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Biology
Chemistry
AP Chemistry
English
AP English Literature
Biology
Dec 16, 2025
24
15 pages
UN POCO DE CLIPS @unpocodeclips
Biology is the fascinating study of life in all its forms, from microscopic cells to complex ecosystems. This... Show more
Biology examines life through several key characteristics metabolism, reproduction, growth, movement, responsiveness, and complex organization. Scientists use the scientific method to study these processes by making observations, forming hypotheses, and conducting experiments to test their ideas.
Evolution serves as the unifying concept in biology, proposing that all organisms share common ancestry. Natural selection drives evolutionary change when organisms with advantageous traits survive and reproduce more successfully than others. This process happens naturally over generations as environmental pressures "select" beneficial traits.
Humans also influence evolution through artificial selection by deliberately breeding plants and animals with desired characteristics. This has resulted in the development of domesticated animals and agricultural crops that wouldn't exist in nature.
Fun Fact Every organism on Earth, from bacteria to blue whales, belongs to one of three domains Bacteria, Archaea, or Eukarya. This classification system helps scientists organize the incredible diversity of life based on evolutionary relationships.
All living things are made of cells—this fundamental principle is known as cell theory. Every cell comes from a pre-existing cell and functions as the basic unit of life. Whether simple bacteria or complex human cells, all share certain structural components.
The cell membrane forms a selective barrier around every cell, controlling what enters and exits. This fluid phospholipid bilayer contains proteins, cholesterol, and glycoproteins that help cells communicate and function. Some organisms, like plants and bacteria, have an additional cell wall providing extra protection and support.
Inside the cell, the cytoplasm hosts most metabolic activities and contains various organelles suspended in a fluid called cytosol. The cytoskeleton provides structure and supports cellular movement through a network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
Remember This Your body contains approximately 37.2 trillion cells, each functioning like a tiny factory with specialized jobs. These microscopic structures work together to keep you alive!
Cells fall into two main categories with important structural differences. Prokaryotic cells are simpler organisms like bacteria that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Their DNA floats freely in the cytoplasm, and they reproduce through a simple division process.
Eukaryotic cells are more complex and make up plants, animals, fungi, and protists. These cells contain a nucleus that houses their DNA and numerous specialized organelles that perform specific functions. This compartmentalization allows eukaryotic cells to carry out more sophisticated processes.
Prokaryotic cells have unique features including a protective capsule, cell wall, and small projections called pili that help them attach to surfaces. Many also have flagella—whip-like structures that enable movement through fluid environments.
Think About It Although prokaryotic cells seem simpler than eukaryotic cells, they're incredibly successful organisms. Bacteria have existed for billions of years and can survive in environments where no other life forms can thrive!
Animal and plant cells showcase the diversity of eukaryotic cell structure. Animal cells feature organelles like the nucleus (which houses DNA), mitochondria (energy producers), and the endoplasmic reticulum (involved in protein and lipid synthesis). The Golgi apparatus packages and distributes molecules, while lysosomes contain digestive enzymes.
Plant cells share many of these organelles but have distinctive features like a rigid cell wall made of cellulose, large vacuoles for storage, and chloroplasts that capture sunlight for photosynthesis. Plant cells also connect to neighboring cells through small channels called plasmodesmata.
These specialized organelles allow cells to perform complex functions efficiently. Each organelle contributes to the cell's overall metabolism, just as different organs contribute to the functioning of your entire body.
Visualization Tip Think of a eukaryotic cell as a bustling city with different departments (organelles) handling specific jobs. The nucleus is like city hall where the important decisions (genetic instructions) are made, while mitochondria are power plants generating energy for the whole system.
Life requires constant energy transformations, and metabolism refers to all chemical reactions that sustain an organism. These reactions fall into two categories anabolism (building molecules) and catabolism (breaking down molecules). Enzymes are crucial biological catalysts that dramatically speed up metabolic reactions by lowering the activation energy needed.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) functions as the universal energy currency in all living cells. When a phosphate bond in ATP breaks, energy is released for cellular work. This energy cycle is elegant—plants capture solar energy through photosynthesis to produce ATP, and this energy flows through ecosystems.
Photosynthesis occurs in two main stages. First, light-dependent reactions capture sunlight energy, split water molecules, and produce oxygen. Then, light-independent reactions use this energy to convert carbon dioxide into glucose—the basic fuel for cellular processes.
Power Perspective Every day, plants and other photosynthetic organisms convert about 100 terawatts of solar energy into chemical energy—six times more than the total power consumption of human civilization!
