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kendall :)
2/12/2023
AP Biology
2.2 Cell Structure and Function
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Feb 12, 2023
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AP Bio Unit 2: Cell Structure and Function - Notes, Quizlet, Cheat Sheet & More
Nucleus and Mitochondria
The nucleus is a defining feature of eukaryotic cells, housing the cell's genetic material and controlling cellular activities.
Definition: The nuclear membrane, also known as the nuclear envelope, is a double membrane structure that surrounds and protects the nucleus.
The nuclear envelope contains nuclear pores, which regulate the passage of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. This selective transport is crucial for gene expression and cellular regulation.
Highlight: The nuclear lamina, a mesh-like structure beneath the inner nuclear membrane, provides structural support and aids in organizing chromatin.
Mitochondria, often called the powerhouses of the cell, are essential for energy production through cellular respiration.
Vocabulary: Cristae are the folded inner membranes of mitochondria that increase the surface area for energy production.
The unique structure of mitochondria, with their outer and inner membranes, allows for the efficient generation of ATP through the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation.
Example: A single liver cell can contain up to 2000 mitochondria, highlighting the importance of these organelles in energy-intensive tissues.
Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, and Lysosomes
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of membrane-bound sacs that extends throughout the cytoplasm. There are two types of ER: rough and smooth.
Definition: Rough endoplasmic reticulum function includes protein synthesis and transport, while smooth endoplasmic reticulum function involves lipid synthesis and detoxification.
The rough ER is studded with ribosomes, giving it its characteristic appearance and enabling it to synthesize proteins for secretion or insertion into membranes.
Highlight: The smooth endoplasmic reticulum function and types include synthesizing lipids, storing calcium ions, and detoxifying drugs and harmful substances.
The Golgi apparatus, a series of stacked, flattened membranes, works in conjunction with the ER to modify, sort, and package cellular products.
Example: The Golgi apparatus adds sugar molecules to proteins, creating glycoproteins that are essential for cell-cell recognition and other cellular processes.
Lysosomes are small, spherical organelles filled with hydrolytic enzymes that break down cellular waste and unwanted materials.
Vocabulary: Hydrolytic enzymes are capable of breaking down various biological molecules through hydrolysis reactions.
Lysosomes play a crucial role in cellular digestion, recycling of cellular components, and even programmed cell death (apoptosis).
Quote: "Lysosomes are often referred to as the cell's 'recycling center' due to their ability to break down and reuse cellular materials."
Understanding these cellular structures and their functions is essential for mastering the AP Biology cell structure and function unit and preparing for the AP biology exam. Students can use resources like AP biology cell structure and function quizlet or an AP Bio Unit 2 study guide to reinforce their knowledge and practice applying these concepts.
Cell Membrane and Cytoskeleton
The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, is a crucial component of cellular structure. It acts as a selective barrier between the cell's internal environment and the external world.
Definition: The cell membrane is a thin, semi-permeable barrier composed of a phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the cell.
The membrane's structure allows for selective permeability, controlling which substances can enter or exit the cell. This selectivity is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and proper functioning.
Highlight: The phospholipid bilayer consists of hydrophilic heads facing outwards and hydrophobic tails facing inwards, giving the membrane its unique properties.
The cytoskeleton is an internal network of protein fibers that provides structural support and aids in various cellular processes.
Vocabulary: The cytoskeleton is composed of three types of fibers: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
These fibers work together to maintain cell shape, facilitate cell division, and enable cellular movement. The cytoskeleton's dynamic nature allows cells to adapt to changing environmental conditions and perform complex functions.
Example: During cell division, the cytoskeleton plays a crucial role in separating chromosomes and forming the cleavage furrow that ultimately divides the cell into two daughter cells.
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Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
AP Bio Unit 2: Cell Structure and Function - Notes, Quizlet, Cheat Sheet & More
The AP Biology cell structure and functionunit covers essential components of eukaryotic cells, their structures, and functions. This comprehensive overview explores key organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum, as well as the cell membrane and cytoskeleton. Students... Show more
Nucleus and Mitochondria
The nucleus is a defining feature of eukaryotic cells, housing the cell's genetic material and controlling cellular activities.
Definition: The nuclear membrane, also known as the nuclear envelope, is a double membrane structure that surrounds and protects the nucleus.
The nuclear envelope contains nuclear pores, which regulate the passage of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. This selective transport is crucial for gene expression and cellular regulation.
Highlight: The nuclear lamina, a mesh-like structure beneath the inner nuclear membrane, provides structural support and aids in organizing chromatin.
Mitochondria, often called the powerhouses of the cell, are essential for energy production through cellular respiration.
Vocabulary: Cristae are the folded inner membranes of mitochondria that increase the surface area for energy production.
The unique structure of mitochondria, with their outer and inner membranes, allows for the efficient generation of ATP through the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation.
Example: A single liver cell can contain up to 2000 mitochondria, highlighting the importance of these organelles in energy-intensive tissues.
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Improve your grades
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Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, and Lysosomes
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of membrane-bound sacs that extends throughout the cytoplasm. There are two types of ER: rough and smooth.
Definition: Rough endoplasmic reticulum function includes protein synthesis and transport, while smooth endoplasmic reticulum function involves lipid synthesis and detoxification.
The rough ER is studded with ribosomes, giving it its characteristic appearance and enabling it to synthesize proteins for secretion or insertion into membranes.
Highlight: The smooth endoplasmic reticulum function and types include synthesizing lipids, storing calcium ions, and detoxifying drugs and harmful substances.
The Golgi apparatus, a series of stacked, flattened membranes, works in conjunction with the ER to modify, sort, and package cellular products.
Example: The Golgi apparatus adds sugar molecules to proteins, creating glycoproteins that are essential for cell-cell recognition and other cellular processes.
Lysosomes are small, spherical organelles filled with hydrolytic enzymes that break down cellular waste and unwanted materials.
Vocabulary: Hydrolytic enzymes are capable of breaking down various biological molecules through hydrolysis reactions.
Lysosomes play a crucial role in cellular digestion, recycling of cellular components, and even programmed cell death (apoptosis).
Quote: "Lysosomes are often referred to as the cell's 'recycling center' due to their ability to break down and reuse cellular materials."
Understanding these cellular structures and their functions is essential for mastering the AP Biology cell structure and function unit and preparing for the AP biology exam. Students can use resources like AP biology cell structure and function quizlet or an AP Bio Unit 2 study guide to reinforce their knowledge and practice applying these concepts.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Cell Membrane and Cytoskeleton
The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, is a crucial component of cellular structure. It acts as a selective barrier between the cell's internal environment and the external world.
Definition: The cell membrane is a thin, semi-permeable barrier composed of a phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the cell.
The membrane's structure allows for selective permeability, controlling which substances can enter or exit the cell. This selectivity is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and proper functioning.
Highlight: The phospholipid bilayer consists of hydrophilic heads facing outwards and hydrophobic tails facing inwards, giving the membrane its unique properties.
The cytoskeleton is an internal network of protein fibers that provides structural support and aids in various cellular processes.
Vocabulary: The cytoskeleton is composed of three types of fibers: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
These fibers work together to maintain cell shape, facilitate cell division, and enable cellular movement. The cytoskeleton's dynamic nature allows cells to adapt to changing environmental conditions and perform complex functions.
Example: During cell division, the cytoskeleton plays a crucial role in separating chromosomes and forming the cleavage furrow that ultimately divides the cell into two daughter cells.
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.9/5
App Store
4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user