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6/20/2023
AP Chemistry
honors chem 1 unit 7 study guide (states of matter & gas laws)
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Jun 20, 2023
•
Honors Chemistry Unit 7 Study Guide: States of Matter & Gas Laws Answers + Quizlet & PDF
Intermolecular Forces and Phase Changes
This page delves deeper into the relationship between intermolecular forces and phase changes in chemistry.
Highlight: To change states of matter, intermolecular forces must be overcome.
The guide explains that during phase changes, the energy from heat is used to break apart intermolecular forces. For covalent molecules, phase changes involve overcoming these forces, while for ionic compounds, the coulombic attraction must be overcome.
Example: Covalent network solids are an exception, having high melting and boiling points despite being covalent.
The page provides information on predicting physical properties based on the strength of intermolecular forces:
- Strong IMFs lead to high boiling points, high surface tension, high viscosity, and low vapor pressure
The guide then introduces phase change diagrams, explaining concepts such as:
- Triple point: The temperature and pressure at which solid, liquid, and gas phases of a substance coexist in equilibrium
- Critical point: The temperature and pressure at which two phases become indistinguishable from each other
Vocabulary: A supercritical fluid is formed at the critical point where two phases become indistinguishable.
An interesting note is made about the phase diagram of water, where the slope of the line between solid and liquid is negative, indicating that ice is less dense than water.
Gases and Gas Laws
This page focuses on the properties of gases and introduces various gas laws crucial for honors chemistry.
Definition: Gases have similar physical properties, and their volume, pressure, and temperature can be easily predicted using gas laws.
The guide explains that pressure results from gas molecules colliding with surfaces. It also introduces the concept of atmospheric pressure and how it varies with altitude.
Vocabulary: Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid in a closed container. When vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure, the liquid boils.
The page emphasizes that substances can evaporate even below their boiling point, using the example of acetone's smell to illustrate this concept.
Highlight: Volatile liquids have high vapor pressures and are more likely to evaporate at room temperature.
Units of Pressure and Temperature in Gas Laws
This page covers the various units used in gas laws and stoichiometry in honors chemistry.
The guide provides conversions between different pressure units:
- 1 atm = 760 torr/mmHg = 101.3 kPa
Definition: Standard Temperature and Pressure conditions are defined as 273 K and 1 atm .
The page emphasizes the importance of using the Kelvin scale when working with gas law problems:
- Kelvin = Celsius + 273
It also introduces the concept of molar volume:
- 22.4 L/mol of gas at STP
The guide then differentiates between laws and theories in science:
- Laws: Often expressed mathematically, describe what will happen
- Theories: Explain why something happens
Highlight: Both laws and theories are based on hypotheses and can be revised, but a theory will never turn into a law.
Gas Laws in Detail
This final page provides a comprehensive overview of various gas laws essential for honors chemistry.
- Boyle's Law:
Definition: Pressure and volume of a gas are inversely related .
Mathematical expression: P₁V₁ = P₂V₂
- Charles' Law:
Definition: Temperature and volume of a gas are directly related .
Mathematical expression: V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂
Highlight: Temperature must be in Kelvin for gas law calculations.
- Gay-Lussac's Law:
Definition: Temperature and pressure of a gas are directly related .
Mathematical expression: P₁/T₁ = P₂/T₂
- Combined Gas Law: This law combines Boyle's, Charles', and Gay-Lussac's laws into a single equation:
P₁V₁/T₁ = P₂V₂/T₂
Example: As temperature increases, either pressure or volume must increase to maintain the equality.
The page emphasizes the importance of using the Kelvin scale for temperature and reminds students that pressure and volume can be in any consistent units for these calculations.
States of Matter and Intermolecular Forces
This page introduces the fundamental concepts of states of matter and the role of intermolecular forces in determining physical properties.
Definition: Intermolecular forces are the attractions between molecules that determine a substance's state of matter at a given temperature.
The main types of intermolecular forces discussed are:
- Hydrogen bonding
- Dipole-dipole attraction
- Dispersion forces
These forces play a crucial role in determining various properties of substances, including:
- Vapor pressure
- Boiling point
- Physical state
Vocabulary: Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid in a closed container.
The guide emphasizes that energy is required to break intermolecular forces during phase changes. It also mentions different pressure units such as atmospheres , kilopascals , and millimeters of mercury .
Highlight: Changes in pressure, temperature, or volume can cause a change in a substance's physical state.
The page then provides a detailed overview of the three states of matter:
- Solids: Closely packed molecules, definite volume, incompressible, lowest energy
- Liquids: Molecules relatively close, definite volume, takes shape of container, middle energy
- Gases: Molecules far apart, no definite volume, takes shape of container, compressible, highest energy
Example: Phase changes include melting , freezing , vaporization , condensation , sublimation , and deposition .
The guide also touches on the concepts of temperature, pressure, and energy in relation to states of matter. It introduces the first law of thermodynamics and discusses kinetic and potential energy in the context of phase changes.
