Page 3: Cognitive Aspects of Classical Conditioning

This page explores the cognitive-behavioral perspective on classical conditioning, introducing more sophisticated models of learning.

Definition: The Contingency Model, developed by Rescorla and Wagner, explains how salient stimuli become associated with unconditioned stimuli.

Highlight: The cognitive-behavioral view emphasizes the role of conscious awareness in learning processes.

Vocabulary: Contiguity model describes how repeated pairing of stimuli forms associations leading to strong conditioned responses.

Page 4: Operant Conditioning Examples

This page provides practical examples of different types of operant conditioning in everyday situations.

Example: Various real-life applications of reinforcement and punishment:

• Positive reinforcement: Getting friends to laugh at jokes
• Negative reinforcement: Wearing sunscreen to prevent sunburn
• Punishment: Demotion for repeated tardiness

Highlight: These examples demonstrate how operant conditioning principles apply in daily life situations.

Page 1: Foundations of Behavioral Learning

This section introduces fundamental concepts of behavioral learning and classical conditioning, with particular focus on Pavlov's experiments and Watson's Little Albert study.

Definition: Behavioral learning in ap psychology occurs when behavior or response changes result from experience, particularly through associative learning where events or stimuli become linked.

Example: The Little Albert study demonstrates how fear responses can be conditioned through association, a classic behaviorism ap psychology example.

Vocabulary: Classical conditioning involves several key components:

• Unconditioned Stimulus (US/UCS): Natural stimulus producing response
• Unconditioned Response (UCR): Natural reaction to UCS
• Neutral Stimulus (NS): Initially produces no reaction
• Conditioned Stimulus (CS): Learned trigger
• Conditioned Response (CR): Learned reaction

Highlight: Generalization allows conditioned responses to transfer to similar stimuli, serving an adaptive function by protecting from potential dangers without repeated exposure.