Cellular respiration extracts energy from glucose through three main stages. First, glycolysis splits glucose into pyruvate without requiring oxygen. Then, if oxygen is present, the Krebs cycle breaks down pyruvate completely into carbon dioxide. Finally, the electron transport chain uses the released electrons to generate ATP through chemiosmotic phosphorylation.
Cells must constantly move substances across their membranes. Passive transport requires no energy expenditure and includes simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. Substances naturally move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration, allowing cells to absorb nutrients and expel wastes efficiently.
Active transport uses energy (ATP) to move substances against their concentration gradients. This includes protein pumps embedded in the cell membrane, as well as processes like endocytosis (taking materials in) and exocytosis (moving materials out). These transport methods allow cells to maintain optimal internal conditions.
Everyday Connection When you put salt on a slug, osmosis causes water to rush out of the slug's cells due to the concentration difference, which is why the slug shrivels. Your cells would react similarly if not for active transport mechanisms that maintain proper salt balance!
Cells reproduce through a carefully regulated process called the cell cycle. This cycle includes growth phases (G1 and G2), DNA synthesis (S phase), and mitosis (M phase). Checkpoints throughout the cycle ensure that each step completes correctly before the next begins.
Mitosis divides a cell's nucleus into two genetically identical nuclei through four main stages. In prophase, chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope breaks down. During metaphase, chromosomes align at the cell's center. Anaphase separates the chromosome copies, and telophase forms two new nuclei. The process ends with cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm to create two daughter cells.
Cell division is essential for growth, tissue repair, and asexual reproduction in many organisms. A skin cell, for example, divides approximately 50-70 times during its lifetime to help maintain your body's largest organ.
Amazing Fact Your body replaces about 330 billion cells every day through mitosis. That's roughly 3.8 million cells every second! This continuous renewal keeps your tissues healthy and functional throughout your life.
The cell spends most of its life in interphase, growing and replicating its DNA in preparation for division. During this time, chromosomes exist as loose chromatin, and the cell increases in size and creates the necessary components for division.
When mitosis begins with prophase, the chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope starts to break down. Spindle fibers form from the centrioles, creating the structure that will later move the chromosomes. By metaphase, these spindle fibers attach to each chromosome and align them along the cell's center.
During anaphase, the shortest but most dramatic phase, the chromosome copies separate and move to opposite poles of the cell. Finally, in telophase, new nuclear membranes form around the separated chromosomes as the cell begins to pinch in the middle. Cytokinesis completes the process by physically dividing the cytoplasm into two new daughter cells.
Study Tip Remember the stages of mitosis with the acronym PMAT Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase. Each daughter cell receives an exact copy of the parent cell's genetic material, ensuring genetic continuity.
Unlike mitosis, meiosis creates genetic diversity through two consecutive cell divisions, resulting in four haploid cells with half the original chromosome number. This reduction is essential for sexual reproduction, as it prevents chromosome numbers from doubling when gametes (egg and sperm) combine during fertilization.
The magic of meiosis happens during prophase I when crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes. This genetic recombination shuffles genes between maternal and paternal chromosomes, creating unique genetic combinations that have never existed before. Independent assortment of chromosomes further increases diversity.
Gametogenesis refers to the formation of specialized reproductive cells. In males, meiosis produces four functional sperm cells (spermatogenesis), while in females, it yields one functional egg and three polar bodies (oogenesis). Plants have a more complex reproductive cycle involving both meiosis and mitosis to produce gametes.
Think About It Every human who has ever lived has a unique genetic makeup (except identical twins). Meiosis creates such tremendous genetic diversity that the odds of two random people having the same genetic makeup are about 1 in 10^2,017,000!
Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants revealed fundamental principles of inheritance that still form the foundation of genetics today. His Law of Segregation states that organisms inherit two alleles (gene versions) for each trait, but these alleles separate during gamete formation, so each gamete receives only one allele.
The Law of Independent Assortment explains that genes on different chromosomes are inherited independently of each other. This means the inheritance of one trait doesn't influence the inheritance of another trait, creating many possible genetic combinations in offspring.
In a monohybrid cross (tracking a single trait), we can predict offspring ratios based on dominant and recessive alleles. When a homozygous dominant organism (GG) mates with a homozygous recessive organism (gg), all offspring in the F1 generation are heterozygous (Gg) and show the dominant trait. When these F1 offspring mate with each other, the F2 generation shows a 31 ratio of dominant to recessive phenotypes.
