Name: Knowunity
Brand: Knowunity


## Did you hear about the Elections in Europe? 

Since last European Elections that took place between June 6 - June 9 2024, people have lots of questions about how it actually works and what is the impact of this election. 

## What does "European Elections" mean?
Citizens of European Union vote to choose the people who will represent them in the European Parliament. The election that is held for this process is called "[European Elections](https://elections.europa.eu/en/how-elections-work/1/)" and the elected representatives are called MEPs which is short for Members of the European Parliament. 

European Elections take place every 5 years and voters select over 700 MEPs representing over 450 Million European citizens.

EU citizens can vote either in their home country, or the European Union country that they currently reside in. 

## Cool, but what is the European Parliament?

[European Parliament](https://elections.europa.eu/en/how-elections-work/2/), separate from each EU country's individual parliament, decides on the matters that concern the whole European Union and shapes laws that are enforced within the European Union. For example, European Parliament decides what to spend the EU budget on, which means they allocate and oversee projects across European Union to build the future of EU.

## Okay, and what's next after the elections?

Now that the MEPs are elected, [in the next steps next](https://elections.europa.eu/en/how-elections-work/12/) they need to form their political groups and elect President of the European Commission and review the entire College of Commissioners.

## Wait, we were talking about the "European Parliament". There is also a European Commission now? 

Before I answer that, let me introduce a third concept too while we're at it: the Council. [The European Cauncil](https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/european-council/) defines EUs political priorities and draws a general direction. The members of this council are leaders from 27 EU countries, the President of EU Council, and President of European Commission.

To answer your question, [European Commission](https://elections.europa.eu/en/how-elections-work/13/) is the executive branch, meaning: they get things done on a day to day basis by proposing and implementing EU law. The European Parliament represents the interest of EU citizens while European Commission stands for the interests of individual countries. 





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The European Parliament, The European Commission and the Council in a nutshell.

European Elections

## “What’s cybersecurity?”
My friend asked me when I showed her my “Cybersecurity for Dummies” textbook. I shrugged my shoulders, mentioning that I was new to this as well. I simply needed a way to kill some time, so I chose a random book from the library. While reading the book, I became interested in cybersecurity. I used the internet a lot, as do my fellow teenagers. As a result, I did my own research about cybersecurity and wanted to educate myself more on this skill. Thanks to this book, I delved into an ever so vital world that remains unknown to our youth. 

Your personal information can’t protect itself. Companies are obligated to shield personal information from strangers online. That is the purpose of cybersecurity. According to the article “What is Cybersecurity?”, “Cybersecurity is the practice of protecting critical systems and sensitive information from digital attacks”(IBM). To protect yourself on the internet, you need to know the basics. 
A rubric used to evaluate security systems is the CIA Triad. CIA stands for Confidentiality, Integrity, and Access. Certain data needs to be held confidentially. If it spreads to the wrong people, then it can, for example, tarnish an organization’s reputation. The “integrity” aspect ensures that the information kept in the system is up to date and accurate. Let’s take a look at Wikipedia. It seems like a credible source, except for the fact that practically any person on the internet has the ability to edit the information in the system. Lastly, access refers to the access to information. Authorized users, or people who are allowed to have the information, should be able to access it. However, unauthorized users shall not be granted permission to access information. Denying access to information is like forgetting your password to your bank account. If you don’t have it, the system will not allow you to view your personal information. These three components make up the CIA Triad. 

## So, how does this apply to me?
On average, Pew Reserach Center has found that “97% of teens say they use the internet daily”(Atske). But, how many know the basic rules of protecting themselves online? I ran a survey on teens in my local community. Each teen was asked one simple question: “What is cybersecurity?” Out of 50 teens, over 35 gave confused looks or shrugged. Less than 75% knew the purpose of cybersecurity. This survey shows the disparity between internet users and those who know the basic ways of internet protection. As our world becomes more technologically dominant, the generations to come need to be cyber-savvy. 

## What kind of attacks exist?
There are many types of cyber attacks. But, some are more well-known than others.
### DoS
DoS, or Denial of Service, occurs when a hacker uses one computer to attack another computer. While doing this, the hacker sends an infinite amount of messages and whatnot to the “victim” (or the target computer). What happens is the victim computer cannot withstand the traffic and crashes. An example of this is when a website is down due to overwhelming activity. In the case of a cyber attack, the hacker is blocking your access to information.

### Ransomware
Ransomware is a type of malware that involves prohibiting a user’s access to information. Malware is basically software that is created to mess with systems. In order to bypass this, the hacker makes a deal with you. If you “pay” the ransom, then you can get your information back. 

