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9
0
Katie Rose
8/9/2022
Chemistry
Chemical Equilibrium
365
•
Aug 9, 2022
•
Katie Rose
@katierose
Understanding chemical equilibrium, partition coefficients, and pH relationships is crucial... Show more
This page covers partition coefficients and their application in solvent extraction, an important purification technique in chemistry.
The partition coefficient describes how a solute distributes between two immiscible liquids. It is temperature-dependent but unaffected by adding more solvent or solute.
Example: The partition coefficient formula for sodium chloride between water and hexane is: K = [salt(hexane)] / [salt(aq)]
Solvent extraction, a common application of partition coefficients, is used for purifying chemicals.
Highlight: It is more efficient to use small volumes of organic solvent in repeated extractions rather than one large volume in a single extraction.
The section also introduces acids and bases, explaining that hydrogen ions (H+) form hydronium ions (H3O+) in water. Water's amphoteric nature and its ionic product (Kw) are discussed.
Vocabulary: Amphoteric substances can behave as both acids and bases.
This section explores the relationship between pH and hydrogen ion concentration in water. It provides key formulas and definitions related to acids and bases.
Definition: pH = -log10[H3O+] and [H3O+] = 10^-pH
These formulas show the inverse logarithmic relationship between pH and hydrogen ion concentration. In neutral water at 25°C, both [H3O+] and [OH-] are 10^-7 mol/L.
The Brønsted-Lowry definition of acids and bases is introduced:
Vocabulary: Conjugate base is the species left when an acid donates a proton. Conjugate acid is formed when a base accepts a proton.
The text distinguishes between strong and weak acids/bases:
A table compares properties of strong and weak acids/bases, including pH values, conductivity, and reaction rates.
This page delves deeper into weak acids and bases, introducing the concept of acid dissociation constants (Ka) and their relationship to pH.
Definition: Ka is the equilibrium constant for the dissociation of a weak acid in water.
The Ka value measures the strength of a weak acid. A smaller Ka indicates a weaker acid. The pKa, defined as the negative logarithm of Ka, is often used in calculations.
Highlight: pH = pKa - log C (where C is the concentration of the weak acid)
The formation of salts from acid-base reactions is discussed. The pH of salt solutions depends on the strength of the parent acid and base:
Example: NaCl (from HCl + NaOH) produces a neutral solution, while CH3COONa (from CH3COOH + NaOH) produces an alkaline solution.
This information helps in understanding the behavior of various salt solutions and their applications in chemistry and related fields.
This section covers the mathematical relationships between acid strength, dissociation constants, and pH calculations.
Definition: Ka (acid dissociation constant) measures the strength of weak acids.
Highlight: The pKa value converts Ka into a more manageable whole number for calculations.
Example: The relationship between pH and Ka is expressed as pH = pKa - logC
This section explains buffer solution behavior and mechanisms.
Definition: Buffer solutions resist pH changes when small amounts of acid or base are added.
Example: In ethanoic acid buffers, adding alkali causes OH- ions to react with H+ ions while more acid dissociates to maintain equilibrium.
Highlight: Basic buffers work similarly but with weak bases and their conjugate acids.
This section covers indicator behavior and equilibrium constants.
Definition: The indicator equilibrium constant (KIn) relates colored form concentrations to H+ concentration.
Example: KIn = [H+][In-]/[HIn] shows how indicator color depends on pH.
Highlight: Color change occurs theoretically when [HIn] = [In-].
This section introduces the concept of chemical equilibrium and the equilibrium constant Kc. It explains how to interpret and calculate equilibrium constants.
Definition: Chemical equilibrium occurs when the composition of reactants and products remains constant indefinitely.
The equilibrium constant K characterizes the equilibrium composition of a reaction mixture. It is calculated as the ratio of product concentrations to reactant concentrations, each raised to their stoichiometric coefficients.
Vocabulary: Homogeneous equilibrium involves all species in the same state, while heterogeneous equilibrium involves species in different states.
The value of K indicates the position of equilibrium:
Temperature affects K for endothermic and exothermic reactions differently. Catalysts do not affect the equilibrium constant value.