Real-World Application Understanding Mendelian inheritance helps predict the likelihood of genetic disorders. For example, cystic fibrosis follows Mendelian inheritance patterns, allowing genetic counselors to calculate the probability of children inheriting the condition from carrier parents.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
0
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
UN POCO DE CLIPS
@unpocodeclips
Biology is the fascinating study of life in all its forms, from microscopic cells to complex ecosystems. This subject explores how organisms function, reproduce, and evolve over time. Understanding basic biological principles helps explain everything from why you look like... Show more
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Biology examines life through several key characteristics: metabolism, reproduction, growth, movement, responsiveness, and complex organization. Scientists use the scientific method to study these processes by making observations, forming hypotheses, and conducting experiments to test their ideas.
Evolution serves as the unifying concept in biology, proposing that all organisms share common ancestry. Natural selection drives evolutionary change when organisms with advantageous traits survive and reproduce more successfully than others. This process happens naturally over generations as environmental pressures "select" beneficial traits.
Humans also influence evolution through artificial selection by deliberately breeding plants and animals with desired characteristics. This has resulted in the development of domesticated animals and agricultural crops that wouldn't exist in nature.
Fun Fact: Every organism on Earth, from bacteria to blue whales, belongs to one of three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, or Eukarya. This classification system helps scientists organize the incredible diversity of life based on evolutionary relationships.
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
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All living things are made of cells—this fundamental principle is known as cell theory. Every cell comes from a pre-existing cell and functions as the basic unit of life. Whether simple bacteria or complex human cells, all share certain structural components.
The cell membrane forms a selective barrier around every cell, controlling what enters and exits. This fluid phospholipid bilayer contains proteins, cholesterol, and glycoproteins that help cells communicate and function. Some organisms, like plants and bacteria, have an additional cell wall providing extra protection and support.
Inside the cell, the cytoplasm hosts most metabolic activities and contains various organelles suspended in a fluid called cytosol. The cytoskeleton provides structure and supports cellular movement through a network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
Remember This: Your body contains approximately 37.2 trillion cells, each functioning like a tiny factory with specialized jobs. These microscopic structures work together to keep you alive!
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Cells fall into two main categories with important structural differences. Prokaryotic cells are simpler organisms like bacteria that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Their DNA floats freely in the cytoplasm, and they reproduce through a simple division process.
Eukaryotic cells are more complex and make up plants, animals, fungi, and protists. These cells contain a nucleus that houses their DNA and numerous specialized organelles that perform specific functions. This compartmentalization allows eukaryotic cells to carry out more sophisticated processes.
Prokaryotic cells have unique features including a protective capsule, cell wall, and small projections called pili that help them attach to surfaces. Many also have flagella—whip-like structures that enable movement through fluid environments.
Think About It: Although prokaryotic cells seem simpler than eukaryotic cells, they're incredibly successful organisms. Bacteria have existed for billions of years and can survive in environments where no other life forms can thrive!
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Animal and plant cells showcase the diversity of eukaryotic cell structure. Animal cells feature organelles like the nucleus (which houses DNA), mitochondria (energy producers), and the endoplasmic reticulum (involved in protein and lipid synthesis). The Golgi apparatus packages and distributes molecules, while lysosomes contain digestive enzymes.
Plant cells share many of these organelles but have distinctive features like a rigid cell wall made of cellulose, large vacuoles for storage, and chloroplasts that capture sunlight for photosynthesis. Plant cells also connect to neighboring cells through small channels called plasmodesmata.
These specialized organelles allow cells to perform complex functions efficiently. Each organelle contributes to the cell's overall metabolism, just as different organs contribute to the functioning of your entire body.
Visualization Tip: Think of a eukaryotic cell as a bustling city with different departments (organelles) handling specific jobs. The nucleus is like city hall where the important decisions (genetic instructions) are made, while mitochondria are power plants generating energy for the whole system.
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Life requires constant energy transformations, and metabolism refers to all chemical reactions that sustain an organism. These reactions fall into two categories: anabolism (building molecules) and catabolism (breaking down molecules). Enzymes are crucial biological catalysts that dramatically speed up metabolic reactions by lowering the activation energy needed.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) functions as the universal energy currency in all living cells. When a phosphate bond in ATP breaks, energy is released for cellular work. This energy cycle is elegant—plants capture solar energy through photosynthesis to produce ATP, and this energy flows through ecosystems.
Photosynthesis occurs in two main stages. First, light-dependent reactions capture sunlight energy, split water molecules, and produce oxygen. Then, light-independent reactions use this energy to convert carbon dioxide into glucose—the basic fuel for cellular processes.
Power Perspective: Every day, plants and other photosynthetic organisms convert about 100 terawatts of solar energy into chemical energy—six times more than the total power consumption of human civilization!