###Impersonation
Impersonation as a cyber attack is exactly like real-life impersonation. In this case, a hacker decides put on a digital mask. A hacker can pretend to be a website of some organization, such as Chase or Apple. In addition, a hacker can pretend to be a secure Wi-Fi connection and obtain information from the people that connect to it. Lastly, a hacker can pretend to be a person. You might receive an email from a friend or colleague. When you look at the contact, you don’t sense anything suspicious. The full name, profile picture, and address match. However, the message in the email might be suspicious. Usually, hacked will use impersonation to gain access to PII or some other vital information that they can profit from. Before, you answer an email, or get directed to website, be sure to check the for validity. 

### Phishing
Phishing attempts occur when a hacker tries to frame a credible company/organization by sending messages or emails to their clients. In these messages, hackers ask for personal information such as credit card numbers, passwords, and more. Companies don’t have the rights to ask their clients to give personal information. However, hackers mask themselves as these companies to trick clients. In conclusion, if you receive an email from your boss or your bank asking for personal information, don’t fall for it. Otherwise, you give up your personal info to dangerous hackers online. 

## What are the consequences?
Cyber attacks result in many different consequences. Some examples include, identity theft, PII sales, and piracy.
 
### Identity Theft
If a hacker gains information such as a username, email password, etc, that hacker can pretend to be you. The hacker will use this information to impersonate you and do certain actions that can leave long-lasting effects such as maxing out your credit card, or spamming one of your mutuals on Instagram, which is the last thing you want to happen. 

### Selling PII on the Internet 
Black hat hackers, or hackers with malicious intent, often commit cybercrime for the money. When gaining access to a user’s PII(Personal Identifiable Information), hackers are able to sell that PII for money on the dark web. Unbeknownst to you, your credit card information could be tossed around to random people on the dark web. As a result, it is crucial to be mindful of where you’re entering your PII. 

### Piracy 
We’ve all heard of piracy before. It’s the one word that sticks out on the screen at the movie theater. Piracy refers to spreading content that isn’t yours without the of the owner. This mainly affects big companies such as Universal or Disney. A common example is filming a new movie that has just released and posting the recording on YouTube for free viewing. For movie companies, this is a nightmare. 


## How can I protect myself? 

Cyber threats continue to occur at fast rates. But, there are multiple ways to protect yourself on the internet. One way is to install a VPN. VPN stands for Virtual Private Network. The purpose of installing a VPN is to protect the user’s internet activity. VPNs hide which websites you visit, the information you provide to the websites, and so on. That way, hackers will not have access to your personal information online. 

Another way is to complicate your passwords. I know, an easy password such as your middle name with your birthdate sounds enticing, especially when you need to come up with a password on the spot. However, hackers already know this. If you choose the easy way, you are putting yourself in a vulnerable position. It is simpler  for hackers to guess your password. If you use the same password for multiple accounts, hackers are able to connect these passwords and gain access to all your accounts. To prevent this, cybersecurity professionals recommend making passwords long with random characters and numbers. This way, you can ensure that hackers will have a rougher time guessing your password than before. 

Lastly, a simple way to protect yourself is by paying attention to the website you are visiting. Depending on the organization or intended use of the website, each one has a different domain name. Websites that end in domains edu, gov, or org are generally safe and reliable. Edu standards for education, and is only used for educational institutions. For example, Yale University’s home website is “Yale.edu.” Gov stands for government. U.S Congress’s website is “congress.gov.” Org stands for organization, and is used for websites of various types of organizations such as nonprofits and charity groups. The domain com stands for commercial. 

## SOURCES:

Atske, Sara. “Teens, Social Media and Technology 2022 | Pew Research Center.” Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech, 15 Dec. 2022, [www.pewresearch.org/internet/2022/08/10/teens-social-media-and-technology-2022/#:~:text=Today%2C%2097%25%20of%20teens%20say,15%20who%20said%20the%20same](link).

“What Is Cybersecurity?” IBM, [www.ibm.com/topics/cybersecurity](link). Accessed 16 July 2023.




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Fatima is telling us all about cybersecurity!

CYBERTEEN


## In a nutshell
In today’s modern world of technology, the protection of online privacy and data has turned into a complicated issue and a pressing concern. As technology further advances, pervading every aspect awareness of the many oncoming privacy challenges soon to obstruct the future of the digital world. Many companies and current government officials are hooked to the proposition of grappling towards defending sensitive data in a world where cybersecurity threats become more prevalent. From social media platforms to mobile applications, entities from these various sources seem to collect demographic information and browsing habits which are all quantities of user data. **While data collection poses a purpose such as target advertising, it also poses a way to regard the risks of unsanctioned misuse and access to data.** Furthermore, the concern of data exploitation and cybersecurity attacks along with data breaches underscores the susceptibility of data with hackers constantly attempting to exploit various digital systems to access personal information. The consequences of such attacks are to be worried about in the future – ranging from identity fraud to phishing attacks. However, as the digital world evolves with the advancements of innovative technology, systems will build a progressing and capturing future where protecting online privacy and data turns into a utopia-like world. 


