Conformity to Social Roles: Zimbardo's Research
The Stanford Prison Experiment SPE, conducted by Philip Zimbardo and colleagues in 1973, aimed to investigate the effects of conformity to social roles and environmental influences on individual behavior. This study has become one of the most famous and controversial experiments in the field of psychology.
Procedure
Zimbardo and his team converted a basement of Stanford University's Psychology Department into a mock prison. They selected 24 male student volunteers who were deemed emotionally stable through testing. These participants were then randomly assigned to the roles of either prison guards or prisoners.
Highlight: The random assignment of roles was crucial to ensure that any observed differences in behavior were due to the situational factors rather than pre-existing personality traits.
The researchers went to great lengths to create a realistic prison environment:
- 'Prisoners' were arrested at their homes, blindfolded, and strip-searched upon arrival at the mock prison.
- Uniforms were used to promote de-individuation:
Prisoners wore loose smocks and caps, identified only by numbers instead of names.
Guards were given uniforms, wooden clubs, handcuffs, keys, and mirror shades.
Vocabulary: De-individuation refers to the loss of self-awareness and individual identity that can occur in group situations.
Instructions were given to reinforce the roles:
- Prisoners were subjected to heavily regulated daily routines.
- Guards were told they had complete power over the prisoners.
Findings
The experiment yielded surprising and disturbing results:
Guards:
- Took up their roles with enthusiasm, treating prisoners harshly.
- Used 'divide-and-rule' tactics to maintain control.
- Constantly harassed prisoners to remind them of their powerless role.
Prisoners:
- Rebelled within two days, ripping their uniforms and swearing at guards.
- After the rebellion was put down, many became subdued, depressed, and anxious.
- One prisoner was released on the first day due to symptoms of psychological disturbance, and two more were released on the fourth day.
- When one prisoner went on a hunger strike, he was punished and shunned by other prisoners.
Example: The guards' behavior escalated to the point where some began to enjoy their power, leading Zimbardo to end the study after only 6 days instead of the intended 14.
Conclusions
The Stanford Prison Experiment led to several significant conclusions:
- People will readily conform to expected social roles, especially those that are strongly stereotyped.
- "Bad situations can cause good people to do evil things" - This quote from Zimbardo encapsulates the main finding of the study.
Quote: "The Stanford Prison Experiment reveals how readily we slip into roles and how quickly we can adapt to those roles." - Philip Zimbardo
Evaluation
Strengths
Control: Zimbardo and his colleagues had control over key variables, which increased the internal validity of the study. The selection of emotionally stable participants and their random assignment to roles ensured that observed behaviors were likely caused by situational pressures rather than individual differences.
Limitations
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Lack of Realism: Banuazizi and Mohavedi 1975 argued that participants were merely play-acting rather than genuinely conforming to their roles. Some participants admitted to basing their behavior on stereotypes or film characters.
Highlight: However, McDermott 2019 countered this criticism, noting that 90% of prisoners' conversations were about prison life, suggesting they were treating the situation as real.
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Role of Dispositional Influences: Fromm 1973 suggested that Zimbardo exaggerated the power of the situation and minimized the role of personality factors. For example, only one-third of the guards behaved in a brutal manner, while others showed sympathy towards prisoners.
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Alternative Explanations: Steve Reicher and Alex Haslam's BBC Prison Study 2006 offered a different perspective based on social identity theory. They found that prisoners could take control of a mock prison when they developed a shared social identity, while guards failed to do so.
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Ethical Issues: Zimbardo's dual roles as both researcher and prison superintendent raised significant ethical concerns. For instance, when a participant wanted to leave the study, Zimbardo responded as a superintendent rather than a researcher.
Definition: Ethical issues in psychological research refer to concerns about the well-being and rights of participants, including informed consent, protection from harm, and the right to withdraw.
The Stanford Prison Experiment remains a powerful demonstration of how environmental factors and social roles can influence human behavior. Despite its limitations and ethical concerns, it continues to spark discussions about the nature of human behavior in institutional settings and the potential for abuse of power.
