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Discover APUSH Period 1: Native American Tribes, 1491-1607, and Three Sisters Farming

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Discover APUSH Period 1: Native American Tribes, 1491-1607, and Three Sisters Farming
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emily 💌

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The Native American societies before European contact APUSH period marks a crucial transition from pre-colonial to colonial America, spanning 1491-1607. This foundational era saw diverse indigenous civilizations, the introduction of Three Sisters farming, and eventual European contact, leading to profound changes through the Columbian Exchange and early colonization efforts.

• Complex indigenous societies flourished across different geographical regions
• Agricultural innovations, particularly Three Sisters farming, supported large populations
• European exploration driven by religion, wealth, and technological advances
• Columbian Exchange transformed both hemispheres
• Spanish dominance eventually gave way to broader European colonization

4/24/2023

492

Period 1 (1491-1607): • • 225 MYA, there was one supercontinent → Pangaea 35,000 years ago → Ice age, which caused the sea levels to lower,

View

Major Native American Regions and Their Characteristics

This section explores the diverse Native American cultures that developed across different geographical regions of North America before European contact.

Native American tribes pre-European contact APUSH Unit 1 varied significantly based on their environment and resources. Understanding these regional differences is crucial for what to know for APUSH period 1.

Key regions and their characteristics:

  1. Southwest/Desert:

    • Sophisticated irrigation systems
    • Permanent settlements with multi-tiered houses
    • Key tribes: Anasazi, Hohokam, and Pueblo

  2. Northeast/Woodlands:

    • Stable rainfall supporting agriculture
    • Timber used for long wooden houses and mound building
    • Key tribes: Iroquois, Shawnee, and Ottawa

  3. Mississippi River Valley:

    • River-based trade centers like Cahokia
    • Key tribes: Choctaw and Tunica

  4. Great Lakes Region:

    • Fishing-based economy
    • Use of canoes and boats for travel
    • Key tribe: Chippewa

  5. Great Plains/Great Basin:

    • Focus on buffalo and bison hunting
    • Nomadic lifestyle following herds
    • Key tribes: Cheyenne, Sioux (Great Plains), Shoshone (Great Basin)

Vocabulary: Pueblo - multi-tiered stone buildings characteristic of Southwest Native American architecture.

Highlight: The Iroquois tribe in the Northeast was known for their sophisticated government system, which later influenced the development of American democracy.

Period 1 (1491-1607): • • 225 MYA, there was one supercontinent → Pangaea 35,000 years ago → Ice age, which caused the sea levels to lower,

View

Pacific Northwest and Causes of European Exploration

This page covers the unique characteristics of the Pacific Northwest Native American societies and delves into the motivations behind European exploration of the Americas.

Pacific Northwest/Plateau:

  • Economy based on fishing and elk hunting
  • Key tribe: Chinook, known for strict social class system and head flattening practices

Causes of European Entry into the New World:

  1. Religious motivations:

    • Spreading Christianity, particularly Catholicism by the Spanish

  2. Economic factors:

    • Search for wealth and new trade routes to Asia

  3. Political competition:

    • Rivalry between European nations for territory and global influence

  4. Technological advancements:

    • New navigational tools and ship designs enabled longer voyages

Example: The caravel, a small and fast Spanish or Portuguese sailing ship, was crucial for long-distance exploration in the 15th-17th centuries.

Vocabulary: Sextant - An instrument used for celestial navigation to determine latitude and longitude by measuring angles between celestial bodies and the horizon.

Highlight: The combination of religious zeal, economic ambition, and technological innovation drove European nations to explore and eventually colonize the Americas, fundamentally altering the course of world history.

Period 1 (1491-1607): • • 225 MYA, there was one supercontinent → Pangaea 35,000 years ago → Ice age, which caused the sea levels to lower,

View

The Columbian Exchange and Its Impact

The Columbian Exchange was a widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds following Christopher Columbus's voyages. This exchange had profound effects on both sides of the Atlantic.