## Emergency Policy Responses:
As protecting online privacy and data becomes an escalating perturb, policymakers must and should aim to enforce and enact laws to prevent the consequences of such actions. Moreover, the enactment of laws should empower individuals with greater power and control of their privacy and data. Examples such as the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) put in place the requirements for user transparency and the fundamental right to protection from cybersecurity attacks. Legislative initiatives continue to grapple with organizations and provide individuals with the basic mechanics to be able to exercise their rights to privacy. Additionally, regulatory organizations such as the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) commit the position of a crucial role in enhancing and enforcing laws to investigate the violations established within the guidelines of the organization. Therefore, global cooperation can lead to collaborations that solve global attacks and conflicts that can safeguard privacy challenges as a result.

## The Technological Answer:
Technological Innovations are essential to safeguard an individual’s protection of their privacy and data alongside the assistance of many legal and regulatory agencies. However, encryption allows the ability of a secure transmission to the storage of sensitive information by encoding data as a result being accessible only to authoritative parties. Multi-factor and biometric authentication allows to enhance and bolster online account security and foils unauthorized access. Tools that allow for malware detection and the detection of phishing attacks should be more recognizable and increase awareness for individuals to prompt them to empower their right to protection against cybersecurity threats. Therefore, by uplifting these solutions to the modern world, the future of the digital world has much to be expected and excited about with the benefit of such resources against cybersecurity attacks.


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Gavin tells us the importance of privacy and data protection in an online world.

Protecting Online Privacy and Data: The Future Of The Digital World

## WHY AI WON’T CONTROL THE WORLD: A SHORT SYNOPSIS THAT DEBUNKS AI ARMAGEDDON 

OpenAI launched ChatGPT4 on March 23, 2023. This marked the day all human labor was to be challenged. With the advanced technology of ChatGPT, answers could be automated, essays could be plagiarized, artists could be mimicked, and many other interesting (but chilling) possibilities were opened by ChatGPT. Many have come to say that coding will be dominated by AI. This means that the need to employ humans to program will be unnecessary. As an aspiring programmer, I’ve wondered about this argument a lot. With the introduction of this advanced chatbot, what will the world come to? Will there be any meaning? Will work even be an option in the future? Most importantly, I asked myself if I should be even remotely scared of AI. Luckily, I wasn’t the only person who was asking these questions. The world was thinking the exact same thing as I was. After I took some time to think and research, I came to the conclusion that AI was nowhere near overpowering programmers or humans in general. 

## AI vs Human Intelligence 

Have you ever heard of the game human vs calculator? The one where one person uses a calculator and the other uses mental math to solve a problem? Who was faster, the calculator or the human? 

We used to play this game for the fun of it just so it could become reality. The ongoing problem with advancements in AI is it forces people to think that human thinking is inferior to artificial intelligence. Ultimately, this leads to an increasing number of people relying on technology rather than their own brains. Research has proven that no matter how “flawless” AI proves itself to be, there are certain human qualities that are impossible to be mimicked in technological form. 
One important distinction between AI and human intelligence is the ability to learn. AI has algorithms that dictate what they can and cannot do. If an argument is passed to the AI that it cannot follow, the software will simply crash. In the case of humans, problem-solving is a skill that exists and can be used when a “different” kind of problem is presented to us. Another distinction lies in judgment. A big reason why many theorize an impending robot apocalypse is because computers lack the right judgment. An article from Forbes states how judgment “distinguishes between what is right and what is wrong”(forbes.com). 

Furthermore, the article argues that not a single machine can copy human judgment. In other words, if I were to present a request to make a bomb, or do harm to another person, the robot would have no choice but to take on the task. If I were to present these options to a human with judgment and rationale, the human would say no because both options are wrong. In sci-fi movies, robots use their lack of judgment to “destroy the world.” 

Lastly, logic. Logic is technology’s forte. Computers are known to be exceptionally skillful at logical reasoning. Whatever information is given to the computer, it can operate logically. However, human intelligence is capable of not only looking at information logically but also breaking it down, interpreting it, and making connections or extensions from the information to something else. This is a crucial aspect of human intelligence that AI lacks. 

## Education and AI 

As a society, we come closer and closer to idolizing perfection. If you thought it was bad in the past, it’s even worse now. With the production of advanced technology that can perform tasks effortlessly, we push away the possibility of error. We start to prefer using AI to complete our homework or tasks at work simply because it is easier to use a system that is always going to give perfect results. Although we don’t think much of it now, it’s bound to have severe consequences on humanity. The human brain has become an empty vessel. Our brains aren’t “working out” as they should be. 

