Neuron Types and Structure

This section of the AP Psychology Unit 2: Biological Bases of Behavior study guide focuses on the different types of neurons and their structures. It provides a detailed explanation of how these fundamental units of the nervous system function and communicate.

The guide identifies three main types of neurons:

1. Sensory Neurons (Afferent): These neurons receive information from sensory receptors throughout the body and send it to the brain (CNS).

Highlight: The guide uses a mnemonic device to help students remember the function of afferent neurons: "A for approach the brain."

2. Interneurons: Located in the CNS, these neurons facilitate internal communication and intervene between sensory inputs and motor outputs.

3. Motor Neurons (Efferent): These neurons send information from the brain to the rest of the body.

Highlight: Another mnemonic is provided for efferent neurons: "E for exit the brain."

The text then delves into the structure of a neuron, describing its main components:

• Cell Body (Soma): Contains the nucleus and directs the production of neurotransmitters.
• Dendrites: Receive messages from other cells or the outside world and conduct impulses toward the cell body.
• Axon: An extension through which messages are transmitted to other neurons, muscles, or glands.
• Terminal Buttons: Located at the tips of axons, these secrete neurotransmitters when stimulated by an action potential.
• Myelin Sheath: A fatty covering of the axon that speeds up conduction of neural impulses.

Definition: A neuron is defined as the basic building block of the nervous system, responsible for transmitting electrochemical signals.

This detailed explanation of neuron types and structures provides students with a solid foundation for understanding neural communication and the biological bases of behavior, essential for success in AP Psychology Unit 2.

Heredity, Environment, and Evolution in AP Psychology

This section explores the fundamental concepts of heredity, environment, and evolution in the context of AP Psychology Unit 2: Biological Bases of Behavior. It provides a comprehensive overview of how genetic and environmental factors shape human behavior and development.

Definition: Heredity refers to the genetic transmission of traits from parents to offspring, while environment encompasses all non-genetic influences from conception to death.

The guide delves into the structure of chromosomes and genes, explaining their role in determining individual traits. It also covers various chromosomal abnormalities and their effects on development and behavior.

Example: Phenylketonuria (PKU) is highlighted as a genetic disorder caused by a mutation on chromosome 12, leading to intellectual disability due to protein buildup.

The text introduces key studies and influential figures in the field, such as Charles Darwin and his theory of natural selection. It explains how evolutionary psychologists apply these principles to understand human behavior and mental processes.

Highlight: Twin studies are emphasized as a crucial method for examining the relative influence of nature (genes) and nurture (experiences) on human development.

The endocrine system is also introduced, with a focus on its role in chemical communication within the body. The guide explains the function of various glands and hormones, emphasizing their importance in regulating bodily processes and behavior.

Vocabulary: Hormones are defined as chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream, facilitating communication between different parts of the body.

This comprehensive overview provides students with a solid foundation for understanding the biological bases of behavior, essential for success in AP Psychology Unit 2.