- Urbanization originated in early settlements in Mesopotamia
- Early settlements were primarily agricultural villages in fertile river valleys
- Socioeconomic stratification led to the rise of early cities
- Factors influencing urbanization include transportation innovations, communication systems, rural-to-urban migration, and redevelopment activities
- Different types of urban areas have emerged, including megacities, metacities, micropolitan areas, sprawl, edge cities, and exurbs
- Cities play a crucial role in globalization processes and are connected globally through networks and linkages
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