Perfectionism isn’t an ideal complex to have. According to the Harvard Business Review, researchers have found that, “Perfectionism is a much bigger weakness than [job applicants] probably assume”(hbr.org).
Thankfully, people are starting to realize that AI isn’t helping students, for example, learn. For example, an increasing number of students use ChatGPT to write their essays. The format used to write these essays is fairly similar no matter what prompt is entered into the chatbot— that is what makes it detectable. In some schools, “Concerned professors told Insider they plan to go back to handwritten assignments and oral exams to avoid the use of generative AI”(businessinsider.com). Having professors revert to old-fashioned methods clearly illustrates how one of the most important institutions feels about AI. Even at my own school, teachers strive to prevent students from using ChatGPT in assignments, tests, and papers. Clearly, education has not welcomed AI with open arms. 

## Chances of a Robot Apocalypse? 

As much as science-fiction fans love to emphasize the impending doom of robots taking over the world, it is highly unlikely that humans will be wiped out by animatronics. There are certain human qualities that technology is incapable of adopting. After all, robots cannot be programmed to feel or to empathize with others. Robots were created to fulfill tasks with efficiency and perfection. As a result, robots are restricted to certain positions. Humans are extremely versatile. Unlike robots, humans have unrestricted abilities. They can have emotion, they can have jobs, they can have families, etc. Humans are capable of balancing multiple lives at once. Robots only have one: to complete whatever they were programmed to do. A world with robots who are restricted to what they know is no world at all. That is why it is encouraged by humans to other humans to “get out of their comfort zones” and explore. 

## In Conclusion 
As much as AI advances itself, the capabilities and intelligence of humans remains vital. It is important to not forget that in the midst of technology, a human brain is still valuable. Most of humanity’s greatest discoveries and achievements were made possible thanks to the human brain. How do you think all those scientists of the past came about their discoveries? They had the ambition, the creativity to strive for their passions. AI and technology shouldn’t make you stop using your brain, but make you use it more. AI can leave a positive impact if used in moderation and appropriately. Use ChatGPT to tutor yourself, use it to give you ideas on a new coding project, and any other idea you come up with. The important thing is that you don’t lose your brilliant mind in the midst of change. 

## Works Cited 
Hart, Jordan. “College Professors Are Going Back to Paper Exams and Handwritten Essays to Fight Students Using CHATGPT.” Business Insider, Business Insider, 
[www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-driving-return-to-paper-exams-written-essays-at-universities](link) 2023-8. Accessed 15 Jan. 2024. 

Joshi, Naveen. “Human vs Ai: Who Would Win in the Iconic Mind Combat?” Forbes, Forbes Magazine, 5 Oct. 2023, 
[www.forbes.com/sites/naveenjoshi/2022/08/12/human-vs-ai-who-would-win-in-the-iconic-mind -combat/?sh=152e7ef95aa2](link). 

Swider, Brian. “The Pros and Cons of Perfectionism, According to Research.” Harvard Business Review, 17 Sept. 2021, 
[hbr.org/2018/12/the-pros-and-cons-of-perfectionism-according-to-research](link).





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Why AI won't control the world

## “You can’t even dream a whole dream, can you?” Da’Vine Joy Randolph asks in 2023's The Holdovers.

The Holdovers, directed by Alexander Payne and written by David Hemingson, features Paul Giamatti and Da’Vine Joy Randolph at their best, along with an incredible debut from Dominic Sessa. It features Giamatti’s character Paul Hunham, a New England prep school teacher who is tasked with taking care of students who have nowhere to go for Christmas. Among these students is troublesome student Angus Tully, played by Dominic Sessa, who is dealing with a loss within his family. Joining them is the school’s cook Mary Lamb, played by Randolph. Across the two weeks of winter break that they spend together, these three form an unlikely bond that will tug at your heartstrings and make you wonder why your parents never sent you to boarding school as Tully races through the halls and the trio makes a trip to Boston. 

## The true standout of this film is the underrated Sessa, who shines in his acting debut.
Throughout the film, you can see his talent and potential through his portrayal of Tulley. You dislike his rude comments and unnecessary attitude at the beginning of the film, but by the end, you understand him and develop a fondness for the teenager, both of which would be impossible without Sessa’s astounding portrayal of the complicated boy. Sessa gives the viewer an inside look into Tulley’s mind, showing his grapples with his family and his past playing into each action he takes.
    
## David Hemingson also demonstrates his screenwriting talent. 

Although he has written the odd episode for television in the past, The Holdovers is Hemingson’s full-length film debut. To say he exceeded expectations would be an understatement. The characterization of Hunham and Tulley is spectacular; as they change and evolve, so do your feelings toward them. He addresses both fear and grief in a tear-jerking way; when Hunham reached for that air freshener before the Christmas party, I think everyone’s hearts broke a little. It makes you want to cry and laugh, sometimes simultaneously, truly putting Hemingson in the ‘ones to watch’ category. 

