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Long-term memory (LTM) is a complex system that stores information for extended periods. This summary explores the types of LTM, their characteristics, and supporting evidence.
2/1/2023
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While Tulving's model proposes three distinct types of long-term memory, some researchers argue for a simpler classification.
Cohen and Squire (1980) suggest a two-store model of long-term memory:
Definition: Declarative memory refers to memories that can be consciously recalled and verbalized.
This alternative model highlights the ongoing debate in the field regarding the most accurate way to categorize long-term memory systems.
Highlight: The debate between two and three types of long-term memory underscores the complexity of memory processes and the need for continued research in this area.
Understanding these different perspectives on long-term memory types is crucial for students studying A Level Psychology, as it demonstrates the evolving nature of psychological theories and the importance of critical evaluation in the field.
Tulving (1985) proposed three distinct stores within long-term memory, each responsible for different types of information. This classification has significant implications for understanding memory processes in A Level Psychology.
Episodic memory refers to the ability to recall specific events or experiences from one's past. It requires conscious effort to retrieve these memories.
Example: Remembering your first day at school or your last birthday celebration.
Semantic memory encompasses our general knowledge about the world, including facts, concepts, and meanings. Like episodic memory, it requires conscious recall.
Vocabulary: Semantic memory is often described as our 'encyclopedic' knowledge.
Procedural memory involves the recall of skills and procedures, often referred to as 'muscle memory'. Unlike episodic and semantic memories, procedural memories can be recalled without conscious effort.
Example: Riding a bicycle or typing on a keyboard without looking at the keys.
Studies of patients with amnesia, such as HM and Clive Wearing, provide strong support for the distinction between these types of long-term memory.
Highlight: Amnesic patients often show impaired episodic memory while retaining intact semantic and procedural memories, suggesting separate memory systems.
Brain scanning studies, like that conducted by Tulving et al. (1994), have revealed distinct neural activations for different memory types.
Quote: "Episodic and semantic memories [are] recalled from prefrontal cortex - left (semantic), right (episodic)"
This neuroimaging evidence strengthens the case for separate long-term memory systems.
Research into long-term memory in Psychology has practical implications for treating memory impairments.
Example: Belleville et al. (2006) showed that targeted training could improve episodic memory in older adults with mild cognitive impairment.
13
383
12/13
Coding, capacity and duration of memory
Research by Baddeley, Jacobs, Miller and more, explaining coding, capacity and duration of long-term and short-term memory.
19
318
12/13
MSM evaluation research ao1 and ao3
this powerpoint includes the research that supports or weakens the msm.
3
81
Unit 5 : Cognition
AP Psychology, Unit 5
82
982
Psychology 101 Notes
Notes: Chapters 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
19
661
12/13
Coding, capacity and duration of memory
Psychology - Memory
6
109
12/13
Grant case study
Descriptoon of grant case study
Average App Rating
Students use Knowunity
In Education App Charts in 12 Countries
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Stefan S, iOS User
SuSSan, iOS User
Long-term memory (LTM) is a complex system that stores information for extended periods. This summary explores the types of LTM, their characteristics, and supporting evidence.
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Study smarter, stress less - anytime, anywhere
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While Tulving's model proposes three distinct types of long-term memory, some researchers argue for a simpler classification.
Cohen and Squire (1980) suggest a two-store model of long-term memory:
Definition: Declarative memory refers to memories that can be consciously recalled and verbalized.
This alternative model highlights the ongoing debate in the field regarding the most accurate way to categorize long-term memory systems.
Highlight: The debate between two and three types of long-term memory underscores the complexity of memory processes and the need for continued research in this area.
Understanding these different perspectives on long-term memory types is crucial for students studying A Level Psychology, as it demonstrates the evolving nature of psychological theories and the importance of critical evaluation in the field.
Free notes for every subject, made by the best students
Get better grades with smart AI support
Study smarter, stress less - anytime, anywhere
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Tulving (1985) proposed three distinct stores within long-term memory, each responsible for different types of information. This classification has significant implications for understanding memory processes in A Level Psychology.
Episodic memory refers to the ability to recall specific events or experiences from one's past. It requires conscious effort to retrieve these memories.
Example: Remembering your first day at school or your last birthday celebration.
Semantic memory encompasses our general knowledge about the world, including facts, concepts, and meanings. Like episodic memory, it requires conscious recall.
Vocabulary: Semantic memory is often described as our 'encyclopedic' knowledge.
Procedural memory involves the recall of skills and procedures, often referred to as 'muscle memory'. Unlike episodic and semantic memories, procedural memories can be recalled without conscious effort.
Example: Riding a bicycle or typing on a keyboard without looking at the keys.
Studies of patients with amnesia, such as HM and Clive Wearing, provide strong support for the distinction between these types of long-term memory.
Highlight: Amnesic patients often show impaired episodic memory while retaining intact semantic and procedural memories, suggesting separate memory systems.
Brain scanning studies, like that conducted by Tulving et al. (1994), have revealed distinct neural activations for different memory types.
Quote: "Episodic and semantic memories [are] recalled from prefrontal cortex - left (semantic), right (episodic)"
This neuroimaging evidence strengthens the case for separate long-term memory systems.
Research into long-term memory in Psychology has practical implications for treating memory impairments.
Example: Belleville et al. (2006) showed that targeted training could improve episodic memory in older adults with mild cognitive impairment.
Psychology - Coding, capacity and duration of memory
Research by Baddeley, Jacobs, Miller and more, explaining coding, capacity and duration of long-term and short-term memory.
13
383
0
Psychology - MSM evaluation research ao1 and ao3
this powerpoint includes the research that supports or weakens the msm.
19
318
0
AP Psychology - Unit 5 : Cognition
AP Psychology, Unit 5
3
81
0
Psychology - Psychology 101 Notes
Notes: Chapters 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
82
982
0
Psychology - Coding, capacity and duration of memory
Psychology - Memory
19
661
0
Psychology - Grant case study
Descriptoon of grant case study
6
109
0
Average App Rating
Students use Knowunity
In Education App Charts in 12 Countries
Students uploaded study notes
iOS User
Stefan S, iOS User
SuSSan, iOS User
