The absolute value function represents a fundamental concept in mathematics, defined as the distance of a number from zero on a number line. When graphing the absolute value parent function f$x$ = |x|, several key properties emerge that form the foundation for understanding more complex transformations.

Definition: The absolute value of a number represents its positive distance from zero, regardless of whether the original number was positive or negative.

The parent function f$x$ = |x| has distinct characteristics that make it recognizable. Its domain includes all real numbers $-∞, ∞$, while the range spans from zero to positive infinity [0, ∞). The vertex, positioned at $0,0$, serves as a crucial point where the function changes direction. The graph exhibits symmetry around the y-axis $x=0$, creating a distinctive V-shape.

Highlight: Key features of the absolute value parent function:

• Domain: All real numbers
• Range: [0, ∞)
• Vertex: $0,0$
• Axis of Symmetry: x=0

Understanding intervals of increase and decrease helps analyze the function's behavior. For x-values greater than zero $0,∞$, the function increases with a positive slope. Conversely, for x-values less than zero $-∞,0$, the function decreases with a negative slope. This creates the characteristic V-shape of the absolute value graph.

When working with absolute value transformations, the general form g$x$ = A|x-C| + D introduces multiple ways to manipulate the parent function. Each component serves a specific purpose in transforming the graph:

Vocabulary:

• A: Vertical stretch/compression and reflection
• C: Horizontal shift
• D: Vertical shift

The transformation process follows specific rules that affect the graph's appearance. The vertex shifts from the origin to point $C,D$, while the value of A determines whether the V-shape opens upward or downward and how wide or narrow it becomes.

Example: For the function g$x$ = -2|x+3| + 1

• The negative coefficient $-2$ reflects the graph over the x-axis
• The +3 inside the absolute value shifts left 3 units
• The +1 outside shifts up 1 unit

When graphing transformed absolute value functions, two primary methods exist: using transformation rules or plotting points. The transformation method involves applying shifts, stretches, and reflections to the parent function's key points $0,0$, $1,1$, and $-1,1$.

Solving absolute value equations requires understanding that the absolute value represents distance. This concept leads to two possible solutions since a number can be either positive or negative and still have the same absolute value.

Definition: When solving |x| = a $where a ≥ 0$, the solution is x = ±a, representing two numbers with the same distance from zero.

The process for solving absolute value equations follows these steps:

1. Isolate the absolute value expression
2. Consider both positive and negative cases
3. Solve each case separately
4. Check solutions for extraneous values

Example: Solving |2x+4| = 6

• Positive case: 2x+4 = 6
• Negative case: -$2x+4$ = 6
• Solutions: x = 1 or x = -5

Working with absolute value equations with extraneous solutions requires careful attention to detail and thorough solution checking. Extraneous solutions can occur when variables appear outside the absolute value expression or when equations involve multiple absolute value terms.

Highlight: Common scenarios that may produce extraneous solutions:

• Variables outside absolute value bars
• Multiple absolute value expressions
• Rational equations involving absolute values

The process of solving complex absolute value equations involves:

1. Isolating absolute value expressions
2. Setting up positive and negative cases
3. Solving resulting equations
4. Checking all solutions in the original equation
5. Eliminating extraneous solutions

Understanding domain restrictions becomes crucial when working with absolute value inequalities and compound absolute value expressions. These concepts build upon basic absolute value properties while introducing additional complexity in solution methods and interpretation.

When working with absolute value equations, it's crucial to understand that absolute value represents the distance from zero on a number line. The absolute value parent function has distinct properties that make it unique among mathematical functions. The basic form |x| produces a V-shaped graph that opens upward, with its vertex at the origin.

Definition: An absolute value equation contains a variable or expression inside absolute value symbols, such as |x + 2| = 5.

Working with absolute value transformations requires careful attention to detail. When solving these equations, we must consider two cases: positive and negative. For example, if |x + 9| = 13, we solve both x + 9 = 13 and -$x + 9$ = 13. This approach ensures we find all possible solutions since absolute value can represent both positive and negative distances.

