Unit 6 Topic 2: Imperialism in Africa and Asia

Imperialism, the process by which one nation extends its influence and power over another through diplomacy or force, significantly impacted Africa and Asia during this period. The effects of imperialism from 1750-1900 were profound and long-lasting, reshaping the political, economic, and social landscapes of colonized regions.

In Africa, European influence had been growing since the 1800s, driven by the increasing demand for raw materials. The British sought to establish a shorter sea route to their Asian trading posts, leading to the construction of the Suez Canal in 1869 and the subsequent seizure of control from the Ottomans in 1882.

Example: The Scramble for Africa, initiated by Otto von Bismarck of Germany, led to the Berlin Conference in 1884, where European powers drew colonial boundaries that often disregarded existing African political and ethnic divisions.

Highlight: Belgium's King Leopold II's brutal rule in the Congo resulted in the deaths of approximately 8 million people due to forced labor and harsh policies.

In Asia, the British East India Company expanded its territory at the expense of the Mughal Empire, employing both its own troops and Indian soldiers $sepoys$. China faced economic imperialism from European powers, who carved the country into spheres of influence while nominally leaving the Qing dynasty in power.

Vocabulary: Spheres of influence were areas where foreign powers held exclusive trading rights and exerted significant political control without formal colonization.

Japan, following the Meiji Restoration, became a colonizer itself, expanding into Korea, Southeast Asia, and parts of China in search of raw materials and new markets.

The Dutch established power in Southeast Asia through the Dutch East India Company, while the British colonized Australia $initially as a penal colony$ and New Zealand, leading to conflicts with the indigenous Maori people.

Unit 6 Topic 3: Imperialism in the Americas and Indigenous Resistance

The concept of Manifest Destiny drove the United States' westward expansion, leading to conflicts with Native American populations. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 resulted in the forced relocation of Native Americans, including the infamous Trail of Tears.

Definition: Manifest Destiny was the 19th-century belief that American settlers were destined to expand across North America, often used to justify the displacement of indigenous peoples.

The Spanish-American War of 1898 marked the United States' expansion overseas, resulting in the acquisition of territories such as Guam, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Cuba.

Russia, under Catherine II and later rulers, also expanded its empire, annexing territories from the Ottomans and China.

Indigenous resistance to imperial expansion took various forms across the globe. In the United States, Native American resistance movements included the Ghost Dance, which led to the conflict at Wounded Knee in 1890.

Example: The Ghost Dance was a spiritual movement among Native Americans that prophesied the disappearance of white settlers and the return of ancestral lands.

In Peru, Tupac Amaru II led an armed rebellion against Spanish colonial rule, demonstrating the widespread resistance to European domination in the Americas.

Quote: "The imperial ambitions of European powers, the United States, and Japan during this period reshaped the global balance of power and left lasting impacts on colonized regions that continue to influence geopolitics today."

This unit of AMSCO AP World History provides a comprehensive overview of the complex factors driving imperialism and its far-reaching consequences, essential for understanding the modern world order.

Page 4: American and Russian Expansion

This section details the territorial growth of the United States and Russia. The concept of Manifest Destiny and its impact on Native Americans is explored, along with the Spanish-American War's territorial acquisitions.

Definition: Manifest Destiny - The belief that American expansion across North America was both justified and inevitable.

Example: The Indian Removal Act of 1830 led to the Trail of Tears.

Page 5: Indigenous Resistance

The final section discusses indigenous resistance movements against colonial powers, particularly focusing on Native American responses to expansion.

Vocabulary: Ghost Dance - A spiritual movement among Native Americans that prophesied the removal of European settlers.

Example: The Wounded Knee conflict in 1890 marked the end of the Indian Wars.

Highlight: The Tupac Amaru II rebellion in Peru represented indigenous resistance against Spanish colonial rule.

Unit 6 Topic 1: Factors Driving 19th Century Imperialism (1750-1900)

The period from 1750 to 1900 witnessed a significant wave of imperialism and empire-building, driven by three main factors: culture, nationalism, and economics. This era of European colonization of Africa and Asia was characterized by the belief in European or white supremacy, which led to the desire to impose European culture on others.

Vocabulary: The concept of the "white man's burden" emerged during this time, reflecting the misguided belief that European powers had a duty to civilize and govern other peoples.

Social Darwinism, an extension of Darwin's theory of evolution, was applied to justify the domination of stronger nations over weaker ones. This ideology supported the notion that powerful countries had the right to colonize and control less developed regions.

Example: The British colonization of India was partly justified using social Darwinist arguments, claiming that British rule would bring civilization and progress to the subcontinent.

Nationalism played a crucial role in driving imperialism. As nations developed stronger national identities, they sought to expand their influence and territories. This led to increased colonization efforts by European powers such as Britain and France.

Highlight: Japan's nationalism in the late 1800s led to its control over Korea's economy and politics, ultimately resulting in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894.

Economic motivations were also central to imperial expansion. European powers sought raw materials and new markets for their growing industries. This led to the establishment of trade agreements, trading posts, and eventually full-fledged colonies.

Definition: Economic imperialism from 1750 to 1900 refers to the process by which powerful nations extended their economic influence over weaker countries through trade agreements, resource extraction, and market control.

The Second Industrial Revolution further fueled imperial ambitions, with the United States emerging as a significant power alongside European nations.