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Stefan S
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This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
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Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
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Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Honors Chemistry Unit 7 Study Guide: States of Matter & Gas Laws Answers + Quizlet & PDF
This study guide covers key concepts in honors chemistry unit 7 on states of matter, including intermolecular forces, phase changes, and gas laws. It explores how temperature, pressure, and energy affect the states of matter and provides... Show more
Intermolecular Forces and Phase Changes
This page delves deeper into the relationship between intermolecular forces and phase changes in chemistry.
Highlight: To change states of matter, intermolecular forces must be overcome.
The guide explains that during phase changes, the energy from heat is used to break apart intermolecular forces. For covalent molecules, phase changes involve overcoming these forces, while for ionic compounds, the coulombic attraction must be overcome.
Example: Covalent network solids are an exception, having high melting and boiling points despite being covalent.
The page provides information on predicting physical properties based on the strength of intermolecular forces:
- Strong IMFs lead to high boiling points, high surface tension, high viscosity, and low vapor pressure
The guide then introduces phase change diagrams, explaining concepts such as:
- Triple point: The temperature and pressure at which solid, liquid, and gas phases of a substance coexist in equilibrium
- Critical point: The temperature and pressure at which two phases become indistinguishable from each other
Vocabulary: A supercritical fluid is formed at the critical point where two phases become indistinguishable.
An interesting note is made about the phase diagram of water, where the slope of the line between solid and liquid is negative, indicating that ice is less dense than water.
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Gases and Gas Laws
This page focuses on the properties of gases and introduces various gas laws crucial for honors chemistry.
Definition: Gases have similar physical properties, and their volume, pressure, and temperature can be easily predicted using gas laws.
The guide explains that pressure results from gas molecules colliding with surfaces. It also introduces the concept of atmospheric pressure and how it varies with altitude.
Vocabulary: Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid in a closed container. When vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure, the liquid boils.
The page emphasizes that substances can evaporate even below their boiling point, using the example of acetone's smell to illustrate this concept.
Highlight: Volatile liquids have high vapor pressures and are more likely to evaporate at room temperature.
Units of Pressure and Temperature in Gas Laws
This page covers the various units used in gas laws and stoichiometry in honors chemistry.
The guide provides conversions between different pressure units:
- 1 atm = 760 torr/mmHg = 101.3 kPa
Definition: Standard Temperature and Pressure conditions are defined as 273 K and 1 atm .
The page emphasizes the importance of using the Kelvin scale when working with gas law problems:
- Kelvin = Celsius + 273
It also introduces the concept of molar volume:
- 22.4 L/mol of gas at STP
The guide then differentiates between laws and theories in science:
- Laws: Often expressed mathematically, describe what will happen
- Theories: Explain why something happens
Highlight: Both laws and theories are based on hypotheses and can be revised, but a theory will never turn into a law.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Gas Laws in Detail
This final page provides a comprehensive overview of various gas laws essential for honors chemistry.
- Boyle's Law:
Definition: Pressure and volume of a gas are inversely related .
Mathematical expression: P₁V₁ = P₂V₂
- Charles' Law:
Definition: Temperature and volume of a gas are directly related .
Mathematical expression: V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂
Highlight: Temperature must be in Kelvin for gas law calculations.
- Gay-Lussac's Law:
Definition: Temperature and pressure of a gas are directly related .
Mathematical expression: P₁/T₁ = P₂/T₂
- Combined Gas Law: This law combines Boyle's, Charles', and Gay-Lussac's laws into a single equation:
P₁V₁/T₁ = P₂V₂/T₂
Example: As temperature increases, either pressure or volume must increase to maintain the equality.
The page emphasizes the importance of using the Kelvin scale for temperature and reminds students that pressure and volume can be in any consistent units for these calculations.
States of Matter and Intermolecular Forces
This page introduces the fundamental concepts of states of matter and the role of intermolecular forces in determining physical properties.
Definition: Intermolecular forces are the attractions between molecules that determine a substance's state of matter at a given temperature.
The main types of intermolecular forces discussed are:
- Hydrogen bonding
- Dipole-dipole attraction
- Dispersion forces
These forces play a crucial role in determining various properties of substances, including:
- Vapor pressure
- Boiling point
- Physical state
Vocabulary: Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid in a closed container.
The guide emphasizes that energy is required to break intermolecular forces during phase changes. It also mentions different pressure units such as atmospheres , kilopascals , and millimeters of mercury .
Highlight: Changes in pressure, temperature, or volume can cause a change in a substance's physical state.
The page then provides a detailed overview of the three states of matter:
- Solids: Closely packed molecules, definite volume, incompressible, lowest energy
- Liquids: Molecules relatively close, definite volume, takes shape of container, middle energy
- Gases: Molecules far apart, no definite volume, takes shape of container, compressible, highest energy
Example: Phase changes include melting , freezing , vaporization , condensation , sublimation , and deposition .
The guide also touches on the concepts of temperature, pressure, and energy in relation to states of matter. It introduces the first law of thermodynamics and discusses kinetic and potential energy in the context of phase changes.
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
You have the choice, we offer a 100% secure payment via PayPal or an Amazon gift card. There is no limit to how much you can earn.
Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.9/5
App Store
4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user