Effects of European Entry into the New World:

  1. Population changes:

    • European population growth
    • Devastating decline in Native American populations (up to 90% in some areas)

  2. Economic transformation:

    • Influx of gold and silver to Europe
    • New agricultural products and trade goods

  3. Cultural and social shifts:

    • Introduction of Christianity to the Americas
    • Colonization and enslavement

The Columbian Exchange:

Europe Received:

  • Foods: Corn, potatoes, tomatoes, chocolate, vanilla, etc.
  • Animals: Turkeys, buffalo, guinea pigs, etc.
  • Other: Tobacco, rubber, gold, silver

The New World Received:

  • Foods: Wheat, sugar, rice, coffee, citrus fruits, etc.
  • Animals: Horses, cows, pigs, sheep, chickens, etc.
  • Other: Christianity, iron tools, guns

Highlight: The introduction of horses to the Americas dramatically changed Native American cultures, particularly on the Great Plains, where tribes became skilled mounted hunters and warriors.

Definition: The Columbian Exchange refers to the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds following Christopher Columbus's 1492 voyage.

Example: The potato, originating in the Americas, became a staple crop in Europe, significantly impacting population growth and agricultural practices.

Period 1 (1491-1607): • • 225 MYA, there was one supercontinent → Pangaea 35,000 years ago → Ice age, which caused the sea levels to lower,

View

Early Spanish Exploration and Settlement

This section focuses on the initial Spanish explorations and settlements in the Americas, marking the beginning of European colonization in the New World.

Key points:

  1. Christopher Columbus's arrival:

    • 1492 - Columbus landed in the present-day Bahamas
    • This event initiated sustained European contact with the Americas

  2. Spanish dominance:

    • Spain emerged as the leading European power in early American exploration
    • Established multiple coastal towns in Central and South America

  3. Motivations for Spanish exploration:

    • Search for gold and other valuable resources
    • Spread of Catholicism
    • Expansion of Spanish empire and influence

  4. Impact on Native populations:

    • Introduction of European diseases
    • Forced labor and enslavement
    • Cultural and religious suppression

Quote: "In the centuries following Columbus's landfall, as many as 90% of the Native Americans perished."

Highlight: The Spanish colonization efforts set the stage for future European powers to establish their presence in the Americas, shaping the political and cultural landscape of the New World.

Example: The establishment of coastal towns by the Spanish, such as Santo Domingo (founded in 1496), became important centers for further exploration and colonization efforts in the Americas.

Period 1 (1491-1607): • • 225 MYA, there was one supercontinent → Pangaea 35,000 years ago → Ice age, which caused the sea levels to lower,

View

Spanish Colonial System

The Spanish established a complex social hierarchy in their colonies, developing a unique caste system.

Definition: Mestizos were people of mixed European and Native American ancestry.

Highlight: The Spanish Armada's defeat in 1588 opened the door for other European nations to colonize America.

Period 1 (1491-1607): • • 225 MYA, there was one supercontinent → Pangaea 35,000 years ago → Ice age, which caused the sea levels to lower,

View

Colonial Developments and Perspectives

Different views emerged regarding the treatment of Native Americans, leading to significant debates.

Quote: "Las Casas believed the Natives were already well off prior to the Europeans' arrival and that they should be treated fairly."

Example: The mysterious disappearance of the Roanoke Colony in 1590 remains a significant historical mystery.

Period 1 (1491-1607): • • 225 MYA, there was one supercontinent → Pangaea 35,000 years ago → Ice age, which caused the sea levels to lower,

View

Cultural and Social Systems

This period saw complex social and cultural developments among Native American societies.

Definition: Matrilineal Culture traced ancestral descent through maternal instead of paternal lines.

Vocabulary: Nation-States represented societies with political legitimacy overlaying cultural commonality.

