes (Nuremberg Trials) Nuclear Arms Race • Soviets develop Atomic bomb ● President Truman orders creation of a Hydrogen Bomb (H-bomb) in 1952 Predicted to be 1000x more powerful ● September 2, 1949 - set off a test bomb in Siberia ● Lead to a perpetual arms race Lasted until 1990 - Dismantling of Empires ● Movements for self-determination grew The idea that each country should choose its own form of government and leaders War had weakened Great Britain, France, and other colonial powers Had fewer resources to resist independence movement Anti-colonial activists recruited support from the superpowers United States and Soviet Union The Iron Curtain • Soviets expanded throughout eastern Europe, creating Satellite Countries ● Winston Churchill calls the line where Communism meets democratic Europe the "Iron Curtain" 8.4 - Communism in China Industrialization: China vs. Russia ● Both Soviet Union & China defined industrialization as a fundamental task of their regimes • Industrialization offered: End to "backwardness" and poverty Provided economic basis for socialism Created military strength to help their revolutions survive in a hostile world ● Communists were anti-capitalist, but ardent modernizers Mao Wasn't Happy ● Mao Zedong realized that the Soviet Union's model for industrialization was leading China into a new era of inequality He came up with his own plan more in line with socialist ideas (equality and classes society) - The Great Leap Forward Great Leap Forward ● ● From 1958-1960 Mao Zedong led a program called the Great Leap Forward Goal increase farm and industrial output but not at the expense of the poor peasantry in the countryside ● Created communes -> more efficient agriculture ● Rural communes set up small-scale "backyard" industries to produce steel and other products instead of being focused in the cities • Widespread, practical technological education for ALL rather than an elite class of highly trained experts ● The Agriculture produced on the communes were primarily purchased by the state and sent to industrial areas or exported, leaving little surplus A lack of incentives for farmers meant less food supply + mismanagement + bad weather = ● Food shortages = famine in which 55 million Chinese are estimated to have starved to death Failure of the GLF ● Led to Mao begin less than popular ● A new guy took over who instituted more radical reforms including private ownership ● Ruled the new territory through a separate government called the Court of Colonial Affairs Did NOT seek to assimilate conquered peoples Showed respect for Mongolian, Muslim, and Tibet cultures of conquered regions The Qing Dynasty: Political Organization ● Used local leaders such as Mongol aristocrats, Muslim officials, and Buddhist leaders Qing encouraged separation between Manchu and Chinese Highest posts filled by Manchu Confucian scholar-gentry kept most positions in bureaucracy Manchu rulers wanted to preserve ethnic identity Forbade intermarriage (between Han Chinese and Manchu) Chinese men forced to shave front of heads and grow queue as a sign of submission to the dynasty State tightly controlled at capital "Theatre state" Sumptuous palace and customs Emperor's clothing Kowtow (bowing/deference shown during tribute) The Qing Dynasty: Political Organization ● Manchu dynasty strengthened by two strong emperor: Kangxi and Qianlong . Together rule spanned 130 years ● Cemented prosperous, powerful, culturally rich empire Both sophisticated Confucian scholars Managed Chinese economy efficiently Kangxi a talented military leader Qianlong brought such prosperity that he canceled tax collections four times Qing Imperial Portrait - The Qing Dynasty: Economic Gains • Population outpaced food supply but not evident before 1750 Population growth supported by trade and influx of American silver Chinese workers produced silk, porcelain, and tea New silver supplies generally helped Chinese economy 1. After the vikings got into conflict with the tribes of Eastern Europe, who defeated the vikings, the tribes then invited the vikings into their land in order to establish order. The vikings then sent a prince named Rurick along with his two brothers to rule. Rurick's son expanded the realm into the south and moved the capital to Kiev. In general, Vikings were the ones who ultimately established Kievan Rus as an actual princedom. 2. The religion that the ruler finally accepted was Orthodox Christianity 3. The city that would rise up to challenge the Mongols was Moscow 4. The four people groups that contributed to the formation of Russia were Slavs, Vikings, Greeks, and Mongols Notes - 11/16/22 What technology facilitated trade in the 1200 to 1450 time period? ● Indian Ocean commerce increased around 1200-1300 CE as mariners learned the monsoon winds • Improvements in sails ● New ships like Chinese junks and Indian/Arab dhows New means of calculating latitude such as the astrolabe ● Evolving versions of the magnetic needle ro compass Stern-Post Rudder- allowed for easier maneuverability in navigation ● What caused Europe to get access to this technology Crusades (11-12th Centuries) Muslims in Spain (Al-Andalus) ● Mediterranean Trade networks Jesuit missionaries in East Asia ● ● Expansion of empires Uh • Understanding the Atlantic currents was critical for European maritime exploration ● Unlike the monsoon winds of the Indian Ocean, these currents are fixed year round Europeans compiled practical knowledge about current and wind patterns that would affect maritime navigation. Giant "wind wheels" exist in the Atlantic (idk) New ship designs for the 1450-1750 time periods) ● Carrack ● Caravel • Fluyt • Spanish Galleon Where we left off... ● Leaders were "elected" by the free men of the clan, tribe, or confederation. (Kuriltai-Meeting of all Mongol Chieftains) Temujin, Chinggis Khan, Genghis Khan - all the same person Conquests • Under the leadership of Chinggis Khan, the combination of Mongol discipline, technology, strategy, and ruthlessness helped the Mongols take control of Central Asia, then Northern China • By Chinggis Khan's death in 1220s, Mongol armies had moved west into the Islamic lands and Central Europe More Mongol Stuff • Ghenghis was exceptionally ruthless, but also very smart ● He was excellent at exploiting new technologies and tactics Had a spy network that reported on happenings elsewhere Was good at playing rivals against each other Knew how to use people for their abilities/skills ● Conquest • After Chinggis Khan's death, the Mongol Empire was divided in four parts controlled by 3 songs and a grandson Khanate of the Golden Horde - (Russia) Ilkhanate (Middle East) Chagatai (Central Asia Yuan Dynasty - (China/E Asia) Pax Mongolica ● A period of "peace" and stability in many areas of Eurasia led to economic and social development (100 years?) Trade • Mongol rulers... Ordered construction of roads and bridges, and extended the Grand Canal in China Set up post offices/trading posts Protected merchants, gave them a higher status and set up merchant associations Allowed an "exchange of food, tools, goods, and ideas [that] was unprecedented." Pull Factors ● ● Elements which tend to attract immigrants to a particular area Slavery (Forced Migration) . Although the slave trade was ended by early 19th century, the beginning of the time period saw many forced migrations through chattel slavery The last countries to abolish slavery were: United States - 1965 Cuba - 1886 Brazil - 1888 Asian Contract Laborers (Semi-Coerced) • Many Chinese and Indian workers were tricked into servitude • They signed contracts (which many did not understand) to work in colonies for the British, Dutch, French, and Spanish Between 250,000 and 500,00 Asian laborers were contracted to: SE Asia Africa ● ● Environmental pulls include the availability of in-demand natural - resources, suitable land, or a physical setting that is favorable to humans (temperature, reduced exposure to disease) Human pulls include the availability of employment or a means to support oneself, of easy communications, or reunification with friends and family Ideological pulls may include the perception of greater freedoms or reduced persecution Caribbean Mistreated, very low wages - essentially were slaves • Many stayed in the countries after their contract was up Penal Colony ● Both the British and French set up Penal (prison colonies) to send unwanted criminals British Australia - Performed hard labor and served the government (building roads/railroads) or worked on the farms of free settlers • Eventually they stopped sending prisoners (1850) and many settlers came due to the discovery of gold French