## However, some editing choices were not my favorites. 

The number of fades seemed excessive, due to a lack of any other transition. I understand it was going for a '70s feel, but it got boring when every other scene change was a fade. The unexpected zoom-ins of the camera were unsettling, taking away from the severity of the moment. However, in contrast to this, the montages took my breath away. They truly made the characters feel human, as we could see them grappling with their inner struggles through these beautifully crafted montages. The music choices felt odd at times, mainly most of the first 30 minutes, however, at other points, it was spot on. Watching Tulley explore the school with the calming and heartfelt music playing over his adventure truly gives the viewer a warm and fuzzy feeling as he finally feels satisfied with his school. 
    
## Overall, The Holdovers is a must-see. 
It’s “uplifting in a teary way” as you watch these three characters come into themselves over two hours. The remarkable directing, writing and acting make this film unmissable, and you will find yourself drawn into the snowy world of this New England prep school and its three winter break residents as they work through loss and hope for the future. 


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Fiona walks us through the Holdovers movie.

Living Out My New England Prep School Dreams Through The Holdovers: A Review

Oftentimes, when we think of the field of medicine, we think of the typical white coats, x-rays, thermometers, doctors, and nurses. However, _the world of medicine is much more vast and theoretical than we think_. In fact, medicine is so expansive and boundless that we can harness new technology and advancements in the industry faster than ever before. Thus, who can we partially thank for this? **Quantum physics.**

## What is Quantum Physics?

Quantum physics, also referred to as quantum mechanics, is the study of energy and matter at their most fundamental levels: the subatomic stage. This includes protons, neutrons, and electrons, but it also encompasses other particles like photons. On the other hand, quantum physics can seem daunting to learn, as it is a difficult subject to not only learn but also comprehend and apply to the real world. This is because the study is highly theoretical, not relying on tangible factors but on invisible facets.

The study of quantum theory was originally discovered by Niels Bohr and Max Planck. This idea of quantum mechanics is entirely theoretical since it is difficult to tangibly study materials at such a small level. However, such theoretical science is incredibly important to understanding the building blocks of life beyond the cellular and even atomic levels.

## Quantum Physics in Medical Technology

Quantum physics and quantum theory have helped immensely in terms of developing medical technology that aids in treatment, diagnostics, and imaging. For example, physicists use particle accelerators, which are machines that use electromagnetic fields to project charged particles to intense speeds, in order to collide them together to make their motion able to be studied. This same process is used with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines.

MRI machines use particle accelerators to align spinning protons. Some of these protons absorb energy and change their alignment by the exertion of an applied radio pulse. Once these protons fall back into their original positions, their energy is released and able to be detected by the MRI sensors. Eventually, an image is created, which helps doctors diagnose various injuries and conditions. Quantum physicists call this particle motion the “spin” property.

## Cancer Treatment with Quantum Physics

Throughout history, cancerous diseases have been difficult to treat without cures. However, quantum mechanics plays a major role in making this process less difficult and developing a promising future in targeted cancer treatment. For example, researchers from Kyoto University have discovered a new way to enhance radiation therapy used to treat cancer through novel iodine nanoparticles. They concluded that cancer cell death is triggered within three days when X-rays are used on tumor tissue that contains nanoparticles carried with iodine. In other words, this shows that the use of subatomic particles is fundamental to treating cancers at the cellular level. By using subatomic particles to fight cancer cell growth, it is possible that quantum physics speeds up the time in which
cancer cells are destroyed.

## In conclusion

Quantum physics plays a major role in diagnosing and treating diseases, particularly cancer. It is also fundamental to the process of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Without it, our medical technology and forms of treatment would not be as advanced as it is today. Furthermore, quantum mechanics continues to pave the way for a promising future in medicine.


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**References**

Bisiani, Joseph, et al. “_It’s Time to Go Quantum in Medicine_.” Journal of Clinical Medicine, vol. 12, no. 13, 5 July 2023, pp. 4506–4506, [https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12134506](link).

Higashi, Yuya, et al. “_Iodine Containing Porous Organosilica Nanoparticles Trigger Tumor Spheroids Destruction upon Monochromatic X-Ray Irradiation: DNA Breaks and K-Edge Energy X-Ray._” Scientific Reports, vol. 11, no. 1, 14 July 2021, p. 14192,
[www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-93429-9, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-93429-9](link).

“_Ten Ways Physics Has Enhanced the Medical Field._” Inside the Perimeter, 23 June 2020, [https://insidetheperimeter.ca/ten-ways-physics-has-enhanced-the-medical-field/](link). Accessed 19 Feb. 2024.

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Aspiring doctor Kaydence tells how quantum physics paves the way for medicine.

