Biology
Chemistry
AP Chemistry
English
AP English Literature
Biology
Dec 7, 2025
340
5 pages
Kailyn @kailynd3lrey
Welcome to Human Anatomy and Physiology! This field explores how your body is structured and functions. Understanding your... Show more
Ever wonder why marathon runners sometimes collapse? The story of Kati Mori at the London Marathon introduces us to how our bodies work. Anatomy deals with body structures while physiology examines how those parts function.
Your body constantly works to maintain homeostasis – a balanced internal environment. This happens across multiple levels of organization, from tiny atoms to complete organ systems. Everything in your body follows this pattern atoms → molecules → cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organism.
All living humans perform seven essential functions organization, metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, reproduction, and development. Metabolism involves all physical and chemical changes occurring in your body and requires energy from nutrients.
💡 Quick Fact Cells become specialized through a process called differentiation, where they activate or deactivate specific genes to perform unique functions in your body!
Your body requires specific elements to survive oxygen (for cell energy), nutrients (water, food, vitamins), proper temperature, and atmospheric pressure. These requirements are especially critical during intense physical activities like marathons.
Your body maintains balance through amazing self-correcting systems. Homeostasis works within a normal range with a set point—think of it like a thermostat for your body that keeps conditions just right.
Most body functions work through negative feedback loops. These systems detect when something's off, then trigger responses to correct it. For example, when your body temperature rises above 37°C, receptors in your skin and brain detect this change. Your brain's temperature center then activates cooling mechanisms like sweating.
Sometimes your body uses positive feedback loops that amplify responses instead of reducing them. A good example is breastfeeding—when a baby nurses, it triggers more milk production, not less!
💡 Case Study Connection Kati's marathon collapse relates to homeostasis failure. Her low urine sodium levels indicated hyponatremia—when sodium in blood drops too low. Without proper sodium balance, her body couldn't maintain normal temperature or function properly.
Understanding these feedback systems helps explain why small changes in your body chemistry can have serious consequences when your regulatory systems get overwhelmed.
Learning to talk about body locations is like using a map—you need the right directions! The anatomical position serves as our reference point standing upright with palms facing forward.
Directional terms help describe where body parts are located relative to each other. Some key pairs include superior/inferior , medial/lateral , anterior/posterior , and proximal/distal .
Your body has several major cavities that house organs. The dorsal cavity runs along your back (containing brain and spinal cord), while the ventral cavity in front contains the thoracic cavity (chest) and abdominopelvic cavity (stomach and pelvic regions). The diaphragm muscle separates the thoracic and abdominal regions.
💡 Memory Tip Think of body membranes like protective wrappings! Special membranes like the pleura (lungs), pericardium (heart), and peritoneum (abdominal organs) have two layers with lubricating fluid between them.
Body regions each have specific names used in medical terminology. For example, the brachial region refers to your upper arm, and structures in that area are named accordingly (like the brachial artery).
Your body has ten amazing organ systems that work together to keep you alive and functioning. Each system consists of organs that collaborate for specific functions.
The integumentary system (skin, hair, nails) protects underlying tissues and helps regulate your temperature. Your skeletal system provides shape, enables movement, creates blood cells, and stores minerals. The muscular system handles all forms of movement from running to subtle expressions.
Your nervous system (brain, spinal cord, nerves) coordinates all activities, while the endocrine system (various glands) releases hormones into the bloodstream. The digestive system breaks down food for energy, and the circulatory system transports materials throughout your body.
💡 Homeostasis Connection Each system plays a unique role in maintaining balance. For example, your skeletal system regulates blood calcium levels by storing or releasing minerals as needed, while your nervous system triggers sweat glands to cool you down when overheated.
Three more vital systems round out your body's functions the lymphatic system fights infections, the urinary system filters wastes from blood, and the reproductive system produces eggs or sperm to continue the human species.
Let's dive deeper into your body's remaining organ systems! The lymphatic system consists of lymph fluids and nodes that absorb fluids leaking from blood vessels and return them to circulation. This system plays a crucial role in fighting infections that threaten your health.
Your urinary system filters wastes from the blood to create urine. This system does more than just help you pee—it removes waste products, regulates blood volume and pressure, maintains electrolyte balance, and keeps your blood at the right pH level. All these functions help maintain homeostasis.
The reproductive system differs between biological sexes. In females, it includes ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina. In males, it includes the prostate, testes, and penis. Unlike other systems, reproduction isn't directly involved in homeostasis—it's about continuing the species.
💡 Critical Connection Your respiratory system (lungs, trachea) does more than just help you breathe! It's essential for gas exchange and pH regulation, both vital aspects of homeostasis.
Understanding how these systems work together helps explain complex health issues and how medical treatments target specific body functions.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Sensory/Touch
BiologyNotes on the digestive system from a Bozeman Science video, for biology or anatomy and physiology.
