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How Our Bodies Use Energy: Metabolic Magic and Enzymes

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Taylor Kinder

11/8/2023

AP Biology

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How Our Bodies Use Energy: Metabolic Magic and Enzymes

Metabolic Pathways and Energy Transformation in living systems involve complex chemical reactions that maintain life through carefully regulated processes. The interplay between Gibbs Free Energy equation for spontaneous reactions and the role of enzymes in metabolism and reaction rates forms the foundation of cellular energetics.

  • Metabolism encompasses both anabolic (building) and catabolic (breaking down) pathways
  • Thermodynamic principles govern energy transformations in biological systems
  • ATP serves as the universal energy currency in cells
  • Enzymes are crucial catalysts that lower activation energy and control metabolic processes
  • Regulatory mechanisms ensure precise control of metabolic pathways
...

11/8/2023

59

Etabolismy metabolism 'emergent •due to all chemical recations metabolic pathways -convert reactant into products through series of enz-cata

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Page 2: Gibbs Free Energy and Cellular Work

This page explores the concept of Gibbs Free Energy and its application to biological systems. The equation ΔG = ΔH - TΔS helps determine whether reactions will occur spontaneously and how much energy is available for cellular work.

Definition: Gibbs Free Energy GG represents the energy available to do useful work in a system.

Highlight: Reactions with negative ΔG are spontaneous exergonicexergonic, while those with positive ΔG require energy input endergonicendergonic.

Example: Cellular work includes chemical reactions, transport across membranes, and mechanical movements.

Etabolismy metabolism 'emergent •due to all chemical recations metabolic pathways -convert reactant into products through series of enz-cata

View

Page 3: ATP and Energy Coupling

The third page details ATP's role as an energy coupler and the process of phosphorylation in cellular energy transfer. ATP hydrolysis powers endergonic reactions through energy coupling.

Vocabulary: Phosphorylation is the process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule.

Definition: Energy coupling occurs when an exergonic reaction powers an endergonic reaction through ATP.

Highlight: ATP regeneration is crucial for maintaining cellular energy balance and is powered by cellular respiration.

Etabolismy metabolism 'emergent •due to all chemical recations metabolic pathways -convert reactant into products through series of enz-cata

View

Page 4: Enzyme Structure and Function

The final page examines enzyme structure, function, and regulation in metabolic processes. Enzymes work through specific mechanisms and are subject to various regulatory controls.

Definition: The active site is the specific region of an enzyme where substrate binding occurs.

Example: Competitive inhibitors block the active site, while non-competitive inhibitors bind elsewhere to change enzyme shape.

Highlight: Allosteric regulation allows for feedback inhibition and precise control of enzyme activity.

Vocabulary: Induced fit describes how enzyme and substrate shapes change upon binding to enhance catalysis.

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Overview

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AP Biology

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59

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Nov 8, 2023

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4 pages

How Our Bodies Use Energy: Metabolic Magic and Enzymes

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Taylor Kinder

@taylorkinder_jvlp

Metabolic Pathways and Energy Transformation in living systems involve complex chemical reactions that maintain life through carefully regulated processes. The interplay between Gibbs Free Energy equation for spontaneous reactions and the role of enzymes in metabolism and reaction ratesforms... Show more

Etabolismy metabolism 'emergent •due to all chemical recations metabolic pathways -convert reactant into products through series of enz-cata

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Page 2: Gibbs Free Energy and Cellular Work

This page explores the concept of Gibbs Free Energy and its application to biological systems. The equation ΔG = ΔH - TΔS helps determine whether reactions will occur spontaneously and how much energy is available for cellular work.

Definition: Gibbs Free Energy GG represents the energy available to do useful work in a system.

Highlight: Reactions with negative ΔG are spontaneous exergonicexergonic, while those with positive ΔG require energy input endergonicendergonic.

Example: Cellular work includes chemical reactions, transport across membranes, and mechanical movements.

Etabolismy metabolism 'emergent •due to all chemical recations metabolic pathways -convert reactant into products through series of enz-cata

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Page 3: ATP and Energy Coupling

The third page details ATP's role as an energy coupler and the process of phosphorylation in cellular energy transfer. ATP hydrolysis powers endergonic reactions through energy coupling.

Vocabulary: Phosphorylation is the process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule.

Definition: Energy coupling occurs when an exergonic reaction powers an endergonic reaction through ATP.

Highlight: ATP regeneration is crucial for maintaining cellular energy balance and is powered by cellular respiration.

Etabolismy metabolism 'emergent •due to all chemical recations metabolic pathways -convert reactant into products through series of enz-cata

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Page 4: Enzyme Structure and Function

The final page examines enzyme structure, function, and regulation in metabolic processes. Enzymes work through specific mechanisms and are subject to various regulatory controls.

Definition: The active site is the specific region of an enzyme where substrate binding occurs.

Example: Competitive inhibitors block the active site, while non-competitive inhibitors bind elsewhere to change enzyme shape.

Highlight: Allosteric regulation allows for feedback inhibition and precise control of enzyme activity.

Vocabulary: Induced fit describes how enzyme and substrate shapes change upon binding to enhance catalysis.

Etabolismy metabolism 'emergent •due to all chemical recations metabolic pathways -convert reactant into products through series of enz-cata

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Page 1: Fundamentals of Metabolism and Thermodynamics

The first page introduces core concepts of metabolism and thermodynamics in biological systems. Metabolic pathways consist of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that either build up anabolicanabolic or break down cataboliccatabolic molecules. Energy transformations follow fundamental thermodynamic laws within open biological systems.

Definition: Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions occurring in living organisms.

Vocabulary: Anabolic pathways form bonds and build molecules, while catabolic pathways break bonds and break down molecules.

Highlight: The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

Example: Energy exists in different forms, including kinetic motion,heat,lightmotion, heat, light and potential storedinchemicalbondsstored in chemical bonds.

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This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

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Anna

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I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️

Thomas R

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Brad T

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David K

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The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

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Greenlight Bonnie

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I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend

Aubrey

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Marco B

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THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

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This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!

Paul T

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