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Iraq Region had little rain but was fertile because of the many years of deposited silt from the river's flooding. - THE NEW KINGS Vocab Words: Mesopotamia: the first civilization; means land between rivers Irrigation: the supply of water to land or crops to help growth, typically by means of channels Deity: a god or goddess Ziggurat: a rectangular stepped tower, sometimes surmounted by a temple Mesopotamian's used complex systems of irrigation to farm their land Mesopotamia refers to 3 civilizations Assyria, Akkad, and Sumer The kings were responsible for: CITY-STATes By 3000 B.C. several independent city states had popped up Cities are the landmark of civilization These city-states began to spread their influence to surrounding settlements Sumerian cities were surrounded by walls Buildings made of sun dried mud bricks Lack of natural stone or wood Leading Armies Organizing farmers Built Public Works A Empire: supreme political power over several countries when exercised by a single authority Traditional Economy: where traditions, The central building of a city was often a temple dedicated to the chief deity of the city Often denoted as having a ziggurat The belief was that a god or goddess owned the city Temples were the physical, political, social, and economical centers of the city Originally Priests and Priestess ruled the city customs, and beliefs help shape the goods and services the economy produces Cuneiform: wedge-shaped characters used in ancient writing systems of Mesopotamia 2 Power passed from religion to the king Kings were considered divine in origin The king was believed to be an agent of the gods Out of the Mud: The River Valley Civilizations and the Drivers of Humanity SOCIETY AND ECONOMY The sumerian economy was mostly based on farming Traditional Economy: Produces the exact amount a society needs to survive Trade and Industry were also important Traded goods such as fish, barley, wheat, copper, tin, and timber Were excellent at working metal and making pottery Trade was easier with the invention of the wheel in 3000 B.C.E. 3 distinct social classes - Nobles: Royals and Priests Commoners: Farmers, merchants, fishers, and crafts people Slaves: Completed building projects, wove clothes, grinded grain THE FIRST EMPIRE Located to the North of Sumer was the kingdom of Akkad An Akkadian King named Sargon conquered Sumer and established the Akkadian Empire in 2340 B.C.E. An empire is a large political unit, usually controlled by a single ruler that controls multiple people or territories The empire faces constant attacks from hill peoples This caused the empire to crumble In 1792 B.C.E. the king of a city-state called Babylon, named Hammurabi conquered Akkad and Sumer establishing a new empire Hammurabi's successors failed to maintain his empire HammuraBI'S CODE Under Hammurabi a new system of codified laws was created Focused on Eye for an Eye Justice Certain crimes had certain penalties Lower classes received a harsher penalty than higher classes Public officials were held to strict standards If they could not catch a thief they had to replace stolen property Builders were responsible for their constructions Women were given significantly less protections in marriage than men Only men could ask for divorce A woman who humiliated her husband could be drowned InvenTIONS OF THE Sumerians The potter's wheel allowed for shaping pots The sun dial allowed for the telling of time Created the arch 3 Developed systems of mathematics such as basic geometry Charted constellations as a form of early astronomy Writing Created Cuneiform as an early system of writing Created great poems such as The Epic of Gilgamesh Out of the Mud: The River Valley Civilizations and the Drivers of Humanity GeoGraPHY - The Nile is the longest river in the world It spans from the heart of Africa to the Mediterranean - The Nile splits into two major branches The area between the split is the Nile Delta Ancient Egypt The land upstream, to the south is called Upper Egypt This area is called Lower Egypt The major cities formed at the start of the Delta RELIGION Egyptian society relied on the Nile flooding Geographically isolated - Polytheism-Belief in multiple Gods The Gods were split into two kinds Sun Gods The forms of Ra Atum: God of the Afternoon Amun: God of the Air Ra: God of Day Khepri: God of the Morning Sun Khnum: God of the Evening Sun Land and River Gods Religion was a natural part of the world order Had many gods associated with celestial bodies and natural forces Ptah: God of the Forge Anubis: God of the Dead Sekhmet: God of War Bastet: God of Cats Serqet: Goddess of Magic EGYPTIAN HISTORY Vocab Words: Polytheism: the belief in more than one god Dynasty: a line of hereditary rulers of a country Pharaoh: a ruler in ancient Egypt Egyptian History begins in 3100 B.C.E. Bureaucracy: a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than be elected rence representatives Monotheism: the belief that there is only one pod god Isis: Goddess of Good Fortune, The Sea, and Travel Osiris: God of the Dead and the Pharaoh (Afterlife) Seth: God of Evil Horus: God of the Pharaoh (In life) Sobek: God of the Nile 4 Hieroglyphics: enigmatic or incomprehensive symbols or writing Embalming: preserve a corpse from decay, originally with spices The King Menes unified Upper and Lower Egypt Created the First Dynasty Dynasty: a family of rulers who pass along the right to rule Ancient Egyptian History is split into three phases The Old Kingdom The Middle Kingdom The New Kingdom Out of the Mud: The River Valley Civilizations and the Drivers of Humanity THE OLD KINGDOM Began the appearance of Pharaohs Defined by the development of Bureaucracy The construction of the pyramids Tombs for the dead and their possessions *Fun Fact: Wooly mammoths were still around when the pyramids were built The Sphinx was built to protect the sacred sites THE MIDDLE KINGDOM The Old Kingdom collapsed when Royal authority broke down A new Dynasty finally United Egypt and restored power Egypt began to conquer neighbors such as Nubia Sent armies to Palestine and Syria - Began trading with civilizations in Crete, Mesopotamia, Kush, and Syria Pharaohs attempted to help their people THE NEW KINGDOM In 1652 B.C.E., Egypt was conquered by the Hyksos The Hyksos used horse drawn chariots and bronze weapons A new dynasty of Pharaohs learned the technology and defeated the Hyksos Egypt found wealth and military might to become an empire Hatshepsut became the first female Pharaoh Akhenaton changes religion to monotheism and worships the Aten Monotheism: The belief in one god as opposed to many His Son Tutankhamun changes it back Led to Egypt losing its empire Ramses The Great regained it but his descendents could not keep it For the next 1000 years Egypt was ruled by outsiders CULTURE Developed a pictorial writing system called hieroglyphics Hieratic script simplified this Achievements in architecture and sculpture Advanced in mathematics 365 day calendar Mummification Embalming Modern medicine 5 Center of medical knowledge in the ancient world Out of the Mud: The River Valley Civilizations and the Drivers of Humanity Ancient China China is defined by having two major rivers GeoGraPHY The Huang He or the Yellow River in the North The Chang Jiang or the Yangtze River in Central China Most of China consists of mountains making most of the land uninhabitable Chinese Civilization first developed in the north along the Yellow River Oracle Bones Vocab Words: Aristocratic: the highest class in certain societies Veneration: great respect Artisans: a worker skilled making things by hand Millet: a fast-growing cereal plant Patriarchal: a system of society controlled by men SHANG SOCIETY - Confucianism: an ancient chinese belief that focuses on the importance on mortality and personal ethics Doaism: an ancient Chinese belief that Outside invaders made the north dangerous and the area was heavily fortified THE SHANG DYNASTY The beginning of Chinese history starts with the Xia Dynasty Replaced by the Shang Dynasty between 1750-1122 B.C.E. Aristocratic Farming Society focuses on living a simple and balanced life in harmony with nature Impressive cities existed throughout China in this period Established a capital on the northside of the Huang He at Anyang Ruled by a king who led armies Ritual sacrifices taken at his death Legalism: an ancient Chinese belief that promotes the notion of strict law and harsh, collective punishments Allowed for much of this period's history to be chronicled Veneration of Ancestors Practice of paying honor and tribute to ancestors with the hope they will bring good fortune and not evil fortune Excellent use of bronze 6 Bronze items from this time are amongst the most admired of chinese art THE ZHOU DYNASTY According to legend the last Shang ruler was a wicked tyrant that ruined the moral of the nation The Shang dynasty was overthrown by the Zhou Dynasty The Zhou kept the same political system as the Shang They added the Mandate of Heaven The divine right to rule China Ruler expected to follow the way or Dao Out of the Mud: The River Valley Civilizations and the Drivers of Humanity ZHOU SOCIETY The economic and social life of China began to take shape during this period - Peasants worked on their Lord's land but also had land of their own Merchants and Artisans appeared in cities Merchants were considered the property of their lord Began using irrigation to grow rice and millet instead of reliance on rain - Far reaching silk trade network Chinese silks have been found in Ancient Athens Patriarchal family structure Women had influence in the royal court The Chinese written language was developed during this period THE FALL OF THE ZHOU DYNASTY Later Zhou rulers declined