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AP Chemistry
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Kylie Williams
11/27/2025
AP Psychology
UNIT 2 (2.5) - Infulence of Drugs on Neural Firing
32
•
Nov 27, 2025
•
Kylie Williams
@kyliewilliams_8
Psychoactive drugs have profound effects on neural firing, altering everything... Show more
Psychoactive drugs alter our perceptions, mood, consciousness, and cognitive functions in ways that can be both desirable and harmful. These substances can create experiences ranging from euphoria to severe impairment, depending on the type and amount consumed.
When used regularly, many psychoactive substances lead to addiction - a physical and psychological dependency that causes withdrawal symptoms when discontinued. Users often develop tolerance, requiring increasingly larger doses to achieve the same effects, creating a dangerous cycle of escalating consumption.
Surprisingly, psychoactive substances appear in everyday life more than you might realize. Caffeine in your morning coffee or afternoon soda is actually a mild psychoactive drug. The key difference between casual use and addiction is whether the substance interferes with your daily functioning or wellbeing.
Brain Connection: Psychoactive drugs work by altering neural communication in your brain, affecting how neurons fire and transmit information across synapses.
Depressants slow down neural activity and bodily functions, producing calming or sedative effects. Common examples include alcohol (the most widely consumed depressant globally), barbiturates, and opiates, which you'll frequently encounter at social gatherings and events.
Alcohol profoundly affects your nervous system by slowing neural processing, impairing memory, reducing self-awareness, and diminishing self-control. While small amounts might help you relax, larger quantities intensify these effects and can lead to blackouts - periods where you can't remember what happened while intoxicated.
Long-term excessive drinking can result in alcohol use disorder, characterized by tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, and compulsive drinking. This disorder can cause serious health problems, including actual shrinkage of brain tissue.
Barbiturates are prescribed tranquilizers that reduce anxiety, induce sleep, and prevent seizures by suppressing central nervous system activity. Combining them with alcohol creates an extremely dangerous, potentially fatal interaction.
Warning: Mixing depressants like alcohol and barbiturates can be life-threatening as they compound each other's effects on breathing and heart rate.
Opiates like morphine and heroin temporarily relieve pain and anxiety by mimicking your body's natural painkillers (endorphins). What makes opiates particularly dangerous is that they suppress your body's natural endorphin production. This suppression creates a powerful dependency, as quitting abruptly can be fatal when your body hasn't resumed producing its own pain relief chemicals.
Stimulants increase neural activity and accelerate bodily functions, making you feel more alert, energetic, and elevating your mood. Popular stimulants include nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine, and MDMA (ecstasy).
Nicotine, found in tobacco products, quickly develops tolerance and causes withdrawal symptoms. Within minutes of smoking a cigarette, nicotine triggers the release of epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. These neurotransmitters suppress appetite, increase alertness, reduce anxiety, and decrease pain perception - providing immediate rewards despite serious long-term health consequences.
Cocaine delivers intense alertness and euphoria by rapidly depleting dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine in your brain. This high is short-lived; within an hour, users typically experience a "crash" that can lead to depression, mood swings, and even cardiac or respiratory problems.
Mind-Blowing Fact: The euphoria from stimulants comes at a cost - your brain's reward system essentially "borrows" happiness from the future, leading to deeper crashes later.
Hallucinogens distort perception and create sensory experiences without actual external input. They can produce vivid hallucinations and profoundly alter consciousness. THC (in marijuana) is considered a mild hallucinogen, while LSD and psilocybin (from mushrooms) are more powerful. Interestingly, the experiences produced by hallucinogens often resemble altered states reported during near-death experiences.
Understanding how drugs affect your brain starts with knowing the basic structure of neurons. The cell body (soma) controls the neuron's activities, while dendrites receive messages from other cells. The axon carries electrical signals away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands.
When psychoactive substances enter your system, they interfere with this communication process. Some drugs enhance the action potential (electrical signal) traveling down the axon, while others inhibit it. The myelin sheath that covers some axons helps speed neural impulses, and certain substances can damage this critical component.
Drugs typically affect the junction points between neurons, where terminal buttons form connections with dendrites from other neurons. By either mimicking, blocking, or altering the neurotransmitters at these junctions, psychoactive substances can dramatically change how your neural network functions.
Visualization Tip: Think of your neural network like a complex electrical system. Stimulants turn up the power, depressants dim the lights, and hallucinogens rewire the circuits temporarily!
