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Cross-cultural interactions profoundly shaped global trade, technology diffusion, and maritime exploration from 1450-1750 CE. Maritime empires like Portugal pioneered oceanic trade routes, while European colonization of the Americas led to devastating consequences for indigenous peoples. Key developments included:
• Advances in naval technology like caravels and navigational tools
• Portuguese domination of Indian Ocean trade networks
• Spanish and Portuguese colonization of the Americas
• Establishment of plantation economies and the Atlantic slave trade
• Indigenous resistance movements against European colonizers