intellectually and morally The kingdom was divided into smaller states Civil War broke out in 403 B.C.E. This became known as the Warring States Period The Country would be reunified in 221 B.C.E. by the Qin Dynasty CHInese PHILOSOPHIES Legend Daoism-based on the teachings of Laozi The Warring States of China c. 260 BCE Yong Qin Nanzheng Capital Area B Legalism belief in the rule of law Xianyang Humans should work hard to make the world better Above all rulers should be just Not interested in spiritual The best was to improve the world is to live spontaneously Zhao Wei Any Han Handan Pingo Lor Wel Danyang Confucianism-based on the teachings of Confucius Confucius was disgusted by the chaos of the era in which he lived Attempted to restore order to the society Confucianism Similar to Confucianism because it tries to focus on human action as opposed to spiritual Daoism Datang Chen 7 Yan Humans are naturally evil Required strict laws and harsh punishments Believed a strong leader was required for an orderly society Fear would quell the natural evilness of humans The ruler was not required to be nice to the people Qi Chu houchun Gulf of Jili o Linzi Out of the Mud: The River Valley Civilizations and the Drivers of Humanity Yellow Sea ✓ Arabian sea O Muntal city border mountain Delhi Kolkata A Bay of Bengal INDIA Ancient India GeoGraPHY India rests on a triangular shaped peninsula at the southern coast of Asia Called a subcontinent because it is geographically isolated from the rest of Asia by the Himalayas India has two major river valleys The Indus The Ganges - Monsoons Heavy Rainstorms Provide much needed water for crops INDIA'S FIRST CIVILIZATION The Harappans were the first to establish civilization in india Completely different from traditional Indian civilization Cities of between 30,000 and 40,000 inhabitants Had a intricate city planning strategy Buildings made of mud bricks Had an intricate sewage system Ruled by a king who led through having a divine right Traded with Mesopotamia using ships through the Persian Gulf THE Aryans INVADE 8 The Indus River Valley civilization was crippled by natural disasters, climate changes. And a change in the course of the Indus River The crippled society was finished off by Aryans around 1500 B.C.E. They conquered the weakened Harappans Indo-European in origin Seem to have originated in Turkey Nomadic people The Aryans spread their control through all of India over time SOCIETY IN ANCIENT INDIA The Aryans had been pastoralists before arriving in India Once in India they became farmers They used iron tools and weapons Used this and irrigation tools to turn the dense jungle into farmland Grew wheat, millet, barley, rice, grain, and vegetables Alongside Cotton and spices In 1000 B.C.E. they created Sanskrit Between 1500 - 400 B.C.E. India was made up of warring Kingdoms ruled by Rajas (Princes) Out of the Mud: The River Valley Civilizations and the Drivers of Humanity The Caste System Brahmans: Priestly class Kshatriyas: Warriors Vaisyas: Commoners Sudras: darker skinned population Untouchables: lowest of low India was a very patriarchal society Women had very few rights - HINDUISM Came from the religion of the Aryans - Vocab Words: Monsoon: a seasonal change in the direction of the prevailing, or strongest, winds of a region Nomadic: wandering without a fixed habitation Pastoralists: nomadic people that move with their herds Sanskrit: an ancient Indo-European language of India Caste System: divides the Indian society into sectarian groups and classes Reincarnation: a particular soul is believed to have been reborn BUDDHISM Hinduism: a major religious and cultural tradition of South Asia Nirvana: a state of perfect happiness; an ideal or idyllic place Enlightenment: to get spiritual knowledge or insight Evidence found in the vedas, collections of hymns, and religious ceremonies Early Hindus focused on the Brahman that was the ultimate form of reality By 600 B.C.E. reincarnation had become part of Hinduism Karma is ruled by divine law or Dharma All people must do their duty which is based on the caste Yoga was developed to achieve oneness with god Polytheirstic religion 9 Siddhartha Gautama was an Indian Prince who suddenly became aware of the suffering of the world Began the practice of meditation where he reached enlightenment The Buddha denied the existence of the material world Suffering is caused by earthly attachments The goal is to reach wisdom and reach Nirvana Four Noble Truths Ordinary life is full of suffering The suffering is caused by our desire to satisfy ourselves To end suffering id to end desires for selfish goals The way to end desire is to follow the middle path Accepted some parts of Hinduism such as reincarnation Rejected the caste system Invented in India but becomes more influential in East and Southeast Asia Out of the Mud: The River Valley Civilizations and the Drivers of Humanity