The Role of Quantum Physics in Medicine


**Although studying for your test is a critical part of the exam-taking process, it is still important to know how to maximize your chances of success on the day of the test, whether that be by prepping for the test, taking the test, or reviewing your answers.**

When comparing the most commonly given advice from students, teachers, and websites including Education Corner, Central Methodist University, and Harvard, these ten tips are the most highly recommended ways to ensure test-taking success:  

### 1. Make sure to prepare yourself the night before. 
Review your test materials before you go to sleep. In 2020, researchers from Loughborough University conducted a study where they found that learning or reviewing before bed improved students’ ability to recall information later. However, it is still important to get a good night’s rest so that your brain can function at maximum efficiency. Adolescent brains require nine hours of sleep to ensure maximum brain function. 

### 2. Eat a well-balanced breakfast in the morning. 
On the topic of maximum brain efficiency, it’s important to eat a good breakfast before taking exams. A grumbling stomach is incredibly distracting. It’s recommended to eat a blend of carbs and healthy proteins, as they will keep you feeling full, but not sluggish. Recommended foods include eggs, oatmeal, and nuts. 

### 3. Ask questions before the test. 
Don’t keep anything unanswered in your mind before the test, so ask your teachers questions before starting the test. Many teachers do not allow students to ask questions during the test. To avoid this, make sure you review all of the topics on the test beforehand and ask your teacher to clarify before taking the exam. 

### 4. Use your time efficiently.
Make sure to manage your time properly. About a week before the exam, most teachers will give you a summary of the structure of the test that includes the number of each type of question. These materials are incredibly useful for organizing your time. By using these materials to know how long you have for your exam, you can divide your time evenly and make sure you aren’t rushing at the end of the test. 



### 5. Divide your time appropriately. 
Short answers and essays should be the first thing to get out of the way. To make sure you have enough time to answer them thoroughly, start with essay questions, short answer questions, or the like. When you begin your test, the information is fresh in your mind, and this will allow you to answer these questions more coherently. In addition to this, if you find yourself short on time, you’re more likely to get multiple choice questions correct while in a rush than an essay or short answer question. 

### 6. Pay close attention to details.
Make sure to read every passage, question, and answer option thoroughly. Oftentimes, multiple answers are correct but you are tasked with choosing the best out of the given options. Also watch out for words like “always” and “never,” especially in true-or-false questions. Words like these are purposefully placed to mislead you. Unless the question is 100% true 100% of the time, the answer is false. Remember, if the wording is tricky, you can always ask a teacher. 

### 7. Answer the question in your head first.
Especially when working on multiple-choice questions, answering questions in your head before looking at the options can help you avoid getting stuck between two seemingly correct answers. Oftentimes, it is best to go with your first choice, and incorrect answers, known as “distractors,” are purposefully put there to throw you off. By mentally answering a question before looking at the options, you can find the one that is closest to your original answer without doubting yourself. 

### 8. Mark any questions you are unsure about. 
While taking your exam, time is money. If you calculate your time to figure out the optimal amount of time to spend on each question, you can estimate if you’re taking too much time on a question. Instead of sitting there perplexed, make your best guess, circle or flag the question, and move on through the rest of the test. Later, if you have extra time at the end of the test, go back and re-read the question in hopes of getting a better understanding. 

### 9. Check, check, and check again.
 If you have extra time once you’ve finished your test, look over the entire thing. First, check for completeness. Make sure you haven’t skipped any questions. Even if you don’t know the answer, a guess on a multiple-choice question gives you a 25% chance of success. Then, check any questions you’ve marked because you’re unsure about. Checking all your answers can improve your confidence and make you feel better about submitting your test. 


### 10. Relax once you have finished the test. 
Once you have finished and turned in your test, take a deep breath and take a moment to be proud of yourself. Don’t meddle over what you think you got wrong, there’s nothing you can do about it now. You’re done! Pat yourself on the back. 

Exam season can be an incredibly stressful time for students, but with effective test-taking strategies and a focused approach, anyone can conquer these academic challenges and achieve outstanding results.


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Ten test-taking tips from our student ambassador Aster!

Ten Test-Taking Tips: Optimize Your Academic Success

**Teleportation is the next unexplored technology in a world where technological advancements are constantly pushing the envelope of human imagination.** 

Science fiction has always piqued our interest with its amazing claims of being able to travel great distances _in a single motion_. Though it might not be as absurd as it seems, the idea of teleportation is not entirely unreal. The possibility of teleporting is getting closer thanks to developments in quantum mechanics, augmented reality, and artificial intelligence.

Few ideas are unexplored in the vast fabric of human invention. The distinction between the real and virtual worlds is becoming increasingly hazy due to augmented reality, which has completely changed how we see and engage with it. Our everyday lives now revolve around artificial intelligence, which powers everything from sophisticated decision-making systems to virtual assistants. Considering the amazing technological advancements we currently possess, the transition to teleportation appears more like a natural progression than an overwhelming obstacle. 


## The Quantum Mechanics Behind Teleportation:

Understanding the complex realm of quantum mechanics is crucial to comprehending the potential for teleportation. The phenomenon of quantum teleportation, which is based on the ideas of quantum entanglement, has seen significant advancements in research. When two particles are entangled, their states are directly affected by one another, regardless of the distance separating them. This is known as quantum entanglement.

