Biology
Chemistry
AP Chemistry
English
AP English Literature
AP Biology
Dec 13, 2025
138
2 pages
Madisen Lieberman @madisenlieberman_lqja
Dive into the fascinating world of enzymes, cellular energy, and biochemical processes that power life! This summary covers... Show more
Enzymes are protein macromolecules that speed up biochemical reactions by lowering activation energy. Their specific tertiary structure creates an active site where the substrate binds. This structure must be maintained for the enzyme to function properly.
Each enzyme is highly specific, facilitating only one type of reaction. Enzymes can catalyze both synthesis and digestion reactions, and they're reusable—not consumed during the reaction. The substrate must be compatible with the enzyme's active site for a reaction to occur.
Environmental factors greatly impact enzyme function. Changes in temperature or pH can cause denaturation—the loss of an enzyme's 3D structure. While increasing temperature initially speeds up reaction rates, continued increases eventually cause denaturation. Reaction rates are also affected by substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, and inhibitors that can bind either at the active site (competitive) or elsewhere (noncompetitive).
Quick Tip Think of enzymes as specialized keys that fit only one lock (substrate). If the key gets bent (denatured), it no longer works!
All living systems require constant energy input, ultimately from the sun. Life maintains order through energy coupling—linking exergonic and endergonic reactions in sequential pathways for efficient energy transfer.
Photosynthesis transforms sunlight energy into sugar. Light-dependent reactions occur when chlorophylls absorb light energy, exciting electrons that establish a proton gradient. This process splits water (producing oxygen), forms ATP through ATP synthase, and reduces NADP+ to NADPH.
The Calvin cycle uses the ATP and NADPH from light-dependent reactions along with CO₂ to create organic products. A key enzyme called RuBisCO fixes carbon dioxide during this process, creating the sugars that fuel nearly all life on Earth.
Cellular respiration allows organisms to extract energy stored in macromolecules like glucose. This process involves multiple metabolic pathways glycolysis in the cytoplasm, followed by pyruvate oxidation, the Krebs cycle, and electron transport—all occurring in the mitochondria.
The electron transport chain (ETC) is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and couples reactions to improve efficiency. It accepts high-energy electrons from carriers like NADH and FADH₂, using their energy to pump protons across the membrane. This creates a proton gradient that powers ATP synthesis through ATP synthase—a process called oxidative phosphorylation.
Glycolysis splits glucose into pyruvate while producing some ATP and NADH. The pyruvate is then actively transported into mitochondria, where the Krebs cycle extracts more electrons and transfers them to NADH and FADH₂. When oxygen isn't available, cells can use fermentation to regenerate NAD+ and allow glycolysis to continue, producing either ethanol or lactic acid.
Remember This Your cells are constantly performing these energy transformations—every breath you take delivers oxygen to keep your cellular respiration running!
Variation at cellular and molecular levels increases fitness—an organism's ability to survive and reproduce. The diversity in types of molecules within cells contributes to both individual and species fitness.
This molecular variation allows organisms to adapt to changing environments, making biological diversity essential for survival. Your understanding of these cellular processes helps explain why life's incredible diversity exists at every level, from molecules to ecosystems.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
7
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
AP Bio Notes
AP BiologyBiomolecules
AP BiologyEnzymes
AP Biologya complete overview of ap bio unit 3 based off the ap daily videos
AP BiologyReviews lysosomes for AP Biology
AP BiologyReviews the digestive system for AP Biology
AP BiologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Madisen Lieberman
@madisenlieberman_lqja
Dive into the fascinating world of enzymes, cellular energy, and biochemical processes that power life! This summary covers how enzymes catalyze reactions, the energy transformation pathways in photosynthesis and cellular respiration, and how these processes contribute to biological fitness.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Enzymes are protein macromolecules that speed up biochemical reactions by lowering activation energy. Their specific tertiary structure creates an active site where the substrate binds. This structure must be maintained for the enzyme to function properly.
Each enzyme is highly specific, facilitating only one type of reaction. Enzymes can catalyze both synthesis and digestion reactions, and they're reusable—not consumed during the reaction. The substrate must be compatible with the enzyme's active site for a reaction to occur.
Environmental factors greatly impact enzyme function. Changes in temperature or pH can cause denaturation—the loss of an enzyme's 3D structure. While increasing temperature initially speeds up reaction rates, continued increases eventually cause denaturation. Reaction rates are also affected by substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, and inhibitors that can bind either at the active site (competitive) or elsewhere (noncompetitive).
Quick Tip: Think of enzymes as specialized keys that fit only one lock (substrate). If the key gets bent (denatured), it no longer works!
All living systems require constant energy input, ultimately from the sun. Life maintains order through energy coupling—linking exergonic and endergonic reactions in sequential pathways for efficient energy transfer.
Photosynthesis transforms sunlight energy into sugar. Light-dependent reactions occur when chlorophylls absorb light energy, exciting electrons that establish a proton gradient. This process splits water (producing oxygen), forms ATP through ATP synthase, and reduces NADP+ to NADPH.
The Calvin cycle uses the ATP and NADPH from light-dependent reactions along with CO₂ to create organic products. A key enzyme called RuBisCO fixes carbon dioxide during this process, creating the sugars that fuel nearly all life on Earth.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Cellular respiration allows organisms to extract energy stored in macromolecules like glucose. This process involves multiple metabolic pathways: glycolysis in the cytoplasm, followed by pyruvate oxidation, the Krebs cycle, and electron transport—all occurring in the mitochondria.
The electron transport chain (ETC) is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and couples reactions to improve efficiency. It accepts high-energy electrons from carriers like NADH and FADH₂, using their energy to pump protons across the membrane. This creates a proton gradient that powers ATP synthesis through ATP synthase—a process called oxidative phosphorylation.
Glycolysis splits glucose into pyruvate while producing some ATP and NADH. The pyruvate is then actively transported into mitochondria, where the Krebs cycle extracts more electrons and transfers them to NADH and FADH₂. When oxygen isn't available, cells can use fermentation to regenerate NAD+ and allow glycolysis to continue, producing either ethanol or lactic acid.
Remember This: Your cells are constantly performing these energy transformations—every breath you take delivers oxygen to keep your cellular respiration running!
Variation at cellular and molecular levels increases fitness—an organism's ability to survive and reproduce. The diversity in types of molecules within cells contributes to both individual and species fitness.
This molecular variation allows organisms to adapt to changing environments, making biological diversity essential for survival. Your understanding of these cellular processes helps explain why life's incredible diversity exists at every level, from molecules to ecosystems.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
7
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
AP Bio Notes
AP BiologyBiomolecules
AP BiologyEnzymes
AP Biologya complete overview of ap bio unit 3 based off the ap daily videos
AP BiologyReviews lysosomes for AP Biology
AP BiologyReviews the digestive system for AP Biology
AP BiologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Algebra
Calculus 1
Algebra 1
Overige