Talia🪩

12/16/2025

Physics

Physics P5

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Dec 16, 2025

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2 pages

Understanding Electricity in the Home

Talia🪩

@taliab

Ever wonder how electricity flows differently in your phone versus... Show more

Physics
-direct current
in one direction (eg: torch)
(d c)
-alternating current repeatedly reverses its direction Of Plow (egi mains)
mains

Current Types and Mains Circuits

Direct current (DC) flows in one direction only, like the current from a torch battery. Alternating current (AC) constantly changes direction, which is exactly what comes through your mains supply at home.

Your home's mains circuit uses two key wires: the live wire (which alternates between positive and negative) and the neutral wire (always at zero volts). The voltage you measure is around 240 volts.

The national grid uses clever transformers to make electricity transmission efficient. Step-up transformers increase voltage but decrease current, whilst step-down transformers do the opposite. This system reduces energy loss during long-distance transmission.

Quick Tip: To find the frequency of AC supply, measure one complete wave cycle and use: frequency = 1/time period

For safety, three-pin plugs use plastic cases (excellent insulators) and copper wires surrounded by protective plastic. Remember: live wire is brown, neutral is blue, and the earth wire is green and yellow striped - connected to the longest pin for safety.

Electrical Power and Energy Transfer

Power is simply the energy transferred each second to any device. You calculate it using: P = Energy ÷ time, where power is in watts, energy in joules, and time in seconds.

For electrical appliances, there's a handy formula: P = I × V (power equals current times voltage). This helps you work out the correct fuse rating by dividing electrical power by potential difference.

Charge flow follows the equation Q = I × t, measuring how much charge moves through a circuit. When this charge flows through a resistor, it transfers energy and creates heat - that's why your phone gets warm when charging!

Energy Transfer Rule: Energy from the battery always equals the total energy transferred to all circuit components

The key efficiency relationship is: useful energy = efficiency × energy supplied. Your domestic energy meter tracks exactly how much energy your home uses, helping you understand your electricity consumption and costs.

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Physics

•

263

•

Dec 16, 2025

•

2 pages

Understanding Electricity in the Home

Talia🪩

@taliab

Ever wonder how electricity flows differently in your phone versus the mains socket in your wall? Understanding direct and alternating current, plus how electrical appliances use power, is crucial for GCSE Physics - and it's actually quite straightforward once you... Show more

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Current Types and Mains Circuits

Quick Tip: To find the frequency of AC supply, measure one complete wave cycle and use: frequency = 1/time period

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

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Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Electrical Power and Energy Transfer

Power is simply the energy transferred each second to any device. You calculate it using: P = Energy ÷ time, where power is in watts, energy in joules, and time in seconds.

Energy Transfer Rule: Energy from the battery always equals the total energy transferred to all circuit components