La biología molecular es el estudio de cómo se almacena,... Show more
Biología
AlgebraSign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
41
•
Jan 18, 2026
•
Fundamentos de Biología Molecular y el Impacto de las Mutaciones
A
aandreahk.008
@aandreahk008
1 / 4
Transcripción y Traducción: Del ADN a las Proteínas
El ADN contiene nuestra información genética con las bases nitrogenadas ATCG, mientras que el ARN usa AUCG. La información fluye del ADN al ARN y finalmente a proteínas formadas por 20 aminoácidos diferentes. Cada aminoácido está codificado por un triplete (también llamado codón) de tres bases nitrogenadas.
El proceso de transcripción comienza cuando la enzima helicasa separa las dos hebras del ADN. Luego, unas proteínas llamadas factores de transcripción marcan el sitio de inicio en el promotor. La ARN-polimerasa se encarga de crear una copia del ADN en forma de ARN, leyendo de 5' a 3' y copiando la secuencia complementaria.
El ARN (ácido ribonucleico) se diferencia del ADN porque contiene ribosa en lugar de desoxirribosa y utiliza uracilo (U) en vez de timina (T). Las bases nitrogenadas del ARN son adenina (A), guanina (G), citosina (C) y uracilo (U).
¡Dato interesante! La ARN-polimerasa recorre el ADN buscando regiones específicas para transcribir, permitiendo que las células se adapten al medio ambiente produciendo diferentes proteínas según sea necesario.
Replicación del ADN
La replicación del ADN es semiconservativa, lo que significa que cada hebra original sirve como molde para crear una nueva hebra complementaria. Este proceso requiere varias enzimas que trabajan coordinadamente.
La topoisomerasa y la helicasa desenrollan y separan la doble hélice. Luego, la primasa sintetiza cebadores (primers) que marcan dónde debe comenzar a copiar la ADN polimerasa. Esta enzima solo puede añadir nucleótidos en dirección 5' a 3', lo que causa diferencias en cómo se replican las dos hebras.
En la hebra líder (3'-5'), la replicación es continua. Pero en la hebra retrasada (5'-3'), se forman fragmentos discontinuos llamados fragmentos de Okazaki que luego son unidos por la enzima ligasa. El sistema semiconservativo permite maximizar la fidelidad de la copia.
¡Recuerda! La ADN polimerasa solo puede sintetizar ADN en dirección 5' a 3', lo que explica por qué una hebra se copia de forma continua y la otra de forma fragmentada.
Mutaciones: Cambios en el Material Genético
Las mutaciones son alteraciones en los genes que no son simples fallos, sino cambios heredables en el material genético. Pueden tener origen natural (espontáneas) o ser inducidas por agentes mutagénicos como radiaciones o productos químicos.
Según las células afectadas, las mutaciones pueden ser somáticas (afectan células corporales y pueden causar tumores) o germinales (afectan gametos y pueden transmitirse a la descendencia). Por su efecto, se clasifican en perjudiciales (causan enfermedades), neutras (no producen cambios significativos) o beneficiosas (aportan nuevas funciones positivas).
Las mutaciones también se clasifican según el material genético afectado: génicas (alteran la secuencia de nucleótidos), genómicas (cambian el número de cromosomas) o cromosómicas (modifican la posición de secuencias en el genoma).
¡Importante! No todas las mutaciones son malas. Las mutaciones beneficiosas son la base de la evolución y permiten a los organismos adaptarse a nuevos ambientes.
Estructura del ADN y Tipos de ARN
El ADN (ácido desoxirribonucleico) está formado por dos cadenas de desoxirribonucleótidos enrolladas en forma de doble hélice. Estas cadenas corren en direcciones opuestas y están unidas por enlaces entre bases complementarias: A-T y G-C.
Los nucleótidos, unidades básicas del ADN y ARN, tienen tres componentes: una pentosa (azúcar), un grupo fosfato y una base nitrogenada. Las bases pueden ser púricas (adenina y guanina) o pirimidínicas (citosina, timina en ADN, uracilo en ARN).
Existen tres tipos principales de ARN con diferentes funciones: ARN mensajero (ARNm) que copia la información del ADN; ARN ribosómico (ARNr) que forma parte de los ribosomas; y ARN de transferencia (ARNt) que transporta aminoácidos. El ARNm actúa como intermediario entre el gen y la proteína, llevando el mensaje del ADN a los ribosomas.
¡Visualízalo así! Si el ADN es como un libro de recetas, el ARNm es como una fotocopia de una receta específica que se lleva a la cocina (ribosoma), donde los ARNt son como los ayudantes que traen los ingredientes (aminoácidos) para preparar el plato (proteína).