French Guiana (Devil's Island) - Prisoners were underfed and forced to do hard labor (plantations) 1.2 - Intro to Dar al-Islam Tue - 9/13 Anything before this in notebook Muhammad Muhammad Ibn Abdullad (570-632) CE. - born in Mecca, successful trader, had powerful religious experience that left him convinced that he was Allah's messenger to the Arabs ● Revelations became seen as the very words of God ● After Mugammad's sudden death in 632, Caliph Abu Bakr ordered one of the Prophet's companions (Zayd Ibn Thabit) to collect both oral and written sources of all of Muhammad's inspired speeches (Qur'an) Hadith - Collection of traditions containing sayings of the prophet. Major source of guidance for Muslims Five Pillars of Islam ● ● ● Shahadah - Proclamation to faith, Belief in Allah + Mahammad etc. Salah - Prayer, Muslims are supposed to pray 5x a day. Each Prayer has certain thing they pray abt based on time Zakat - Alms, providing for the needy/poor through food, donations, 2.5% of income goes towards helping others. Sawm - Fasting during Ramadan, muslims can not eat or drink from sunrise to sun down, between those times it's fair game • Hajj - Pilgrimage to Mecca (if possible because of wealth) People of the Book - How Muslims Viewed Outside Religions ● ● Dhimmi - "people of the book" - originally applied to Christians and Jews but as the Islamic conquests spread it also applied to Zoroastrians. (Side Note: Muslims have a problem with Monotheistic religions) ● Often had to pay a jizya - head tax levied on non-believers ● Even through military conquest, people were not forced to convert to Islam: -That would mean they would not be taxes -Also meant the booty of war would have to shared with those who converted Sunni vs. Shia Muslims • Caliphate = Caliph - Political & Religions | Kingdom - King - Political ● The historic background of the Sunni-Shia split lies in the schism that occurred when the Islamic prophet Muhammad died in the year 632, leading to a dispute over succession to Muhammad as a caliph of the Islamic community spread across various parts of the world ● Sunni: Caliph were rightful religious/political leaders - selected by the community (90% of the world's population os Muslims) - originally supported the Umayyads ● Shi'a: Leadership should descend from Muhammad: ● The 1200-1450 time period saw increased commerce and connections across Eurasia • We also saw the expansion of Land Based Empires using Gunpowder to expand There was no connections to the Western Hemisphere (Americas) This changes with Columbus' voyages in 1492 beginning a "modern" age with a truly connected global network of exchange Global economy Global empires Global cultural exchanges Global conflicts • Industrialization and political revolutions are soon to follow (next unit) Exploration: State sponsorship and Expansion - 4.2 ● Portuguese Maritime Empire Baby Steps: • Portugal were the first explorers . ● During the 15th century, Prince Henry the Navigator wanted to spread Christianity and increase Portuguese power. Promoted maritime developments Conquered & Colonized uninhabited islands of Madeira and Azores Islands Think of this as a trial version of the large-scale colonization that will soon occur in the New World. ● Cultivated sugarcane on their conquered islands (Big Profits) • Portuguese also explored the West African coast trading guns, textiles, and manufactured goods for African gold and slaves Caused increase demand for slaves • Transported most slaves to Atlantic islands to work as laborers Portugal Gains Access to the Indian Ocean ● Portuguese merchants and sailors dominated the Indian Ocean ● Attempted to control all shipping, enforced with superior ships and canons • Overpowered Arabs, Persians, Indians, and southeast Asians ● Beginning of European imperialism in Asia Portugal is a Trading-Post Empire Meanwhile, Columbus... ● The Italian mariner Christopher Columbus wanted to said west to reach Asian markets ● The Spanish King and Queen (Ferdinand and Isabella) decided to sponsor his voyage Left in 1492 with a fleet of three ships and landed at San Salvador in the Bahamas (it took three months) 2.1 The Silk Roads 1200 CE - 1450 CE 107 Early Trade Routes: Land Based First Golden Age of the Silk Roads ● Roman Empire, Persian Empire, and Han Dynasty (c. 200 BCE - 300 CE) • Thriving trade across Eurasia ● As these empires collapsed so did trade (lack of stability = too dangerous) Second Golden Age of the Silk Roads Beginning in 8th and 9th centuries ● Made possible by expansion of Dar al-Islam and the reunification of China (Sui Tang Song) ● At its most stable during the Mongol Empire (mid-14th century) ● Continues until the fall of the Yuan Dynasty (late 14th century) Silk Roads: Collection of networks of exchange (not an actual road, def not paved) Caravanseri: A roadside inn where travelers could rest and recover from the day's journey • Approx. 100 miles apart ● Supported the flow of commerce, information, and people across the network of trade routes Effects of Increased Trade: Demand for luxury goods increased in Afro-Eurasia. Chinese, Persian, and Indian artisans and merchants expanded their production of textiles and porcelains for export; manufacture of iron and steel expanded in China. The Role of Silk Used as a currency and means of accumulating wealth ● Elite Chinese women and men wanted this luxurious fabric ● Byzantines and Chinese made laws restricting who could wear silk - only elites were allowed to wear it as a sign of social status • Portugal was on the decline in the early 1600s. The Netherlands takes advantage and takes control of most of the Portuguese trading posts in SE Asia (early to mid 1600s) Joint-Stock Companies ● Private merchants used their funds to start the companies with government support Limited liability = safer investments Could buy, sell, build trading posts, and make war in the company's interests ● Were very successful and profitable, oftentimes doubling investments ● The Netherlands developed a joint-stock company called the United East India Company (VOC) in 1602 The British Empire • Exploration of North america began in the late 16th century ● Sir Walter Raleigh briefly established Roanoke Colony in 1585 Jamestown was the first permanent English colony in North America and became known as the Colony as Virginia Also built trading posts in the Indian Ocean with the help of their own joint-stock company: the English East India Company in 1600 Concentrated on India. Topic 4.3 - The Columbian Exchange (Environmental) The Great Dying • Long isolation from the Afro-Eurasian world and the lack of most domesticated animals meant the absence of acquired immunities to Old World diseases such as smallpox, measles, typhus, influenza, malaria, and yellow fever In the Old World (Eastern Hemisphere) these diseases affected mostly children, but survivors gained some immunity to the diseases ● In some parts of Europe, smallpox was responsible for 10-15% of deaths Diseases Spread ● Ravaged the Mexica/Aztecs starting in 1519 (Cortez) Populations in Mexico declined from 17 million to 1.3 million ● In some cases, 90% of the native populations died from European and African diseases ● Not until the late 17th century did native numbers begin to recuperate from this catastrophe The Columbian Exchange ● The "great dying" created a labor shortage and made room for immigrant newcomers, both colonizing Europeans and enslaved Africans. • Europeans, Africans, and combinations of indigenous people created entirely new societies in the Americas There new societies replaced the many and varied cultures that had existed before 1492. The Columbian Exchange = Environmental!! • Exchange also involved plants & animals which transformed the landscape and made a European diet possible ● Animals were revolutionary: horses, pigs, cattle, goats, and sheep - made ranching economies possible in the Americas The Columbian Exchange - In the Old World ● American food crops spread widely in the Eastern Hemisphere Provided the nutritional foundation for immense population growth Will provide cheap and reasonably nutritious food for millions of industrial workers (longer term effect) The Qing Dynasty & the Columbian Exchange • Prosperity based upon ● Agriculture; high yields from new methods Rice, wheat, millet New foods from americas ✰ Maize, sweet potatoes, peanuts, raised on soil not appropriate Sugar Colonies ● Occurred in lowland areas of Brazil (ruled by Portugal) and in the Spanish, British, French, and Dutch colonies in the Caribbean • Sugar was in demand in EUrope where it was used as a medicine, spice, sweetener, and a preservative For