Without moving any physical objects, quantum teleportation is the transfer of quantum information from one place to another. While current research has focused on particles like photons, the implications for teleporting bigger objects—and eventually people—are starting to become apparent.

## Implications of Teleportation:

Teleportation has absolutely revolutionary implications. Imagine a world in which time and space are completely erased, where traveling across borders instantly becomes possible, and where commutes are a thing of the past. Teleportation has the power to completely change a variety of industries, including tourism and transportation, as well as how we view our globalized society.

The environment would be one of the most notable effects. The ability to teleport could significantly lessen the need for conventional forms of transportation, which would result in a significant drop in carbon emissions. In light of the current climate crisis, teleportation is a technology worth pursuing based solely on its positive environmental impact.

Additionally, teleportation could revolutionize emergency response and healthcare. Imagine the ability to instantly transport medical personnel and supplies to disaster-stricken areas or to rapidly connect patients with specialized medical expertise regardless of geographical constraints.

As with any groundbreaking technology, teleportation raises ethical considerations that must be carefully navigated. Questions about privacy, security, and the potential misuse of such power need to be addressed. Ensuring that teleportation is accessible and beneficial to all of humanity, rather than a tool for the privileged few, is a moral imperative.

## When Can We Expect Teleportation to Become a Reality?

While the concept of teleportation is captivating, its practical implementation is still in the realm of theoretical physics and experimental laboratories. Current research is primarily focused on teleporting quantum information, and the leap to teleporting larger, more complex objects, let alone humans, is a monumental challenge.

Predicting an exact timeline for the development of teleportation technology is a daunting task. It hinges on overcoming significant technical hurdles, including maintaining the coherence of entangled particles over long distances, developing reliable teleportation protocols, and ensuring the safety and integrity of teleported objects.

Researchers in the field remain cautiously optimistic, with some suggesting that the teleportation of small objects could become a reality within the next few decades. However, teleporting humans is likely to remain a distant goal, perhaps reserved for a future generation to witness.

**In the grand symphony of human progress, teleportation is the crescendo that promises to elevate our existence to new heights.** While we may not be stepping into teleportation booths anytime soon, the strides being made in quantum mechanics and related fields suggest that the day when teleportation becomes a reality is inching closer.

As we continue to push the boundaries of what is possible, teleportation stands as a testament to the indomitable spirit of human ingenuity. The journey to unlock the secrets of teleportation may be long and challenging, but the destination promises a world where distance is no longer a barrier, and the impossible becomes just another facet of our everyday reality. 


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Teleportation, is it a dream or reality? Sritan has some answers.

Teleportation: The Quantum Leap into the Future

## Wanna see a magic trick?

Okay, I’m going to predict 3 of your usual habits during AP exam season. First, you’re getting less than 7 hours of sleep. Am I right? You know I am. Second, you’re unmotivated to study so you just sorta read what’s on that exam prep book or your notes but you have no idea what you’re reading. Finally, you’re worried the day before the exam and cram till late at night, still not sure of yourself the morning of the exam. How do I know this? Hint: It wasn’t magic (sorry, I lied).

Lots of exam prep books say you should start studying a month or so before the exam, which is usually ideal, depending on the ease you have with your exam subject. For a lot of students though, AP exam season is around the same time as 2nd semester exams and end of year projects. This along with spring sports, extracurricular activities, and summer planning, can fill up one’s schedule pretty quickly therefore leaving little to no time for daily AP studying. 

So for all my procrastinators, and busy people, here’s some tips for studying that may come in handy. 

## Plan If you’re a busy person, a calendar is a must have. 
If you don’t have a physical planner or calendar, use an online one! Personally, I like writing stuff on a physical calendar but I also write it in Google Calendar so I can always have it on my phone or laptop. Having your schedule of after school activities written down can help you find when you’re going to be available and write down a designated time to study. 

## TAKE PRACTICE TESTS
If I could bold and underline that statement even more, I would. When I studied for my AP U.S. Government & Politics exam, I took a practice exam with a timer next to me so I could take it in the time period I would in the real exam. I learned how to pace myself and practice process of elimination on multiple choice questions. Practice exams not only help you get comfortable with the exam format, it also helps you see what you need to study. 

## Have a list of everything you need to know/study.
There are a TON of resources out there to study for AP exams. AP Central usually has videos of teachers explaining some key concepts, and they have practice tests as well. Fiveable, a website focused on getting you a 5 on your AP exam, has “cram sessions” which are live streams that review what you should know in an easy to understand but thorough way. You can find lots of videos on Youtube and study guides online that will broaden your medium and technique for studying. With all your materials ready, make a list of things/concepts you’d like to cover every study session. This will help you stay organized and ready to start studying. 