Period 1 (1491-1607): • • 225 MYA, there was one supercontinent → Pangaea 35,000 years ago → Ice age, which caused the sea levels to lower,

View

Period 1 (1491-1607): Native American Societies and European Contact

This period covers the time from pre-Columbian Native American societies to early European exploration and settlement in the Americas. It is crucial for understanding the foundations of American history.

Why does period 1 start with 1491? 1491 represents the year before Christopher Columbus's arrival in the Americas, marking the last year of solely indigenous control of the continents.

Key points:

  • Prehistoric migration across the Bering land bridge populated the Americas
  • By 1492, an estimated 54 million people lived in the Americas
  • Advanced civilizations like the Aztecs, Incas, and Mayans developed sophisticated urban centers and agricultural practices
  • Three sister farming (maize, beans, and squash) was a crucial agricultural innovation

Highlight: The introduction of maize cultivation by the Aztecs, Incas, and Mayans to North America became a primary crop for Native Americans, enabling permanent settlements and advancements in science and technology.

Definition: Three sister farming is an agricultural technique where corn, beans, and squash are planted together to maximize yields and soil health. This method was widely used in the Southwest, Southeast, and Northeast regions of North America.

Example: The Aztecs built large, elaborate cities and made accurate astronomical observations, demonstrating their advanced civilization despite lacking modern technology.

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Subjects

/

AP US History

/

Worlds Collide (1491-1607)

/

Spanish Colonization

Discover APUSH Period 1: Native American Tribes, 1491-1607, and Three Sisters Farming

user profile picture

emily 💌

@emily_615

·

4 Followers

Follow

Subject Expert

The Native American societies before European contact APUSH period marks a crucial transition from pre-colonial to colonial America, spanning 1491-1607. This foundational era saw diverse indigenous civilizations, the introduction of Three Sisters farming, and eventual European contact, leading to profound changes through the Columbian Exchange and early colonization efforts.

• Complex indigenous societies flourished across different geographical regions
• Agricultural innovations, particularly Three Sisters farming, supported large populations
• European exploration driven by religion, wealth, and technological advances
• Columbian Exchange transformed both hemispheres
• Spanish dominance eventually gave way to broader European colonization

4/24/2023

492

 

AP US History

18

Period 1 (1491-1607): • • 225 MYA, there was one supercontinent → Pangaea 35,000 years ago → Ice age, which caused the sea levels to lower,

Sign up to see the content. It's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Major Native American Regions and Their Characteristics

This section explores the diverse Native American cultures that developed across different geographical regions of North America before European contact.

Native American tribes pre-European contact APUSH Unit 1 varied significantly based on their environment and resources. Understanding these regional differences is crucial for what to know for APUSH period 1.

Key regions and their characteristics:

  1. Southwest/Desert:

    • Sophisticated irrigation systems
    • Permanent settlements with multi-tiered houses
    • Key tribes: Anasazi, Hohokam, and Pueblo

  2. Northeast/Woodlands:

    • Stable rainfall supporting agriculture
    • Timber used for long wooden houses and mound building
    • Key tribes: Iroquois, Shawnee, and Ottawa

  3. Mississippi River Valley:

    • River-based trade centers like Cahokia
    • Key tribes: Choctaw and Tunica

  4. Great Lakes Region:

    • Fishing-based economy
    • Use of canoes and boats for travel
    • Key tribe: Chippewa

  5. Great Plains/Great Basin:

    • Focus on buffalo and bison hunting
    • Nomadic lifestyle following herds
    • Key tribes: Cheyenne, Sioux (Great Plains), Shoshone (Great Basin)

Vocabulary: Pueblo - multi-tiered stone buildings characteristic of Southwest Native American architecture.

Highlight: The Iroquois tribe in the Northeast was known for their sophisticated government system, which later influenced the development of American democracy.