Highlight: The equilibrium constant K is temperature-dependent but not affected by concentration or pressure changes.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Katie Rose
@katierose
Understanding chemical equilibrium, partition coefficients, and pH relationships is crucial in chemistry. This comprehensive guide covers key concepts including equilibrium constant Kc, partition coefficients, and the relationship between pH and hydrogen ion concentration.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page covers partition coefficients and their application in solvent extraction, an important purification technique in chemistry.
The partition coefficient describes how a solute distributes between two immiscible liquids. It is temperature-dependent but unaffected by adding more solvent or solute.
Example: The partition coefficient formula for sodium chloride between water and hexane is: K = [salt(hexane)] / [salt(aq)]
Solvent extraction, a common application of partition coefficients, is used for purifying chemicals.
Highlight: It is more efficient to use small volumes of organic solvent in repeated extractions rather than one large volume in a single extraction.
The section also introduces acids and bases, explaining that hydrogen ions (H+) form hydronium ions (H3O+) in water. Water's amphoteric nature and its ionic product (Kw) are discussed.
Vocabulary: Amphoteric substances can behave as both acids and bases.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This section explores the relationship between pH and hydrogen ion concentration in water. It provides key formulas and definitions related to acids and bases.
Definition: pH = -log10[H3O+] and [H3O+] = 10^-pH
These formulas show the inverse logarithmic relationship between pH and hydrogen ion concentration. In neutral water at 25°C, both [H3O+] and [OH-] are 10^-7 mol/L.
The Brønsted-Lowry definition of acids and bases is introduced:
Vocabulary: Conjugate base is the species left when an acid donates a proton. Conjugate acid is formed when a base accepts a proton.
The text distinguishes between strong and weak acids/bases:
A table compares properties of strong and weak acids/bases, including pH values, conductivity, and reaction rates.
This page delves deeper into weak acids and bases, introducing the concept of acid dissociation constants (Ka) and their relationship to pH.
Definition: Ka is the equilibrium constant for the dissociation of a weak acid in water.
The Ka value measures the strength of a weak acid. A smaller Ka indicates a weaker acid. The pKa, defined as the negative logarithm of Ka, is often used in calculations.
Highlight: pH = pKa - log C (where C is the concentration of the weak acid)
The formation of salts from acid-base reactions is discussed. The pH of salt solutions depends on the strength of the parent acid and base:
Example: NaCl (from HCl + NaOH) produces a neutral solution, while CH3COONa (from CH3COOH + NaOH) produces an alkaline solution.
This information helps in understanding the behavior of various salt solutions and their applications in chemistry and related fields.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This section covers the mathematical relationships between acid strength, dissociation constants, and pH calculations.
Definition: Ka (acid dissociation constant) measures the strength of weak acids.
Highlight: The pKa value converts Ka into a more manageable whole number for calculations.
Example: The relationship between pH and Ka is expressed as pH = pKa - logC
This section explains buffer solution behavior and mechanisms.
Definition: Buffer solutions resist pH changes when small amounts of acid or base are added.
Example: In ethanoic acid buffers, adding alkali causes OH- ions to react with H+ ions while more acid dissociates to maintain equilibrium.
Highlight: Basic buffers work similarly but with weak bases and their conjugate acids.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This section covers indicator behavior and equilibrium constants.
Definition: The indicator equilibrium constant (KIn) relates colored form concentrations to H+ concentration.
Example: KIn = [H+][In-]/[HIn] shows how indicator color depends on pH.
Highlight: Color change occurs theoretically when [HIn] = [In-].
This section introduces the concept of chemical equilibrium and the equilibrium constant Kc. It explains how to interpret and calculate equilibrium constants.
Definition: Chemical equilibrium occurs when the composition of reactants and products remains constant indefinitely.
The equilibrium constant K characterizes the equilibrium composition of a reaction mixture. It is calculated as the ratio of product concentrations to reactant concentrations, each raised to their stoichiometric coefficients.
Vocabulary: Homogeneous equilibrium involves all species in the same state, while heterogeneous equilibrium involves species in different states.
The value of K indicates the position of equilibrium:
Temperature affects K for endothermic and exothermic reactions differently. Catalysts do not affect the equilibrium constant value.
Highlight: The equilibrium constant K is temperature-dependent but not affected by concentration or pressure changes.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