BiologyIntroduces biology
BiologyJoint movement and homeostasis
BiologyHas Info on: -Integumentary & Musculoskeletal Systems -Digestive Systems -Respiratory & Circulatory Systems -Urinary System -Reproductive System -Nervous System
BiologyUnit 3: cell structure and function
BiologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Kailyn
@kailynd3lrey
Welcome to Human Anatomy and Physiology! This field explores how your body is structured and functions. Understanding your body's systems helps explain everything from why athletes collapse during marathons to how you maintain normal temperature despite environmental changes.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Ever wonder why marathon runners sometimes collapse? The story of Kati Mori at the London Marathon introduces us to how our bodies work. Anatomy deals with body structures while physiology examines how those parts function.
Your body constantly works to maintain homeostasis – a balanced internal environment. This happens across multiple levels of organization, from tiny atoms to complete organ systems. Everything in your body follows this pattern: atoms → molecules → cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organism.
All living humans perform seven essential functions: organization, metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, reproduction, and development. Metabolism involves all physical and chemical changes occurring in your body and requires energy from nutrients.
💡 Quick Fact: Cells become specialized through a process called differentiation, where they activate or deactivate specific genes to perform unique functions in your body!
Your body requires specific elements to survive: oxygen (for cell energy), nutrients (water, food, vitamins), proper temperature, and atmospheric pressure. These requirements are especially critical during intense physical activities like marathons.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Your body maintains balance through amazing self-correcting systems. Homeostasis works within a normal range with a set point—think of it like a thermostat for your body that keeps conditions just right.
Most body functions work through negative feedback loops. These systems detect when something's off, then trigger responses to correct it. For example, when your body temperature rises above 37°C, receptors in your skin and brain detect this change. Your brain's temperature center then activates cooling mechanisms like sweating.
Sometimes your body uses positive feedback loops that amplify responses instead of reducing them. A good example is breastfeeding—when a baby nurses, it triggers more milk production, not less!
💡 Case Study Connection: Kati's marathon collapse relates to homeostasis failure. Her low urine sodium levels indicated hyponatremia—when sodium in blood drops too low. Without proper sodium balance, her body couldn't maintain normal temperature or function properly.
Understanding these feedback systems helps explain why small changes in your body chemistry can have serious consequences when your regulatory systems get overwhelmed.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Learning to talk about body locations is like using a map—you need the right directions! The anatomical position serves as our reference point: standing upright with palms facing forward.
Directional terms help describe where body parts are located relative to each other. Some key pairs include superior/inferior , medial/lateral , anterior/posterior , and proximal/distal .
Your body has several major cavities that house organs. The dorsal cavity runs along your back (containing brain and spinal cord), while the ventral cavity in front contains the thoracic cavity (chest) and abdominopelvic cavity (stomach and pelvic regions). The diaphragm muscle separates the thoracic and abdominal regions.
💡 Memory Tip: Think of body membranes like protective wrappings! Special membranes like the pleura (lungs), pericardium (heart), and peritoneum (abdominal organs) have two layers with lubricating fluid between them.
Body regions each have specific names used in medical terminology. For example, the brachial region refers to your upper arm, and structures in that area are named accordingly (like the brachial artery).
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Your body has ten amazing organ systems that work together to keep you alive and functioning. Each system consists of organs that collaborate for specific functions.
The integumentary system (skin, hair, nails) protects underlying tissues and helps regulate your temperature. Your skeletal system provides shape, enables movement, creates blood cells, and stores minerals. The muscular system handles all forms of movement from running to subtle expressions.
Your nervous system (brain, spinal cord, nerves) coordinates all activities, while the endocrine system (various glands) releases hormones into the bloodstream. The digestive system breaks down food for energy, and the circulatory system transports materials throughout your body.
💡 Homeostasis Connection: Each system plays a unique role in maintaining balance. For example, your skeletal system regulates blood calcium levels by storing or releasing minerals as needed, while your nervous system triggers sweat glands to cool you down when overheated.
Three more vital systems round out your body's functions: the lymphatic system fights infections, the urinary system filters wastes from blood, and the reproductive system produces eggs or sperm to continue the human species.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Let's dive deeper into your body's remaining organ systems! The lymphatic system consists of lymph fluids and nodes that absorb fluids leaking from blood vessels and return them to circulation. This system plays a crucial role in fighting infections that threaten your health.
Your urinary system filters wastes from the blood to create urine. This system does more than just help you pee—it removes waste products, regulates blood volume and pressure, maintains electrolyte balance, and keeps your blood at the right pH level. All these functions help maintain homeostasis.
The reproductive system differs between biological sexes. In females, it includes ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina. In males, it includes the prostate, testes, and penis. Unlike other systems, reproduction isn't directly involved in homeostasis—it's about continuing the species.
💡 Critical Connection: Your respiratory system (lungs, trachea) does more than just help you breathe! It's essential for gas exchange and pH regulation, both vital aspects of homeostasis.
Understanding how these systems work together helps explain complex health issues and how medical treatments target specific body functions.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
3
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Sensory/Touch
BiologyNotes on the digestive system from a Bozeman Science video, for biology or anatomy and physiology.
BiologyIntroduces biology
BiologyJoint movement and homeostasis
BiologyHas Info on: -Integumentary & Musculoskeletal Systems -Digestive Systems -Respiratory & Circulatory Systems -Urinary System -Reproductive System -Nervous System
BiologyUnit 3: cell structure and function
BiologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Health
Algebra
Calculus 1
Algebra 1