Period 1 (1491-1607): • • 225 MYA, there was one supercontinent → Pangaea 35,000 years ago → Ice age, which caused the sea levels to lower,

Sign up to see the content. It's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Pacific Northwest and Causes of European Exploration

This page covers the unique characteristics of the Pacific Northwest Native American societies and delves into the motivations behind European exploration of the Americas.

Pacific Northwest/Plateau:

  • Economy based on fishing and elk hunting
  • Key tribe: Chinook, known for strict social class system and head flattening practices

Causes of European Entry into the New World:

  1. Religious motivations:

    • Spreading Christianity, particularly Catholicism by the Spanish

  2. Economic factors:

    • Search for wealth and new trade routes to Asia

  3. Political competition:

    • Rivalry between European nations for territory and global influence

  4. Technological advancements:

    • New navigational tools and ship designs enabled longer voyages

Example: The caravel, a small and fast Spanish or Portuguese sailing ship, was crucial for long-distance exploration in the 15th-17th centuries.

Vocabulary: Sextant - An instrument used for celestial navigation to determine latitude and longitude by measuring angles between celestial bodies and the horizon.

Highlight: The combination of religious zeal, economic ambition, and technological innovation drove European nations to explore and eventually colonize the Americas, fundamentally altering the course of world history.

Period 1 (1491-1607): • • 225 MYA, there was one supercontinent → Pangaea 35,000 years ago → Ice age, which caused the sea levels to lower,

Sign up to see the content. It's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

The Columbian Exchange and Its Impact

The Columbian Exchange was a widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds following Christopher Columbus's voyages. This exchange had profound effects on both sides of the Atlantic.

Effects of European Entry into the New World:

  1. Population changes:

    • European population growth
    • Devastating decline in Native American populations (up to 90% in some areas)

  2. Economic transformation:

    • Influx of gold and silver to Europe
    • New agricultural products and trade goods

  3. Cultural and social shifts:

    • Introduction of Christianity to the Americas
    • Colonization and enslavement

The Columbian Exchange:

Europe Received:

  • Foods: Corn, potatoes, tomatoes, chocolate, vanilla, etc.
  • Animals: Turkeys, buffalo, guinea pigs, etc.
  • Other: Tobacco, rubber, gold, silver

The New World Received:

  • Foods: Wheat, sugar, rice, coffee, citrus fruits, etc.
  • Animals: Horses, cows, pigs, sheep, chickens, etc.
  • Other: Christianity, iron tools, guns

Highlight: The introduction of horses to the Americas dramatically changed Native American cultures, particularly on the Great Plains, where tribes became skilled mounted hunters and warriors.

Definition: The Columbian Exchange refers to the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds following Christopher Columbus's 1492 voyage.

Example: The potato, originating in the Americas, became a staple crop in Europe, significantly impacting population growth and agricultural practices.

Period 1 (1491-1607): • • 225 MYA, there was one supercontinent → Pangaea 35,000 years ago → Ice age, which caused the sea levels to lower,

Sign up to see the content. It's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Early Spanish Exploration and Settlement

This section focuses on the initial Spanish explorations and settlements in the Americas, marking the beginning of European colonization in the New World.

Key points:

  1. Christopher Columbus's arrival:

    • 1492 - Columbus landed in the present-day Bahamas
    • This event initiated sustained European contact with the Americas

  2. Spanish dominance:

    • Spain emerged as the leading European power in early American exploration
    • Established multiple coastal towns in Central and South America

  3. Motivations for Spanish exploration:

    • Search for gold and other valuable resources
    • Spread of Catholicism
    • Expansion of Spanish empire and influence

  4. Impact on Native populations:

    • Introduction of European diseases
    • Forced labor and enslavement
    • Cultural and religious suppression

Quote: "In the centuries following Columbus's landfall, as many as 90% of the Native Americans perished."

Highlight: The Spanish colonization efforts set the stage for future European powers to establish their presence in the Americas, shaping the political and cultural landscape of the New World.