## Take Breaks 
If you have a short attention span like I do, or just aren’t motivated to study, try locking in for about 25 minutes and then taking a break for 5 minutes. If you need a long study period, study for about 50 minutes, and take a break for 10, and after 3 study periods you can take a long 20 minute break. You can use the Pomodoro timer in the study rooms in Knowunity to time your study periods and breaks. Use these breaks to drink water, eat, stretch, exercise, or go outside! It’s important to not turn into an AP test zombie, so take some breaks to not think about AP stuff. 

## Have Limits: Have a cutoff time for studying. 
It’s essential that you MAKE SURE YOU SLEEP! I know some of you are foreign to the idea of 8 hours of sleep but it’s really important! Sleep helps with physical and mental exhaustion. Have an alarm ring 5-10 minutes before you have to stop. When it rings, close your laptop, close your notebook and put everything away. Even though it might seem tempting to study throughout the night, go to sleep. Leave the nocturnal behavior to the bats and owls. 

AP classes take a lot of commitment and hard work. So for all you guys getting ready to dive into your exam studying, I wish all of you the best and have fun. 


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Victoria gives the best advice to those who study for AP tests!

How to Study for APs

In high school, the task of scheduling classes can seem daunting, especially with the pressure from peers, family, and counselors. **This article will help narrow down the differences between regular, honor, and AP (Advanced Placement) classes!** Many students who wish to apply to college and pursue a post-secondary education wish to take on course loads that reflect their interests and future line of work. The best way to do so is by discovering what classes your school offers.

## The basic distinction between regular, honors, and AP classes 

Regular classes are often the base level classes, set on teaching students the base levels of a topic. The differences between honors and AP can be more challenging, depending on your school’s definition of honors classes. For most schools, an honors class is a level above regular classes, where more in-depth and difficult material is taught as well as being at a speedier pace.

AP classes, however, are usually regarded as some of the tougher courses that you can take in high school. AP classes are managed by the College Board, which is also in charge of the SAT. At the end of an AP class, you will be given an AP exam that goes along with whatever course you have chosen. These exams will be scored for college credit, and depending on where you apply, you may receive up to 2 semesters off, depending on your score. The passing score for an AP exam is a 3 and the maximum you may score is a 5. College Board currently offers around 38 AP classes. However, most schools do not have all 38 offered in schools, so you will need to check your school’s course catalog or talk to your school counselor to sign up.

## AP classes can often be stressful yet rewarding. 
Most AP classes require work to be done outside of class. These classes often need students to study and do homework outside of the class, as there are many units to cover in seemingly very little time. Time management is also very, very crucial for these courses! AP classes are designed to make you take your comprehension and understanding of topics to the next level. Most AP classes rely little on memorization, but rather, tend to focus on the application of whatever your instructor has taught you and what you have taught yourself. You will likely have to teach yourself many of the topics you come across in these classes, as some can be skipped over by teachers because of a lack of time. Thankfully, resources like Knowunity and Khan Academy exist for that exact reason!

## At the end of the day, AP classes are tough courses to take, however, you may benefit from them. 
You could find your passion for a new topic that you never thought you’d be interested in, like Psychology or Music Theory! AP courses require attention, focus, time management, and interest from the students taking them. If you believe you can achieve that, I’d say you should consider taking an AP course.

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Knowunity student ambassador Deekshu explains AP classes and how to choose them!

What is AP and is it right for you?

## What is Knowunity?

I see some confusion in early joiners about what Knowunity actually is and what it represents. **Knowunity is a joint force of students**. We decide for ourselves here, it is our space. Knowunity represents a rebellion against an education system that limits our potential. Together, we can reach further than the walls of a school building. 

Many years ago (like 4 years years ago) high-schoolers from a mystical land far far away (Germany) said enough is enough. They learned coding, business, marketing all by themselves and created Knowunity. They dreamed of a space for students, created and run by students, thus Knowunity was forged.  

Now the little platform these high-schoolers dreamed of is a leader in Europe and taking over the rest of the world one student at a time! Knowunity is the living proof of what young minds are capable of. 

## That's very cool, but seriously what is it?

Knowunity is a digital learning platform with a mobile app that offers an **extensive and ever expanding archive of study notes** and materials created and shared by students. You can use Knowunity to simply archive your study materials, or share them with the rest of the world. 

Knowunity can turn your (and other people's) study notes into **quizzes** so you can test yourself. Having troubles studying? You can **ask the student community** for help and get instant replies. Still not enough? We trained an **AI bot** just for you, so you can get immediate help whenever and wherever you want. Need a quick recap before an exam? We have **flashcards**, either make your own set or use any sets created by amazing students. We are students, we understand each other, we know what you need. 

## More questions/ideas? 
You can always contact Knowunity. I actually mean it when I say this is YOUR space and you decide how it works. 


Welcome to Knowunity student blog, written for students by students! This is YOUR space!

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