Subjects
Biology
Chemistry
AP Chemistry
English
AP English Literature
Psychology
Dec 11, 2025
97
2 pages
Lamisah Chowdhury @lamisahchowdhury_hmcm
Ever wondered why boys and girls behave differently across the world? This fascinating topic explores how culture and... Show more
Cross-cultural studies are brilliant for understanding whether gender differences come from biology or society. If gender behaviours appear the same across different cultures, it suggests biological influences. But when behaviours vary dramatically between cultures, it points to cultural socialisation being the driving force.
Margaret Mead's groundbreaking research in New Guinea perfectly illustrates this. She studied three tribes with completely different gender norms the gentle Arapesh (similar to Western femininity), the aggressive Mundugumor (like Western masculinity), and the Tchambuli where women were dominant leaders whilst men were passive and decorative. This suggested gender roles aren't fixed by biology but shaped by culture.
However, Mead later admitted she'd underestimated universal gender patterns. David Buss's study across 37 countries found consistent mate preferences everywhere - women seeking wealthy, resourceful partners whilst men prioritised youth and attractiveness. This suggests some gender behaviours might be more universal than Mead initially thought.
Key Point The extent to which natural behaviours are expressed depends heavily on cultural norms, creating a complex interaction between biology and society.
Media acts as a powerful gender role model for children, providing clear but rigid stereotypes. Men are typically shown as independent and ambitious 'advice-givers', whilst women appear as dependent 'advice-seekers' in domestic settings. TV adverts reinforce this by showing men in professional roles and women in family contexts.
Children with greater media exposure tend to display more gender-stereotypical behaviours and attitudes. The media doesn't just confirm existing stereotypes - it actually teaches children what behaviours are likely to succeed, increasing their confidence in performing gender-appropriate actions.
However, cross-cultural research has significant flaws. Mead's work suffered from observer bias - she couldn't separate her own opinions from her observations, and follow-up studies revealed participants had misled her. There's also the problem of 'imposed etic' where Western researchers impose their cultural understanding on other societies, making findings potentially meaningless.
Reality Check Cross-cultural research can't actually solve the nature-nurture debate because socialisation begins at birth, making it impossible to separate biological and cultural influences completely.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
2
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the complexities of gender bias in psychological research, including alpha and beta bias, androcentrism, and the implications of gender stereotypes. This summary delves into key studies, such as those by Ingallhalikar et al. and Formanowicz et al., highlighting the impact of gender on research outcomes and the importance of addressing bias in psychological practices.
PsychologyStudy notes covering AP Psych curriculum
AP PsychologyExplore the key findings of cultural variations in attachment styles, focusing on the meta-analysis by van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg. This summary covers secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant attachments across different cultures, highlighting significant studies from Italy and Korea. Understand the implications of cultural practices on attachment types and evaluate the methodologies used in attachment research. Ideal for psychology students studying attachment theory.
Psychologyunderstand man as a moral agent, and distinguish different theories of moral development
PsychologyUnderstand the distinctions between moral and non-moral standards and their characteristics.
PsychologyExplore the relationship between moral reasoning and criminal behavior through cognitive distortions. This summary covers Kohlberg's stages of moral development, research findings on offenders' moral reasoning levels, and the implications for rehabilitation. Ideal for students studying crime and deviance theories.
PsychologyQuotes from every main character
English LiteratureApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Lamisah Chowdhury
@lamisahchowdhury_hmcm
Ever wondered why boys and girls behave differently across the world? This fascinating topic explores how culture and media shape our understanding of what it means to be male or female, using cross-cultural research to unpack the age-old nature versus... Show more
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Cross-cultural studies are brilliant for understanding whether gender differences come from biology or society. If gender behaviours appear the same across different cultures, it suggests biological influences. But when behaviours vary dramatically between cultures, it points to cultural socialisation being the driving force.
Margaret Mead's groundbreaking research in New Guinea perfectly illustrates this. She studied three tribes with completely different gender norms: the gentle Arapesh (similar to Western femininity), the aggressive Mundugumor (like Western masculinity), and the Tchambuli where women were dominant leaders whilst men were passive and decorative. This suggested gender roles aren't fixed by biology but shaped by culture.
However, Mead later admitted she'd underestimated universal gender patterns. David Buss's study across 37 countries found consistent mate preferences everywhere - women seeking wealthy, resourceful partners whilst men prioritised youth and attractiveness. This suggests some gender behaviours might be more universal than Mead initially thought.
Key Point: The extent to which natural behaviours are expressed depends heavily on cultural norms, creating a complex interaction between biology and society.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Media acts as a powerful gender role model for children, providing clear but rigid stereotypes. Men are typically shown as independent and ambitious 'advice-givers', whilst women appear as dependent 'advice-seekers' in domestic settings. TV adverts reinforce this by showing men in professional roles and women in family contexts.
Children with greater media exposure tend to display more gender-stereotypical behaviours and attitudes. The media doesn't just confirm existing stereotypes - it actually teaches children what behaviours are likely to succeed, increasing their confidence in performing gender-appropriate actions.
However, cross-cultural research has significant flaws. Mead's work suffered from observer bias - she couldn't separate her own opinions from her observations, and follow-up studies revealed participants had misled her. There's also the problem of 'imposed etic' where Western researchers impose their cultural understanding on other societies, making findings potentially meaningless.
Reality Check: Cross-cultural research can't actually solve the nature-nurture debate because socialisation begins at birth, making it impossible to separate biological and cultural influences completely.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
2
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the complexities of gender bias in psychological research, including alpha and beta bias, androcentrism, and the implications of gender stereotypes. This summary delves into key studies, such as those by Ingallhalikar et al. and Formanowicz et al., highlighting the impact of gender on research outcomes and the importance of addressing bias in psychological practices.
PsychologyStudy notes covering AP Psych curriculum
AP PsychologyExplore the key findings of cultural variations in attachment styles, focusing on the meta-analysis by van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg. This summary covers secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant attachments across different cultures, highlighting significant studies from Italy and Korea. Understand the implications of cultural practices on attachment types and evaluate the methodologies used in attachment research. Ideal for psychology students studying attachment theory.
Psychologyunderstand man as a moral agent, and distinguish different theories of moral development
PsychologyUnderstand the distinctions between moral and non-moral standards and their characteristics.
PsychologyExplore the relationship between moral reasoning and criminal behavior through cognitive distortions. This summary covers Kohlberg's stages of moral development, research findings on offenders' moral reasoning levels, and the implications for rehabilitation. Ideal for students studying crime and deviance theories.
PsychologyQuotes from every main character
English LiteratureApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Sociology
Biology