Example: The establishment of coastal towns by the Spanish, such as Santo Domingo (founded in 1496), became important centers for further exploration and colonization efforts in the Americas.

Period 1 (1491-1607): • • 225 MYA, there was one supercontinent → Pangaea 35,000 years ago → Ice age, which caused the sea levels to lower,

Sign up to see the content. It's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Spanish Colonial System

The Spanish established a complex social hierarchy in their colonies, developing a unique caste system.

Definition: Mestizos were people of mixed European and Native American ancestry.

Highlight: The Spanish Armada's defeat in 1588 opened the door for other European nations to colonize America.

Period 1 (1491-1607): • • 225 MYA, there was one supercontinent → Pangaea 35,000 years ago → Ice age, which caused the sea levels to lower,

Sign up to see the content. It's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Colonial Developments and Perspectives

Different views emerged regarding the treatment of Native Americans, leading to significant debates.

Quote: "Las Casas believed the Natives were already well off prior to the Europeans' arrival and that they should be treated fairly."

Example: The mysterious disappearance of the Roanoke Colony in 1590 remains a significant historical mystery.

Period 1 (1491-1607): • • 225 MYA, there was one supercontinent → Pangaea 35,000 years ago → Ice age, which caused the sea levels to lower,

Sign up to see the content. It's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Cultural and Social Systems

This period saw complex social and cultural developments among Native American societies.

Definition: Matrilineal Culture traced ancestral descent through maternal instead of paternal lines.

Vocabulary: Nation-States represented societies with political legitimacy overlaying cultural commonality.

Period 1 (1491-1607): • • 225 MYA, there was one supercontinent → Pangaea 35,000 years ago → Ice age, which caused the sea levels to lower,

Sign up to see the content. It's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Period 1 (1491-1607): Native American Societies and European Contact

This period covers the time from pre-Columbian Native American societies to early European exploration and settlement in the Americas. It is crucial for understanding the foundations of American history.

Why does period 1 start with 1491? 1491 represents the year before Christopher Columbus's arrival in the Americas, marking the last year of solely indigenous control of the continents.

Key points:

  • Prehistoric migration across the Bering land bridge populated the Americas
  • By 1492, an estimated 54 million people lived in the Americas
  • Advanced civilizations like the Aztecs, Incas, and Mayans developed sophisticated urban centers and agricultural practices
  • Three sister farming (maize, beans, and squash) was a crucial agricultural innovation

Highlight: The introduction of maize cultivation by the Aztecs, Incas, and Mayans to North America became a primary crop for Native Americans, enabling permanent settlements and advancements in science and technology.

Definition: Three sister farming is an agricultural technique where corn, beans, and squash are planted together to maximize yields and soil health. This method was widely used in the Southwest, Southeast, and Northeast regions of North America.

Example: The Aztecs built large, elaborate cities and made accurate astronomical observations, demonstrating their advanced civilization despite lacking modern technology.

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AP US History notes from Heimler, the textbook, and school.

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Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.

Knowunity is the # 1 ranked education app in five European countries

Knowunity was a featured story by Apple and has consistently topped the app store charts within the education category in Germany, Italy, Poland, Switzerland and United Kingdom. Join Knowunity today and help millions of students around the world.

Ranked #1 Education App

Download in

Google Play

Download in

App Store

Knowunity is the # 1 ranked education app in five European countries

4.9+

Average App Rating

15 M

Students use Knowunity

#1

In Education App Charts in 12 Countries

950 K+

Students uploaded study notes

Still not sure? Look at what your fellow peers are saying...

iOS User

I love this app so much [...] I recommend Knowunity to everyone!!! I went from a C to an A with it :D

Stefan S, iOS User

The application is very simple and well designed. So far I have found what I was looking for :D

SuSSan, iOS User

Love this App ❤️, I use it basically all the time whenever I'm studying