a century (1570-1670), Portuguese planters dominated the world market for sugar Then the British, French, and Dutch turned their Caribbean territories into highly productive sugar-producing colonies, breaking the Portuguese-Brazilian monopoly How will they get the labor to produce? ● Diseases Old World to New: Smallpox, measles, Chicken Pox, Malaria, Yellow Fever, Influenza The Kingdoms of Spain and Portugal came to an agreement known as the Treaty of Tordesillas that outlined the territories that each might explore and claim. It settled Migration in the Face of Challenges ● Some groups migrated due to persecutions or other hardships India - Many Indians left due to extreme poverty and accepted work contracts from European countries in Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, and Oceania. Kangani System ● Exploitive labor system (basically Indentured Servitude), however many decided to stay and settle. Led to the creation of ethnic enclaves ● China - many peasants left to find better opportunities after the numerous rebellions and Opium Wars. Most emigrated to the US, Europe, Australia, or New Zealand and faced harsh prejudices once there. Helped build Transcontinental Railroad in US (Western rail) Ireland ● Politics and Religion also forced many Irish out. Ireland became part of the United Kingdom in the early 1800s. • England is Anglican and attempted to force this on the Irish who were Catholic ● The Great Famine (1845-1849) affected potato production and led to widespread famine and starvation. Many Irish fled to the United States in hope better opportunities When in the US, the Irish were not welcome due to being Catholic and "taking jobs" Many settled in New York and were instrumental in building the Transcontinental Railroad (Eastern rail) Settler Colonies Permanent settlements in foreign countries Many moved willingly from Britain to Canada, New Zealand, Australia, and South Africa to make more money or improve their economic status. (not just impoverished people but wealthy as well) • Japan attempted a settler colony in Mexico but failed. ● Many young Japanese men began moving to the US West Coast in order to receive an education. San Francisco, Portland and Seattle were concentrated areas of Japanese immigrants (ethnic enclaves) Kangani ● Indian Migrants (essentially Indentured Servitude) who took contracts to move for employment • Mainly recruited families Imperialism in Europe? Unit 6 Unit V: Revolutions in the Modern Era (1750-1900) Revolutions in the Modern Era (1750-1900) . Government, ways of thinking, place of mankind in society and the universe ● Rise and role of nation-states Technological changes and innovations Unit IV: Consequences of Industrialization (1750-1900) • European (and American) imperialism across the globe • Indigenous responses and resistance to expansion ● Begins to look like the world we exist in today (for better and for worse) What is Imperialism? • A policy of conquest and domination of foreign lands and populations in order to form an empire, usually by force Difference between a Nation and an Empire Nations have buy-in from their people and some shared characteristics (language, race, culture, etc.) Empires have an element of force and are made up of many types of people and areas ● The US was an empire and is now more of a nation The White Man's Burden • John Bull and Uncle Sam • Represents Britain and the United States Five Rationales for Imperialism 1. Cultural Superiority ● Social Darwinism = Strong should rule the Weak • Imperialism is "inevitable and humane" Belief that Western ideals were the best (and should be "shared with the world!) ● Scientific Racism - certain races are "scientifically" superior and should rule others 2. Religious Drive to convert others to Christianity, destroy "heathen" religious, provide humanitarian relief • Imperialism is a holy duty 3. Economic Need to acquire raw materials • Open new markets for goods (need people to sell your products to!) 4. Militarism • Every country wanted to gain military advantage over its rivals ● A colony could serve as a fueling station for the Navy Some spots in the world, especially waterways, were strategically important 5. Political Secure land, wealth, and markets for your country before others get there ● Demonstrate power on a global stage 6.2 - States Expand United States • Spurred by the Industrial Revolution, the US had the same motivations as the Europeans US - In the Americas ● The US wanted the lands WEST of the original colonies soon after the American Revolutionary War ● This expansion of lands would be called Manifest Destiny - the natural and god given right to expand to the Pacific ● Americans began pushing west, forcing Native Americans to Reservations (Trail of Tears and The Indian Wars with the Natives consolidated the lands to the US Government) • War with Mexico (1845-1848) brought the majority of the Southwest Bought Alaska from Russia in 1867 ● Transcontinental Railroad completed in 1869 Spanish American War • Spain still had control of Cuba and supposedly blew up a US ship off the coast of Cuba. This began the war ● The US defeated the Spanish easily and quickly As a result the US gained control of Guam, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines (as well as other small islands in the Pacific) ● • Kings or powerful lords granted fiefs of land to vassals or lesser lords (didn't get whole slide) Medieval Craft Guilds A group of tradesmen or craftsmen engaged in the same occupation joined together. There were Craft Guilds for every trade or craft performed within a Medieval city or town. These trades or crafts included: ● Masons • Carpenters ● Painters Cloth Makers ● Tanners Bankers ● ● Shoemakers, or cobblers Candle makers Increased Agricultural Productivity ● 9th century a better plow (moldboard) - a curved iron plate, was introduced that allowed deeper turning of the hard, European soil Also developed the three-field system where only a third of the land was left unplanted each year, to regain fertility • Agricultural production increased significantly due to technological innovations ● Horse Collar: The horse collar was important in the developments of Europe, as the replacement of oxen with horses for plowing boosted the economy, reduced reliance on subsistence farming, and the rise of market-based towns. Crusades, 1096-1204 ● Crusades had little lasting impact (politically or religiously) in the Middle East • European power was not strong or long-lasting enough to induce conversion Invasions of Turkic-speaking peoples and Mongols were much more significant ● Had more consequences for Europe Europeans picked up a taste for many Asian luxury goods Europeans learned techniques of producing sugar Muslim scholarship (along with Greek learning it incorporated) flowed into Europe Opened channel of trade, technological transfer, and intellectual exchange Ethiopia (Axum) The Zagwe dynasty ruled many parts of present-day Ethiopia and Eritrea between the early 12th and late 13th century until their defeat at the hands of the Solomonic dynasty in 1270 AD • From 1270 AD until 1974, the Solomonic dynasty governed the Ethiopian Empire, the empires of Ethiopia were, and remain, largely Christian with a sizable Islamic minority Topic 1.4: State Building in the Americas 9/21 Olmec (1500BCE - 300 BCE) Southern Mexico along the Gulf Coast • Sculpted large stone monuments & built stone pavements and drainage systems Mysterious collapse Maya ● Yucatan Peninsula (southern Mexico & northern Central America) • Dynamic culture Concept of zero Astronomy Accurate calendar Animistic (gods of sun, rain, corn, etc.) City-states ruled by kings; fought to gain tribute ● Mysterious decline; many major cities are abandoned Mexica (Aztec) Empire (1400 - 1521 CE) The Mexica used military force to conquer and incorporate defeated people Militaristically, they were unmatched • They did not setup local administration when conquering - they merely collected tributes from conquered tribes and took many as slaves, they were known for using ritual human sacrifices to keep the world from ending The dominant economic force, and center of markets and trade, and were famous for chinampas (mistaken for floating gardens) • Chinampas - not floating gardens ● Culturally, they maintained many Mesoamerican features such as step pyramid. blood rituals, and ball sports The Empire itself flourished under rules such as Montezuma II until the introduction of European diseases in the 15th and 16th centuries, as well as internal power disputes & rebellions from conquered Mesoamericans Impacts • Migrants were typically male, leaving