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
Most popular content in Biología
Most popular content
Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.9/5
App Store
4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
homepage/newPositiveReviewText6
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
homepage/newPositiveReviewText6
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Fundamentos de Biología Molecular y el Impacto de las Mutaciones
A
aandreahk.008
@aandreahk008
La biología molecular es el estudio de cómo se almacena, transfiere y expresa la información genética en los organismos vivos. Este tema explora los procesos fundamentales del ADN, ARN, proteínas y mutaciones que son esenciales para entender cómo funciona la... Show more
Transcripción y Traducción: Del ADN a las Proteínas
El ADN contiene nuestra información genética con las bases nitrogenadas ATCG, mientras que el ARN usa AUCG. La información fluye del ADN al ARN y finalmente a proteínas formadas por 20 aminoácidos diferentes. Cada aminoácido está codificado por un triplete (también llamado codón) de tres bases nitrogenadas.
El proceso de transcripción comienza cuando la enzima helicasa separa las dos hebras del ADN. Luego, unas proteínas llamadas factores de transcripción marcan el sitio de inicio en el promotor. La ARN-polimerasa se encarga de crear una copia del ADN en forma de ARN, leyendo de 5' a 3' y copiando la secuencia complementaria.
El ARN (ácido ribonucleico) se diferencia del ADN porque contiene ribosa en lugar de desoxirribosa y utiliza uracilo (U) en vez de timina (T). Las bases nitrogenadas del ARN son adenina (A), guanina (G), citosina (C) y uracilo (U).
¡Dato interesante! La ARN-polimerasa recorre el ADN buscando regiones específicas para transcribir, permitiendo que las células se adapten al medio ambiente produciendo diferentes proteínas según sea necesario.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Replicación del ADN
La replicación del ADN es semiconservativa, lo que significa que cada hebra original sirve como molde para crear una nueva hebra complementaria. Este proceso requiere varias enzimas que trabajan coordinadamente.
La topoisomerasa y la helicasa desenrollan y separan la doble hélice. Luego, la primasa sintetiza cebadores (primers) que marcan dónde debe comenzar a copiar la ADN polimerasa. Esta enzima solo puede añadir nucleótidos en dirección 5' a 3', lo que causa diferencias en cómo se replican las dos hebras.
En la hebra líder (3'-5'), la replicación es continua. Pero en la hebra retrasada (5'-3'), se forman fragmentos discontinuos llamados fragmentos de Okazaki que luego son unidos por la enzima ligasa. El sistema semiconservativo permite maximizar la fidelidad de la copia.
¡Recuerda! La ADN polimerasa solo puede sintetizar ADN en dirección 5' a 3', lo que explica por qué una hebra se copia de forma continua y la otra de forma fragmentada.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Mutaciones: Cambios en el Material Genético
Las mutaciones son alteraciones en los genes que no son simples fallos, sino cambios heredables en el material genético. Pueden tener origen natural (espontáneas) o ser inducidas por agentes mutagénicos como radiaciones o productos químicos.
Según las células afectadas, las mutaciones pueden ser somáticas (afectan células corporales y pueden causar tumores) o germinales (afectan gametos y pueden transmitirse a la descendencia). Por su efecto, se clasifican en perjudiciales (causan enfermedades), neutras (no producen cambios significativos) o beneficiosas (aportan nuevas funciones positivas).
Las mutaciones también se clasifican según el material genético afectado: génicas (alteran la secuencia de nucleótidos), genómicas (cambian el número de cromosomas) o cromosómicas (modifican la posición de secuencias en el genoma).
¡Importante! No todas las mutaciones son malas. Las mutaciones beneficiosas son la base de la evolución y permiten a los organismos adaptarse a nuevos ambientes.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Estructura del ADN y Tipos de ARN
El ADN (ácido desoxirribonucleico) está formado por dos cadenas de desoxirribonucleótidos enrolladas en forma de doble hélice. Estas cadenas corren en direcciones opuestas y están unidas por enlaces entre bases complementarias: A-T y G-C.
Los nucleótidos, unidades básicas del ADN y ARN, tienen tres componentes: una pentosa (azúcar), un grupo fosfato y una base nitrogenada. Las bases pueden ser púricas (adenina y guanina) o pirimidínicas (citosina, timina en ADN, uracilo en ARN).
Existen tres tipos principales de ARN con diferentes funciones: ARN mensajero (ARNm) que copia la información del ADN; ARN ribosómico (ARNr) que forma parte de los ribosomas; y ARN de transferencia (ARNt) que transporta aminoácidos. El ARNm actúa como intermediario entre el gen y la proteína, llevando el mensaje del ADN a los ribosomas.
¡Visualízalo así! Si el ADN es como un libro de recetas, el ARNm es como una fotocopia de una receta específica que se lleva a la cocina (ribosoma), donde los ARNt son como los ayudantes que traen los ingredientes (aminoácidos) para preparar el plato (proteína).
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
0
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Mock Exam
Quiz
Flashcards
Essay
Most popular content in Biología
Most popular content
Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.9/5
App Store
4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
homepage/newPositiveReviewText6
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
homepage/newPositiveReviewText6
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user