Strategic Developments and Major Battles

The war's middle period saw significant developments in both military strategy and politics. The Union army underwent several leadership changes, while the Confederate forces maintained strong resistance under Lee's command.

Vocabulary: Copperheads - Northern Democrats who opposed the war and advocated peace with the South.

Quote: "Sherman's march" exemplified total war tactics, aiming to "destroy supplies and weaken the morale of the Confederates."

The battles of Gettysburg and Vicksburg in July 1863 proved decisive turning points, significantly improving the Union's diplomatic position.

Political Developments and War's End

The political dimension of the war intensified as Lincoln faced opposition from various factions. The 1864 election became a crucial moment, with Lincoln's victory ensuring the continuation of the war effort.

Highlight: Lincoln's reelection campaign struggled until Union military victories, particularly Sherman's capture of Atlanta, boosted Northern morale.

Grant's relentless campaign against Lee, though costly in casualties, eventually proved effective. The Wilderness Campaign shocked public opinion with its brutality, while Confederate peace negotiations in February 1865 signaled the approaching end of the conflict.

Example: The capture of Mobile, Alabama by Farragut and Sherman's seizure of Atlanta were crucial victories that helped secure Lincoln's reelection.

Bull Run and Early Campaigns

The chapter begins with the Union's sobering defeat at Bull Run, which dispelled notions of a quick victory. General George McClellan took command of the Army of the Potomac, proving to be an excellent organizer but overly cautious commander.

Highlight: The Peninsula Campaign became a significant early offensive, though McClellan's hesitation ultimately led to its failure.

Example: The Seven Days' Battles (June 26-July 2, 1862) saw Confederate General Robert E. Lee drive McClellan back to the sea.

The naval aspect of the war featured the Union's blockade strategy and the famous Monitor-Merrimack battle. The Battle of Antietam proved crucial, allowing Lincoln to issue the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation.

Definition: The Emancipation Proclamation declared freedom for slaves in Confederate states but did not affect border states remaining in the Union.