women to take on new roles at home - (Continuity) • Migrants created ethnic enclaves in different parts of the world ● Increased racial prejudice as people tried to control the flow of immigrants • Regulation of receiving countries limiting the number of immigrants able to come Nativism in receiving countries (protecting Native born interests over immigrants) ● Perceived threats that immigrants were ruining society, taking jobs, bringing a new religion, etc. Unit 7: Shifting Power After 1900 (7.1) Revolution in Russia Russia in the 19th Century ● Russia was a huge multinational state in 1850; very diverse Poor, agrarian, and lagging in industrial development Serfdom abolished in 1861 ● Lost the Crimean War (1853-1856) which indicated how much they had fallen behind the industrial development of the West Class of modern factory workers arose ● All the problems with early industrial societies arose (low wages, long hours, dangerous conditions) . By 1900 they were catching up with the West ● Established a sphere of influence in China in 1903 and was also interested in Korea ● Fought with Japan over East Asian territories and lost in 1905 Peasant uprisings Troop mutinies ● The government gave in to protests and issued the October Manifesto which granted full civil rights and promised a popularly elected Duma or parliament (which actually had very limited power) ● ● When WWI broke out in 1914, Russia was a conservative monarchy led to Czar Nicholas II (a Romanov) • Partially modernized and peasant based ● They joined the war to defend the Serbians in the Balkans who were fighting for independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire ● Due to their late industrialization, they were ill-equipped to fight, especially against industrialized states like Germany (who also happened to be known for thor strong military) Led to food shortages, massive casualties, poor weapons, uniforms, equipment, etc. . Through the Roosevelt Corollary America claimed the western Hemisphere as "their" territory to police, and would not allow Europeans to mess with the countries there *** We also took over Hawaii, which was previously a sovereign nation Japan ● ● • Although China had a population advantage, Japan had a technological advantage (due to modernization) and came out the victor ● Russia ● Some motivations for Imperialism (minus Religion) - even Social Darwinism Since they had quickly and successfully industrialized there was a feeling of superiority for Japan over other East Asian countries First Sino Japanese War -between China and Japan mainly over the Korean Peninsula. Japan wanted it to be independent for trade while Chila also wanted to control Wants to expand south (in to the Middle East) ● Wants much more but are derailed by Britain in the Middle East (Afghanistan) A fierce competition between Britain and Russia follows (known as the Great Game). Unsuccessful for both. Britain Result: Korea is "independent" and Japan gains control of territory in mainland China and other islands around them Will continue to expand through World War II ● France began a occupation of Southern India in the mid 17th century, however their loss to the British in the Seven Years War (French and Indian War) caused them to give up those holdings to the British • England's East India Company (EIC) took occupation of India and began to take more and more from weakening Mughal Empire -> British gov will eventually take direct control of India (more on that later) ● This EIC also helped Britain gain control over Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and most of the Indian Ocean basin (Pakistan to Ceylon) ● In Southeast Asia, Britain gained control of Malaysia (Straits of Malacca) and Bruma Britain - Australia ● Australia became a penal colony for the British around 1788 Soon they realized that they could raise sheep (wool) there. Later gold was discovered ● Wealth was in silver mining & commercial agriculture • Encomienda (mining) and hacienda (farming) labor systems were utilized Large estates that used native workers What is Nationalism? • Strong sense of pride in a single culture, ethnic group, or country • Common bond through same language, shared history, and similar customs ● Threatened large multinational empires Italian Unification (Risorgimento) Count di Cavour ● Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia Unified Italian Peninsula under the House of Savoy Cavour was a classical liberal who believed in realpolitik = politics based on practical considerations, rather than morals of ideologies Manipulated France (napoleon III) into war with Austria to weaken Austrian influence on the Italian Peninsula - Aligned with Gluseppe Garibaldi, leader of the Red Shirts military force in Naples Unification of Germany ● Otto von Bismarck German-Danish War (1864) Topic 5.3 - Industrial Revolution Begins In the mid 1700s new farm techniques led to another Agricultural Revolution in Europe. Fences were used to protect large farms (called the enclosure movement) Scientific farming methods like crop rotation maximized farmland & increased production. New crops like corn and potatoes were introduced New tools like the iron plow & seed drill made farming more efficient The Industrial Revolution • Began in Great Britain in late 18th century (1700s) ● Drew upon ideas and developments of the Scientific Revolution • Change in the way of life from rural largely self-sufficient to urban and more specialized • Things moved from "cottage industry" of home made goods to businesses in factories Why Great Britain? ● Great Britain had many natural resources including: Abundance of coal Rivers = water power & means of transporting resources and final goods ACcess to the sea (transportation of goods) Skilled workforce ● Population explosion = more demand for goods/services ● Booming economy = more money for entrepreneurs to start businesses Stable and established banking system ● Stable government which supported economic growth (Mercantilism) Royal Navy protected shipments & the seas ● Liberal vs. Conservative . You need to know the difference between the two... ● Liberal = advocating for change and doing things a "new" way. In the periods after 1750 this usually involved Enlightenment Ideas Natural Rights Popular Sovereignty Rejection of Authoritarian governments Secular policies ● Want change in order to gain power or wealth. ● Sometimes motivated by religion ● Conservative = more traditional. Seek to see society brought back to previous norms/ideas. ● Sometimes motivated by religi ● Believe that there is an "old order" that must be conserved (hence, COVERVative) • Usually oppose new ideas for government because they will lose wealth, power, etc Modernization For the most part this term is used in context of the Industrial Revolution When a country has "modernized" they are usually consumer economies, have infrastructure (railroads, communication, etc), and some form of democratic principles in place You may hear me use this term interchangeable with industrialization ● In the 1700s the industrial revolution began in England due to some of the natural resources and location. Over time, factories began to take over mass production of British Imperialism in China - Opium Wars (1839-1850) • Opium originated from Arab traders (later produced in India a British colony) • Long used as a drinkable medicine . By 1830's China became a profitable market for this highly addictive drug ● From 1000 chests (each 150 pounds) in 1773 - CHina's opium imports exploded to 23,000 chests in 1832 The British had few exports (opium, cotton) that the Chinese were interested in. The British imported tea, silk, and other products in large quantities from the Chinese (in exchange for silver) Trade imbalance • Opium importation was illegal but the British were able to smuggle it in (corruption and bribery) . Majority of Britain was now in the UK ● Silver from China via opium helped fuel industrialization in GB and Europe China also had millions of addicts - many who refused to do their work or become productive members of society (remember: Confucianism) ● Chinese authorities led the campaign against opium - including seizing and destroying 3 million pounds of opium • Expelled Western traders from the country British were offended and sent their navy to scare the Chinese and secure the market ● This began the first Opium War which was ended by the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842 ● The war was ended on British terms • Imposed a number of restrictions on Chinese sovereignty and opened five ports to European traders. Britain gained control of Hong Kong ● Results of this treaty: More ports were opened to foreigners Foreigners allowed to travel freely and buy land Christianity was allowed under protection of the Chinese authorities Chinese were forbidden to use the character for "barbarian" to refer to the British in official documents Britain also was victorious in the second Opium War (1856-1858) ● France ● To compete with their main rival Britain, France also wanted a piece of Southeast Asia • Victory in the Sino-French War (1883-1885) gave them control of Northern Vietnam. • They would later gain control of Cambodia, Laos, and the rest of Vietnam (Would become known as French Indonesia) Dutch In the 1830s Britain claimed possession of the entire continent (through Australian Frontier Wars) 1839 - British annex New Zealand ● The Dutch East India Company (VOC) retained control of the Spice Islands Once the VOC went bankrupt the Dutch government took control of the islands directly • Appalling conditions for natives on those islands on spice plantations Remember... ● Many of these countries also gained control of large areas in Africa (discussed earlier in the Scramble for Africa) The riches that these colonies produced were at the expense of the indigenous peoples. Rarely did original inhabitants benefit from Imperialism ● Imperial countries often imported cash crops into their new holdings in order to capitalize (pun intended) on demand for those crops, Rubber was the main one in SE Asia Indian Revolt of 1857 Aka "Sepoy Rebellion" Aka "Sepoy Mutiny" Quick Review • India was a huge rural society with millions of poor peasants ● India is a vast majority Hindu • The Mughal Empire (Muslim) had ruled since the early 1500s . By 1857 the Mughals have lost most of their power due to poor financial and policy decisions The British East India Company • Initially, the number of Company officials in India was small . During the first half of the 19th century, Britain extended its control of the country ● In many regions, the East India Company recruited traditional princes and other local rulers ("indirect rule") conflicts over lands newly discovered or explored by Christopher Columbus and other late 15th-century voyagers. Unit 4: Maintaining and Developing Maritime Empires c. 1450-1750 Spanish and the Portuguese Empires • The conquistadors claimed and discovered lands in the names of their empires (Spain) • Portuguese were preoccupied with interest in Africa and Asia (trading post empires) Viceroys appointed to administer Brazil ● The Spanish established two centers of authority Mexico and Peru Later divided into four viceroyalties and the Audiencia • Viceroys were the king's representatives Communication difficult; viceroys operated daily independently Spanish throne did not focus on colonial affairs in Western Hemisphere Spanish and Portuguese Empires Cultural Impact Jesuits (Society of Jesus) and priests arrived to convert natives (Catholic) Set up churches and residences Priests also saw to the spiritual needs of Europeans in the colonies and established schools Some Natives converted as a result of close contact with priests Eventually some priests protested Spanish exploration - Bartolomé de Las Casas and Antonio de Montesinos • Spanish and Portuguese colonized the wealthiest lands of the New World ● Established cities, churches, and universities well before the British & French colonized North America Revolution in Russia ● Took place in 1917 - catalyst was WWI ● Russians were upset at food shortages and ineptitude of those in charge February 1917 Tsar Nicholas II lost all support and forced to abdicate the throne -> end of the Romanov dynasty (who ruled for the last three centuries) Massive chaos ensued - many different group promoting their agendas and seeking power Post - tsarist government was ineffective and would not take Russia out WWI ● Provided openings for more radical groups like the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Llyich ● ● Bolsheviks Take Power Bolsheviks seized power in October 1917 during an overnight coup in capital city St. Petersburg - (Vladimir Lenin) Members of Provisional Government fled or were arrested ● Three years of civil war as other group attempted to take power from the Bolsheviks (such as tsarist officials, landlord, nationalist forces, etc) . By 1921 they had emerged victorious The Soviet Union becomes the first communist nation How did European countries use their colonists at the BEGINNING of the war? Local populations were used as soldiers in their colonies. How did European countries use their colonists after about a year of the war? What caused this change? Based on the video, why is World War I considered a "world war" even through it mostly took place in Europe Japan in the 1920s However, the Great Depression paved the way for harsher, more authoritarian action Shrinking world demand impacted Japanese economy • Exports fell by half from 1929-1931 Problems made a growing movement known as Radical Nationalism emerge Japan in the 1930s Right-wing nationalist thinking continued to grow Censorship limited free expression • • Only one news agency permitted • Erosion of democracy and rise of military reflected long-standing Japanese respect for military values and ancient samurai warrior class ● Government spending (like in Germany) led to their rise out of economic turmoil (Keynesian Economics) Japanese Government's Increased Role in the Economy • Zaibatsu (Japanese Business Conglomerate) ● Subsidies to strategic industries ● Profit ceiling on major corporation • Caps on wages, prices, and rent Measures of central planning Private property remained • Huge industrial enterprises (companies) called zaibatsu emerged Nanjing Massacre - 1937 Operation Barbarossa - Hitler unleashes blitzkrieg in Russia because he needed resources, farmlands, and hated Communism ● German military almost takes over Moscow and Stalingrad (oil fields) but is stopped by the seemingly endless amount of Russian troops and the Russian winter • USSR joins the Allies ● Only the mongols can win a winter war in Russia Japan Attacks the U.S. ● When war broke out in 1939, the U.S. was neutral ● Japan saw war as an opportunity to grab even more land: French Indochina, Dutch East Indies and other areas in Southeast Asia ● In reaction, the U.S. banned sale of military items and raw materials (like iron) to Japan • Japan wasn't happy about this Japan was dependent on foreign (especially American) sources of goods ● Spent time with Kublai Khan (grandson of Ghenghis Khan) in modern day China Inspired Christopher Colombus and other European explorers Ibn Battuta (1304-1368) ● Muslim Moroccan explorer Visited most of the known Islamic world Visited North Africa, Horn of Africa, West Africa, Southern Europe, and Eastern Europe, Middle East, South Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, and China Traveled much more extensively than Marco Polo Set off on a hajj to Mecca which took him 26 months but he did not return to Morocco for 24 years Topic 2.6 Spread of Rice Varieties ● Song China experienced rapid population growth thanks to Champa Rice Chanpa rice = fast ripening, drought-resistant rice from Vietnam • Encouraged terrace farming (seen here) which altered the environment and landscape Negative Effects of Crops Deforestation • Overgrazing ● Soil Erosion ● ● Trade Routes - Spreading Disease • Not just goods traveled along these trade routes - diseases traveled as well! • People were exposed to unfamiliar diseases for which they had little immunity ● Smallpox & measles devastated populations in both Rome and Han China contributing to their collapse (pre 1200) • Diseases may have increased appeal of Christianity in Europe Effects of the Plague ● Decline of urbanization and trade ● Ultimate demise of the Mongol empire 100 years after its creation ● Labor shortages Allowed workers to obtain higher wages/better working conditions May have created more opportunities for women ● Peasant revolts undermined serfdom and the feudal system Collapse of feudalism and rise of absolute monarchs 1450-1750 time period Labor shortage may have fostered a greeted interest in technological innovation to avoid paying higher wager THis may have contributed to the Industrial Revolution c. 1750 Writing Notes / Notes 11/2/22 . By the late 1930's the following were coming from the US: 73% of Japan's scrap iron 60% of its imported machine tools 80% of its oil 50% of its copper ● US was upset with Japanese hostels and imperialist agenda • Oil embargo was placed on Japan in July 1941 Attack on Pearl Harbor • Japanese General Toji ordered a surprise attack on the morning of December 7, 