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Cellular respiration extracts energy from glucose through three main stages. First, glycolysis splits glucose into pyruvate without requiring oxygen. Then, if oxygen is present, the Krebs cycle breaks down pyruvate completely into carbon dioxide. Finally, the electron transport chain uses the released electrons to generate ATP through chemiosmotic phosphorylation.
Cells must constantly move substances across their membranes. Passive transport requires no energy expenditure and includes simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. Substances naturally move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration, allowing cells to absorb nutrients and expel wastes efficiently.
Active transport uses energy (ATP) to move substances against their concentration gradients. This includes protein pumps embedded in the cell membrane, as well as processes like endocytosis (taking materials in) and exocytosis (moving materials out). These transport methods allow cells to maintain optimal internal conditions.
Everyday Connection: When you put salt on a slug, osmosis causes water to rush out of the slug's cells due to the concentration difference, which is why the slug shrivels. Your cells would react similarly if not for active transport mechanisms that maintain proper salt balance!
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Cells reproduce through a carefully regulated process called the cell cycle. This cycle includes growth phases (G1 and G2), DNA synthesis (S phase), and mitosis (M phase). Checkpoints throughout the cycle ensure that each step completes correctly before the next begins.
Mitosis divides a cell's nucleus into two genetically identical nuclei through four main stages. In prophase, chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope breaks down. During metaphase, chromosomes align at the cell's center. Anaphase separates the chromosome copies, and telophase forms two new nuclei. The process ends with cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm to create two daughter cells.
Cell division is essential for growth, tissue repair, and asexual reproduction in many organisms. A skin cell, for example, divides approximately 50-70 times during its lifetime to help maintain your body's largest organ.
Amazing Fact: Your body replaces about 330 billion cells every day through mitosis. That's roughly 3.8 million cells every second! This continuous renewal keeps your tissues healthy and functional throughout your life.
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The cell spends most of its life in interphase, growing and replicating its DNA in preparation for division. During this time, chromosomes exist as loose chromatin, and the cell increases in size and creates the necessary components for division.
When mitosis begins with prophase, the chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope starts to break down. Spindle fibers form from the centrioles, creating the structure that will later move the chromosomes. By metaphase, these spindle fibers attach to each chromosome and align them along the cell's center.
During anaphase, the shortest but most dramatic phase, the chromosome copies separate and move to opposite poles of the cell. Finally, in telophase, new nuclear membranes form around the separated chromosomes as the cell begins to pinch in the middle. Cytokinesis completes the process by physically dividing the cytoplasm into two new daughter cells.
Study Tip: Remember the stages of mitosis with the acronym PMAT: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase. Each daughter cell receives an exact copy of the parent cell's genetic material, ensuring genetic continuity.
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Unlike mitosis, meiosis creates genetic diversity through two consecutive cell divisions, resulting in four haploid cells with half the original chromosome number. This reduction is essential for sexual reproduction, as it prevents chromosome numbers from doubling when gametes (egg and sperm) combine during fertilization.
The magic of meiosis happens during prophase I when crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes. This genetic recombination shuffles genes between maternal and paternal chromosomes, creating unique genetic combinations that have never existed before. Independent assortment of chromosomes further increases diversity.
Gametogenesis refers to the formation of specialized reproductive cells. In males, meiosis produces four functional sperm cells (spermatogenesis), while in females, it yields one functional egg and three polar bodies (oogenesis). Plants have a more complex reproductive cycle involving both meiosis and mitosis to produce gametes.
Think About It: Every human who has ever lived has a unique genetic makeup (except identical twins). Meiosis creates such tremendous genetic diversity that the odds of two random people having the same genetic makeup are about 1 in 10^2,017,000!
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants revealed fundamental principles of inheritance that still form the foundation of genetics today. His Law of Segregation states that organisms inherit two alleles (gene versions) for each trait, but these alleles separate during gamete formation, so each gamete receives only one allele.
The Law of Independent Assortment explains that genes on different chromosomes are inherited independently of each other. This means the inheritance of one trait doesn't influence the inheritance of another trait, creating many possible genetic combinations in offspring.
In a monohybrid cross (tracking a single trait), we can predict offspring ratios based on dominant and recessive alleles. When a homozygous dominant organism (GG) mates with a homozygous recessive organism (gg), all offspring in the F1 generation are heterozygous (Gg) and show the dominant trait. When these F1 offspring mate with each other, the F2 generation shows a 3:1 ratio of dominant to recessive phenotypes.
Real-World Application: Understanding Mendelian inheritance helps predict the likelihood of genetic disorders. For example, cystic fibrosis follows Mendelian inheritance patterns, allowing genetic counselors to calculate the probability of children inheriting the condition from carrier parents.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
0
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Health
Algebra
Calculus 1
Algebra 1
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