Different drug categories target specific neurotransmitter systems - depressants often affect GABA (inhibitory), stimulants target dopamine and norepinephrine (excitatory), and hallucinogens frequently interact with serotonin pathways. This explains why each drug class produces its unique constellation of effects on your mood, perception, and consciousness.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Kylie Williams
@kyliewilliams_8
Psychoactive drugs have profound effects on neural firing, altering everything from mood to perception. These substances interact with our brain chemistry in various ways, producing a range of effects from stimulation to sedation. Understanding how these drugs affect the nervous... Show more
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Psychoactive drugs alter our perceptions, mood, consciousness, and cognitive functions in ways that can be both desirable and harmful. These substances can create experiences ranging from euphoria to severe impairment, depending on the type and amount consumed.
When used regularly, many psychoactive substances lead to addiction - a physical and psychological dependency that causes withdrawal symptoms when discontinued. Users often develop tolerance, requiring increasingly larger doses to achieve the same effects, creating a dangerous cycle of escalating consumption.
Surprisingly, psychoactive substances appear in everyday life more than you might realize. Caffeine in your morning coffee or afternoon soda is actually a mild psychoactive drug. The key difference between casual use and addiction is whether the substance interferes with your daily functioning or wellbeing.
Brain Connection: Psychoactive drugs work by altering neural communication in your brain, affecting how neurons fire and transmit information across synapses.
Depressants slow down neural activity and bodily functions, producing calming or sedative effects. Common examples include alcohol (the most widely consumed depressant globally), barbiturates, and opiates, which you'll frequently encounter at social gatherings and events.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Alcohol profoundly affects your nervous system by slowing neural processing, impairing memory, reducing self-awareness, and diminishing self-control. While small amounts might help you relax, larger quantities intensify these effects and can lead to blackouts - periods where you can't remember what happened while intoxicated.
Long-term excessive drinking can result in alcohol use disorder, characterized by tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, and compulsive drinking. This disorder can cause serious health problems, including actual shrinkage of brain tissue.
Barbiturates are prescribed tranquilizers that reduce anxiety, induce sleep, and prevent seizures by suppressing central nervous system activity. Combining them with alcohol creates an extremely dangerous, potentially fatal interaction.
Warning: Mixing depressants like alcohol and barbiturates can be life-threatening as they compound each other's effects on breathing and heart rate.
Opiates like morphine and heroin temporarily relieve pain and anxiety by mimicking your body's natural painkillers (endorphins). What makes opiates particularly dangerous is that they suppress your body's natural endorphin production. This suppression creates a powerful dependency, as quitting abruptly can be fatal when your body hasn't resumed producing its own pain relief chemicals.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Stimulants increase neural activity and accelerate bodily functions, making you feel more alert, energetic, and elevating your mood. Popular stimulants include nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine, and MDMA (ecstasy).
Nicotine, found in tobacco products, quickly develops tolerance and causes withdrawal symptoms. Within minutes of smoking a cigarette, nicotine triggers the release of epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. These neurotransmitters suppress appetite, increase alertness, reduce anxiety, and decrease pain perception - providing immediate rewards despite serious long-term health consequences.
Cocaine delivers intense alertness and euphoria by rapidly depleting dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine in your brain. This high is short-lived; within an hour, users typically experience a "crash" that can lead to depression, mood swings, and even cardiac or respiratory problems.
Mind-Blowing Fact: The euphoria from stimulants comes at a cost - your brain's reward system essentially "borrows" happiness from the future, leading to deeper crashes later.
Hallucinogens distort perception and create sensory experiences without actual external input. They can produce vivid hallucinations and profoundly alter consciousness. THC (in marijuana) is considered a mild hallucinogen, while LSD and psilocybin (from mushrooms) are more powerful. Interestingly, the experiences produced by hallucinogens often resemble altered states reported during near-death experiences.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Understanding how drugs affect your brain starts with knowing the basic structure of neurons. The cell body (soma) controls the neuron's activities, while dendrites receive messages from other cells. The axon carries electrical signals away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands.
When psychoactive substances enter your system, they interfere with this communication process. Some drugs enhance the action potential (electrical signal) traveling down the axon, while others inhibit it. The myelin sheath that covers some axons helps speed neural impulses, and certain substances can damage this critical component.
Drugs typically affect the junction points between neurons, where terminal buttons form connections with dendrites from other neurons. By either mimicking, blocking, or altering the neurotransmitters at these junctions, psychoactive substances can dramatically change how your neural network functions.
Visualization Tip: Think of your neural network like a complex electrical system. Stimulants turn up the power, depressants dim the lights, and hallucinogens rewire the circuits temporarily!
Different drug categories target specific neurotransmitter systems - depressants often affect GABA (inhibitory), stimulants target dopamine and norepinephrine (excitatory), and hallucinogens frequently interact with serotonin pathways. This explains why each drug class produces its unique constellation of effects on your mood, perception, and consciousness.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Psychology