1941 • Japanese airplanes bombed the American fleet at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii President Roosevelt told the nation that December 7th was "a date which will live in infamy" ● Killed 2,400 people Japanese Victories • Japan continued to expand their empire After Pearl Harbor, the Japanese took: Philippines British colonies of Hong Kong, Burma, Nalaya Dutch East Indies French Indochina Two Front War After Pearl Harbor the US declares war on Japan (which also makes them at war with Germany and Italy The US now has to fight a two front war. The European Theater (mainly the Army and Air Corps) against Germany and Italy The Pacific Theater (mainly the Navy and Marines) against Japan WWII-Outcomes ● Most destructive war in history ● 60 million deaths (10x the number in WWI) ½ of the casualties were civilians ● Thousands of towns, villages, and industrial enterprises destroyed ● Colonial resources were harnessed a second time • Heavy bombers, jet fighters, missiles, and atomic weapons increased casualties Women at home took on heavy industrial jobs 6 million Jews died in concentration camps with Hitler's "final solution" to the Jewish question In the period 1200-1450 CE, many empires made significant contributions to the growth of trade in their own regions, such as Dar al-Islam in the Middle East, which improved the status of merchants, and the Song Dynasty in China, which promoted proto-industry and expanded infrastructure like the Grand Canal. Cappel Ex: Before 1200 many empires rose and fell over time. Dar al-Islam and the Song Dynasty were established and expanded during this time period and increased their influence in the world economy. As these empires rose numerous innovations were developed that allowed trade to expand throughout the Silk Roads and Indian Ocean routes such as the compass, astrolabe, caravans, and caravanserai. These innovations coupled with political and social aspects from each empire helped increase trade along established networks of exchange. In the period 1200-1450 E empires had a significant impact on trade such as merchants being revered in Dar al-Islam, publish works projects such as the Grand Canal, and the government promotion of proto-industry in Song China. Europe: Renaissance, Reformation, Religious Conflicts, & Scientific Revolution - Unit 3: Land-Based Empires 1450-1750 The Renaissance (1300-1600s) ● Western Europe emerged from the Middle Ages during an era known as the Renaissance ● From 1300 to 1600, Western Europe experienced a "rebirth" in trade, learning, art, & Greco-Roman ideas •. During the Renaissance, Europeans developed new ideas in art, government, & human potential ● The Renaissance marked the beginning of the "modern era" ● Middle Ages = God Focus | Renaissance = Human/Man Focus ● Social status was based on wealth & ability, not birthright ● A new way of thinking began during the Renaissance called Humanism ● Humanist writers focused on both religious and secular (non-religious) issues ● Emphasized the study of classical Greek and Roman text & emphasized education for individual improvement Protestant Reformation English Reformation / Anglicanism • Henry VIII: King of England (1509-1547) ● Hereditary Monarchy - Henry was desperate to have a son to pass the crown on ● to He married six times: "Divorced, Beheaded, Died, Divorced, Beheaded, Survived" His first wife, Catherine of Aragon (Spain) Had a daughter that would become Queen Mary I ("Bloody Mary") • Henry wanted a divorced, but the Catholic Church wouldn't grant him one ● He Decided to make his own church, the Church of England or Anglican Church Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy which made him the head of the church Reformation & Woman ● Reformation teaching and practices did not offer women a greater role in the church or society Veneration of Mary and female saints ended, leaving the male Christ figure as sole object of worship • Opposition to celibacy and monastic life closed convents, which had offered some women an alternative to marriage Protestants gave to reading the Bible for oneself which stimulated education and literacy for women, but there was still emphasis on women as wives and mothers, subjected to male supervision The Counter-Reformation Catholic Reformation: Church's response to Protestant groups attempt to take power ● Inquisition: increased use of the Church to root out and punish heretics (nonbelievers), infamously known for torture Jesults: opposed the spread of Protestantism, began missionary activity throughout China, the Spanish Empire, India, and Japan ● Council of Trent (1545-1563): reaffirmed rituals and sacraments, educated priests, created the Index of Prohibited Books (writings banned by the Church), and eventually reformed worst of Church's abuses = Indulgences and simony But Mao worked in the background to undermine the new guy • Through propaganda and mass rallies, Mao was able to reach the youth and convince them to "move backwards" and recommit to the core beliefs of Communism Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution Mao's next move was to initiate the Cultural Revolution Launched in the mid-1960s to combat capitalist tendencies ● Meant to: Mobilizing the Red Guards ● Red Guards - paramilitary student group. Wanted to rid China of pre-Communist traditions Red Guards used to rid China of those "taking the capitalist road" Attacked local party and government officials, teachers, intellectuals, factory managers, and others defined as enemies ● ● Bring healthcare & education to the countryside Reinvigorate rural industrialization Purge China of "bourgeois" tendencies ● Rival groups began fighting with one another -> violence erupted throughout the country > civil war threatened China Mao had to call in the military to restore Communist Party control ● Ending the Mao Era • Mao Zedong died in 1976 ● Over next several decades the CCP gradually abandoned almost everything that had been associated with Maoist communism • Deng Xiaoping emerged as China's "paramount leader" - committed to ending the periodic upheavals of the Maoist era while fostering political stability and economic growth China after Mao (8.4) China Under Deng Xiaoping ● Banned plays, operas, films, and books that exposed the sufferings of the Cultural Revolution Mao was criticized for the failings of the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution, but still praised as a revolutionary leader 100,000 political prisoners, many high-ranking communists, were released and restored to positions in the government • • Deng had great economic reforms: Dismantled the country's collectivized farming (returned to small scale agriculture) ● In Christendom it was used for altar decorations and priest vestments . By 12th century (1100s) West African kings in Ghana were wearing silk Chinese Woman & Silk Production ● ● ● ● China held a monopoly on silk production Production in the hands of women, but Trade was in the hands of Men Tang Dynasty (617-907 CE) women were making large contributions to the household economy and state due to silk production Trade City-States Rural woman were involved in every step of silk production Homes were the primary site of production (proto-industry) ● As trade expanded, several city-states were able to become massively wealthy and powerful Venice - gained control of Mediterranean trade around 1000 CE (Christian) Venetians bought goods from the East and resold them to Europe through trade agreements with the Byzantine Empire and select Muslim traders Venetians also became powerful financial leaders, establishing the world's first bank houses (1300s) using models of Chinese money economy and flying cash Trade City-States - Central Asia • Kashgar is an oasis city located where the Taklamakan Desert meets the Tian Shan Mountains (western edge of China) and is watered by the Kashgar River ● Strategically important city between China and the Middle East ● Artisans produced textiles, rugs, leather goods, and pottery • Primarily a Buddhist city that also became a center of Islamic learning Silk Roads - Spreading Culture ● ● More important than economic impact was their role as conduit (carrier) of culture Buddhism (from India) spread widely throughout Central and East Asia - thanks to merchants on the Silk Roads • Universal nature of Buddhism appealed to lower class Hindu and merchants Buddhism ● Traditional Buddhism aws NOT FUN! (Theravada) In order to achieve Nirvana the individual must eliminate desire Asceticism - Giving up material possessions in return for spiritual fulfillment Monasticism - When people decide to be ascetics together (monks) Monastery - Place for people to be monks Silk Roads - Spreading Culture! Buddhism changed as it spread Originally not focused on material wealth, the addition of wealthy merchants meant a shift in priorities The Sepoys The sepoys were Indian soldiers serving in the British East India Company's armies. . By the 1850's, there were nearly 300,000 sepoys serving in the Company's army Sepoy shi, 2/6 ● In some regions, the Company took direct control, in part to tax land more effectively (Zamindar) In 1857, rumors spread that new rifle cartridges were greased with cow and pig fat, Using them would violate both Muslim and Hindu rules On May 10th 1857, some sepoys violently rebelled, killing English residents in Meerut in North India. • They then marched to Delhi to appeal to the last Mughal emperor (Bahadur Shah II) to lead them. This was the start of the Sepoy Rebellion Its taxing powers often angered both poor peasants and wealthy aristocratic landowners ● ● The Sepoy Rebellion spread to many separate areas in northern India. ● The sepoys and the British both committed horrible atrocities. Certain incidents in which British women and children were slaughtered aroused enormous outrage in England. In addition to soldiers, members of the rebellion included some Indian nobility, rural landowners, and peasants. Yet many Indians sided with the British, and not all regions of India took part in the uprising. The uprising was fully suppressed by the middle of 1858. As a result of the rebellion, Britain took over the East India Company's colonies ● Bahadur Shah II died in a British prison in Bruma in 1862 The Mughal Empire was officially dead ● In 1858 all of India became a crown colony of the British, This is called "The Raj" ● 300 million Indians were suddenly British subjects In 1877 Queen Victoria was recognized as Empress of India ● Raw materials flowed to Britain, finished products flowed back to India • Upper castes were taught English and expected to adopt English attitudes Christianity spread Railroads and canals were built Urbanization increased ● All at the expense of Indian culture and institutions • Upper castes began to dream of an independent India... Will eventually gain independence in the mid 1900s • All at the expense of Indian culture and institutions • Upper castes began to dream of an independent India... WIlIl eventually gain independence in the mid 1900s Succession of Chinese Dynasties • Tang (618-907) - "golden age" Song (960-1279) - economic revolution • Yuan (1271-1368) - Mongol Rule • Ming (1368-1644) - Chinese rule resumed • Qing (1644 - 1912) Manchu Rule Republic of China (1912-1949) Fall of the Yuan Dynasty ● • • 1340s, fights among Mongol heirs broke out In 1368 a charismatch Chinese leader known as the Hongwu Emperor brought China under the control of the new Ming Dynasty Many Mongols, as well as Muslims, Jews, and Christians, remained in China Many other Mongols returned to Mongolia and welcomed back refugees from the Yuan collapse ● Some become a continued threat along the Ming borders Ming Dynasty China (1368 - 1644) • Chinese culture & civilization had been disrupted by a century of Mongol rule • Population had been reduced by the plague • Early decades of Ming Dynasty = efforts to eliminate all signs of foreign rule (i.e. Mongol names and dress) Promoted Confucian learning again • Emperor Yongle Ming China Used Confucianism to legitimize rule • Initially, ended all relations with Central Asia and the Middle East • Imposed strict limits on imports and foreign visitors ● Silver replaced paper money Added to the Forbidden Palace, making it what it is today The goal of the Ming Dynasty was to bring back old policies that were present in earlier dynasties in China in order to restore China's glory. Some of the things they did to achieve this goal was promoting confucian learning again, and to eliminate all signs of foreign rule within China. Along with this they brought back the civil service exam. Social Characteristics Patriarchal society (still) Control over women increases Confucian ideals strong Preference for male children clear (only males could take civil service exam which could boost family status) • Women encouraged to commit suicide after husbands died ● Food binding popular Women could not divorce husbands Men could put wives aside for disobedience or adultery 1450 Issues with Trade From the Crusades onward, Western elites had become used to increasing consumption of Asian luxury products Spices (cinnamon, nutmeg, mace, pepper), silks, sugar, porcelain, and jewels. In exchange for luxury items, European mainly had cruder goods to offer: wool, tin, copper, honey, and salt The resulting unfavorable balance of trade had to be made up in gold Western Europe had only a limited supply . By 1400, the constant drain to Asia was creating a gold famine that threatened the whole European economy with collapse Until... they found the Americas Reform and Imperialism in East Asia (1750-1900) What is going on in China up to 1750 • Ming Dynasty got rid of the Yuan ● Qing Dynasty (Manchu) overthrow the Ming ● Population BOOMING (agriculture still a major part of economy) especially with new crops from the Americas • Economy is booming (silver) ● Politically there are some issues What is Economic Imperialism ● A situation where foreign business interests (sometimes corporations.sometimes government) have great economic power or influence in a country • Usually backed by a government in some capacity Tenochtitlan - Mexica Empire Skipped slide? Inca Empire Unlike the Aztecs, the Incas did incorporate conquered peoples into its centralized and regulated empire 1438, Pachacuti began conquering tribes in Peru, consolidating power and establishing the Incan Empire • 1493, Huayna Capac (Pachacuti's grandson) continues consolidating and expanding centralization • Incan Empire was split into four provinces each with its own governor and bureaucracy • Unique to the rest of the world, Incas controlled trade and labor in their empire, and maintain a wealthy capital city called Cuzco which housed a massive Temple to the Sun ● The Mit'a system was a government-administered work - This meant farming. herding, mining, soldiers, and construction were all controlled by the central government Trade was also controlled by the central government, however, anything made at home on their own time people were able to keep While they lacked such modern devices as the wheel or written language, they managed to construct a functional society and kept detailed records with quipus (knotted cords); the Inca were able to track birth certificates, death certificates, and property The Mita • Mit'a meant that everyone had to eventually work for the state think of it as a tax by the government This included Laboring on large state farms or "sun farms" which supported temples & religious institutions Herd (llamas, alpacas) Mine (silver, gold) Served in military Toiled on state - directed construction projects (building roads/temples) ex. Carpa Nan Those with particular skills were put to work manufacturing textiles, metal goods, ceramics, and stonework Mit'a was eventually utilized by the Spanish conquerors to force natives to mine silver Carpa Nan - extensive roadway within the Inca Empire (Built using the Mit'a System) British Imperialism in China Following military defeats by the French (1885), Japanese (1895), China lost control of Vietnam, Korea, and Taiwan . By end of the 19th century, the Western nations plus Japan and Russia had carved out spheres of influence within China • Thus, granting themselves special privileges to establish military bases, extract raw materials, and build railroads • Many Chinese believed that their country was being "carved up like a melon" Taiping Rebellion 1851-1864 China was a victim of its own earlier success a good economy and American food crops allowed for massive population growth ● However, since the Chinese did not Industrialize quickly they were unable to keep up (no large farming operations not enough food) ● Problems = growing pressure on the land, unemployment, impoverishment, starvation • Central state lost power and corruption was a big problem Taiping Rebellion - Crisis within China ● Culmination of problems led to the Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) ● Leaders of the rebellion rejected Buddhism, Daoism, and Confucianism • Found their ideology in unique form of Christianity - leading figure Hong Xiuquan proclaimed himself the younger brother of Jesus Christ Taiping Rebellion - Demands ● Wanted abolition of private property ● Radical redistribution of land • Equality of men and