The properties of absolute value parent function graph include symmetry around the y-axis and a sharp corner at the vertex. Understanding these properties is essential for graphing more complex absolute value functions and solving related equations.

Solving absolute value inequalities involves different techniques depending on whether the inequality symbol is greater than or less than. These problems often require creating compound inequalities and considering multiple solution sets.

Highlight: When solving |ax + b| > c, the solution is an OR statement: ax + b > c OR ax + b < -c

For inequalities like |x - 3| ≤ 4, we create a compound inequality: -4 ≤ x - 3 ≤ 4. This translates to finding values within 4 units of 3 on the number line. The absolute value function graph calculator can help visualize these solutions.

Understanding extraneous solutions is crucial when working with absolute value equations and inequalities. Some apparent solutions may not satisfy the original equation due to the nature of absolute value.

Special cases in absolute value equations include situations where no solutions exist, such as |x| = -6. Since absolute value is always non-negative, equations setting absolute value equal to a negative number have no solution.

Example: |x| = |x| is an equation that has all real numbers as solutions because the absolute value of any number equals itself when compared to its own absolute value.

The absolute value function examples with answers demonstrate practical applications in real-world scenarios, such as measuring margins of error or determining acceptable ranges in quality control.

Complex absolute value problems often involve multiple steps and require careful attention to algebraic manipulation. When working with expressions like |4x - 8| > 12, it's essential to isolate the absolute value expression first.

Vocabulary: Union notation $∪$ is used to express solution sets that include multiple intervals, such as $-∞, -1$ ∪ $5, ∞$.

The transformation of absolute value functions includes vertical and horizontal shifts, stretches, and compressions. These transformations affect the graph's position, width, and orientation while maintaining its characteristic V-shape. Understanding these transformations is crucial for analyzing more complex absolute value functions and their applications in real-world scenarios.

Understanding how to solve absolute value equations and inequalities is crucial for success in algebra. When working with absolute value expressions, we must consider both positive and negative solutions since absolute value represents distance from zero on a number line.

Definition: An absolute value equation contains expressions within vertical bars, like |x - 5| = 3, meaning the distance between x-5 and 0 equals 3 units.

When solving absolute value equations, we create two separate equations - one positive and one negative. For example, with |x - 5| = 3, we write: x - 5 = 3 OR x - 5 = -3 This gives us x = 8 or x = 2 as solutions. Always check solutions by plugging them back into the original equation to avoid extraneous solutions.

The absolute value parent function f$x$ = |x| forms a distinctive V-shaped graph with its vertex at the origin. Understanding transformations of this parent function helps visualize more complex absolute value expressions. Horizontal shifts move the vertex left or right, while vertical shifts move the entire graph up or down.

Example: For f$x$ = |x - 2| + 3

• Horizontal shift 2 units right
• Vertical shift 3 units up
• Vertex at $2,3$

Graphing absolute value transformations requires careful attention to how each term affects the parent function. The general form a|x - h| + k involves:

• a: affects steepness and reflection
• h: horizontal shift
• k: vertical shift

Highlight: When graphing transformed absolute value functions:

1. Identify the vertex
2. Plot points on either side
3. Connect with straight lines forming a V-shape
4. Verify domain and range

Real-world applications of absolute value include measuring margins of error, calculating distances, and analyzing tolerances in manufacturing. For instance, if a machine part must be 10 inches ±0.5 inches, we write |x - 10| ≤ 0.5, where x represents the actual measurement.

Working with absolute value inequalities follows similar principles but requires careful attention to solution notation. When solving |x| < a, the solution is $-a, a$. For |x| > a, the solution is $-∞, -a$ ∪ $a, ∞$. These intervals represent all points within or outside a certain distance from zero.

Vocabulary: Union $∪$ represents combining solution sets, while intersection $∩$ represents where solution sets overlap.