women ● End of foot binding, prostitution, and opium smoking Denounced Qing dynasty (Manchu) as foreigners who had "poisoned China" and "defiled the emperor's throne" Taiping Rebellion ● Taiping forces established capital in Nanjing in 1853 ● Divisions and indecisiveness within the Taiping leadership led to ineffectiveness • Eventually defeated by landowners fearing the radicalism of the Taiping Also had help from the French and British who helped the Qing dynasty fight the Taiping Thus the Qing dynasty was saved - but it was weakened ● The Protestant Reformation (1517-1648): a break with existing Catholic Christian traditions. A "new" church is formed. In the late mMiddle Ages, the Pope & the Catholic Church lost some of its influence as a result of the losses to Muslim armies during the Crusades. (The Black Death didn't help either...) Theological Disagreement 14th century, some began to argue that priests were unnecessary for salvation John Wycliffe and the Lollards in England Jan Hus and the Hussites in Bohemia Huldrych Zwingli in Geneva Also argued that access to the bible in the vernacular was necessary Catholic Church Corruption ● Sale of indulgences - granted a person absolution from the punishment of sin ● Simony - the selling of church offices • Extravagant lives of Church officials • Charging people to see holy relics • Clergy engaging in sexual relations despite taking vows of chastity ● Uneducated Clergy (effect of simony) Printing Presses in 1471 • Printing made books less expensive and more available ● Literacy rate increased ● Written works (and bibles) became available in English, French, Spanish, Italian, or German (vernacular - everyday spoken language) After reading the Bible, people formed new ideas about Christianity (these ideas were different from official Church teachings) Protestant Reformation (1517-1648) • Negan when Martin Luther (1483-1548), a German priest, publicly invited debate about various abuses within the Roman Catholic Church by issuing a document, known as the Ninety-five Theses, nailing it to the door of a church in Wittenberg. ● Martin Luther said that salvation came through faith alone = sola fide Calvinism • John Calvin was an influential French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation Believed in predestination (God had predetermined who would obtain salvation) ● Opposes Lutheranism because God already chose who will be saved Religious & Cultural Tolerance • Mongol rulers offered tax benefits to all religious leaders ● Muslims were brought to China to help with administration % Christians & Jews worked in other posts of the Mongol governments There was A LOT of cultural exchange (most Mongols converted to local religions) ● Also ● The Mongols made an impact by.... Adapting the use of gunpowder, improving it, and spreading its use Spreading the Bubonic Plague (the Black Death) Creating a situation in which new groups could take control of territories after the Mongols retreated (Ottoman Turks and Russia) One last note on the Mongols... The Khanate System was established due to rival factions within the Mongol Empire... ● Kublai was SUPPOSED to be the leader but others sought power. The compromise was to split the empire Topic 2.3: Exchange in the Indian Ocean - 10/17 Indian Ocean Trade Routes ● The sea version of the Silk Roads The largest sea-based system of communication and exchange (until contact with the Americas) Stretched from Eastern Africa to Southern China . • Cheaper to transport goods - cargo ships could carry more than camel caravans Traded mass market goods rather than just luxury goods (Quantity over Quality) Increased Indian Ocean Trade ● Better technology in shipbuilding and oceanic navigation: Lateen sail Stern rudder Astrolabe Magnetic compass Larger ship design (Dhow/Junk) World War I Unit 7: Topic 7.2/7.3 Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Crisis began when Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary announced that he would visit Sarajeva, the capital Bosnia Ferdinand nephew and heir of Austria-Hungarian emperor At the time, Bosnia was under the reluctant rule of Austria-Hungary & was home to many Serbs and Slavs who were angered by Ferdinand's visit. Serbs viewed Austrians as foreign oppressors and wanted self-determination Members of Black Hand (Serbian terrorist group) vowed to take action June 28,1914 Ferdinand and his wife Sophie rode through Sarajevo in an open car and were shot by conspirator Gavrilo Princip - both the duke & his wife died. ● ● Sides All because of the Alliances Allies - Mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan 1917 - US joins on this side Central Powers - Mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Ottoman Empire New War Technology • Airplanes ● Tanks Machine Gun ● Chemical Warfare ● Helmet • Camouflage Submarines Total War The United States • Initially wanted to remain neutral, felt that this was a European problem that we needed to stay out of ● US was "probably" helping the Allies by shipping supplies over • Germany began patrolling the Atlantic in U-Boats to destroy ships that were "supplying the enemy" Golden Age of Islam • Caliphs like al-Rashid and al-Ma'mun directly encouraged a translation movement, a formal translation of scholarly works from Greek into Arabic. Abbasid rulers wanted to make Greek texts, such as Aristotle's works, available to the Arab world. The Abbasids aimed to have philosophy, science, and medicine texts translated. House of Wisdom ● Academic center for research and translation ● Islamic thinkers called Mutazilites ("those who stand apart") started a school inspired to Greek texts • Argued that "reason" not "revelation" was the way to the truth (a very "Greek" idea) • Eventually this trent clashed with religious conservatism Intellectual Wisdom in Dar al-Islam • Using Indian numerical notation, Arab scholars developed algebra ● Built on Greed and Indian practice to create tradition in medicine and pharmacology Arab physicians (like al-Razi and Ibn Sina) diagnosed many diseases like hay fever, measles, smallpox, diphtheria, rabies, and diabetes ● Cataract and hernia operations • Filling teeth with gold to fix cavities These discoveries entered Europe through Spain BIG Cultural Takeaways Scholars in Dar al-Islam translated many Greek classics (such as Aristotle, Plato, etc) in to Arabic. This saved the works from being lost • Muslim scholars studied mathematics (algebra, geometry, calculus, and others). Eventually will make their way to Europe Muslim's were able to figure how the Chinese made paper. This knowledge was then transferred to Europe as well. ● Manages of state enterprises were encouraged to act like private owners (i.e. making their own decisions, seeking profits) China opened itself to the world economy & welcomed foreign investment ("Special Economic Zones" [SEZ]) Outcome of reforms = lots of economic growth - the most rapid and sustained in history!! Didn't deal in trading "countries" more like a network of trade cities strung out around the entire Indian Ocean Arab/Indian dhow vs Chinese Junk ● Dhow: Made for sailing in Indian Ocean, Not made for very long distances Junk: Made with large, flat bottoms to carry lots of tribute gifts and cargo to China (much larger ● Monsoon Winds (Innovation) ● Indian Ocean trade was made possible by monsoon winds The monsoon cycle is a seasonal change in the direction in the direction of the prevailing, or strongest, winds of a region Winds blew from the southwest to the northeast in summer... and from the northeast to the southwest in the winter. ● Understanding the monsoon winds(along with better shipbuilding) = increased trade Diasporic Community • A population that is scattered across regions which are separate from its geographic place or origin • Usually form tight knit communities in the new region ● Effects? • Examples: Jews, African Slaves, Indian Migrant Workers Syncretism in Swahili City-States ● Swahili language is grammatically African with Bantu roots ● Written in Arabic script with Arabic loan words Arab and Indian merchants settled on the coast creating new blended families • Rapidly became Islamic, introduced by Arab traders What states facilitated trade? • Tang and Song dynasties (1618-1279) revived sea trade after the collapse of the Han Dynasty Government (and policies/Grand Canal) provided unity and structure to support trade Chinese innovations like larger ships (junks) and magnetic compass facilitated trade Islam was friendly to merchants (unlike Confucianism) and promoted commercial life Muslim merchants intensified commercial activity in the Indian Ocean • Srivijaya