Biomolecules Notes

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2 sugars Complex sugars - Ex: cellulose, glycogen, starch Complex Sugars: • Starch (complex sugar) - ** Made up of chains of glucose which are found. In potatoes, grains, and roots. They are a sugar polymer used to store energy Found in fruits, vegetables, grains, potatoes, pasta, and bread. Glycogen (complex sugar) - Biomolecules Glycogen is also made up of long chains of glucose but is not found in plants. Glycogen is how our liver stores excess glucose as a large polymer. 2 BIO H. 101 • Cellulose (complex sugar) Long chains of glucose used for structure in plants, fiber Makes up the plant cell wall - Cellulose is the "fiber" you need in your diet. We cannot digest it but it helps to keep our digestive system moving along After you eat, the glucose from your food diffuses into your blood. Any excess glucose is stored as glycogen in your liver. - As the sugar that's in your blood gets used up, your liver starts to break down the glycogen and release glucose back into your blood. - Made up of hydrated carbons Each carbon has a water molecule around it Carbohydrate Facts • Molecule: Polar • In Water: Hydrophilic • Contain: Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen (C, H, O) Composition: 1C-2H-10 Energy: carbs are used for SHORT TERM energy storage and structural support All organisms get most of their energy from carbohydrates Energy is stored between the carbon bonds ● Biomolecules 3 BIO H. 101 LIPIDS Examples: Fats, oils, waxes, and hormones hydrophilic head - CELL MEMBRANE !!!! hydrophobic tail Hydrophilic head: loves water Hydrophobic Tail: afraid of/hates water Molecule Type: Non-polar In water: hydrophobic (cannot dissolve in water) Function: LONG TERM energy storage, insulation, cell membrane, and cell signaling Contains: Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen Composition: a lot of carbon and hydrogen, very little oxygen Fatty Acids • Saturated: Lipid Structure • The only biomolecule that doesn't have a monomer • Instead, lipids are made up of a combination of a glycerol and fatty acids. Glycerol Have no double bonds (making them straight) Because of this, they are solid at room temperature Animal fats 3 Fatty Acids Biomolecules 4 BIO H. 101 • Unsaturated: Have some double bonds (making them bend) • Not enough hydrogen molecules to bond with each carbon Because of this, they are liquid room temperature Plant oils Unsaturated fatty acids are better for you than saturated fats Triglyceride • Three fatty acid chains bonded together with glycerol • Lots of energy is stored in the carbon-carbon bonds This is the type of fat your body stores in fat cells called Adipocytes Hormone Lipids acting as chemical messengers telling cells in your body to make more of something to make less etc. ● • Because of this, they have profound changes to your body Adrenaline/epinephrine (epi-pens) Human Growth Hormone HCG - Steroids • Class of lipids that include hormones . Also included cortisol ● Biomolecules ● ● с на он 1 C=D They are made up of 4 Carbon/Hydrogen rings and very little Oxygen Phospholipid • Cell membranes are made up of thousands of phospholipids They are made up of only 2 fatty acid chains, an amino acid, and a phosphate group • The fatty acid is hydrophobic • The portion with the phosphate head is hydrophilic Why are phospholipids important? . - OH Hormone Structure 5 BIO H. 101 HYDROPHILIC HEAD - HYDROPHOBIC TAIL They make up the cell membrane for every living thing on earth Without phospholipids life may have never evolved Phospholipids create a boundary between what happens inside the cell and what happens outside the cell ● Phosphate O сна - сн - сна J O Glycerol 1 C R O O=P-O Fatty Acids =c=0 unsaturated / fatty acid Biomolecules -saturated fatty acid -Fats can be used for insulation for things like temperature and electric charges -Waxes are used for protection and structure •Earwax, waxy plant leaves, bee hives -Oils are used to retain moisture and prevent excessive friction 6 BIO H. 101 PROTEINS -Another word for protein is polypeptide chain Peptide means amino acid These peptides/amino acids are the monomers for proteins What do you get when you have many peptides bonded together? • A polypeptide chain - • This is the name we give to the initial shape of proteins - Protein Facts: • Molecule type: Polar • In water: Hydrophilic Composition: CHON (little bit of S) • Function: For cell structure, enzymes, cell transport, and gene expression. - ●. Amino Acids: • 21 naturally occurring amino acids which bond together by "peptide bonds" to create protein polymers • All amino acids have an amino side, a hydrogen, and a carboxyl side (acid) • What makes each amino acid different is the atoms that make up the R-group ** insert diagram of amino acid structure (on Proteins.ppt)** • All amino acids have the same basic structure • The bond between two amino acids is called a peptide bond and forms through dehydration Biomolecules synthesis - Globular proteins (Enzymes) Enzymes are proteins directly responsible for nearly every chemical reaction inside an organism Enzymes speed up chemical reactions and reduce the amount of energy a reaction needs ● 7 BIO H. 101 ● Every enzyme has its own unique shape - In order for an enzyme to properly work, the substrate must fit like a puzzle piece If the substrate does not fit into the enzyme, the enzyme will not work to speed up the reaction The spot where the enzyme and substrate connect is called the active site - When the two are unified, it is called an enzyme substrate complex Enzymes can also be called catalysts, because they can be used over and over Enzyme . O active site Substrates A B Biomolecules C Cofactors and coenzymes Help enzyme break down substrates into products Denatured enzymes can no longer function the same, because their bodies are out of shape How to make a protein: Primary Structure Refers to the order the amino acids are in the polypeptide chain The order in which the amino acids are arranged is determined directly from DNA Secondary Structure - Created by the R groups in each amino acid making hydrogen bonds with each other 8 BIO H. 101 • Either forms alpha helixes or beta-pleated sheets • The hydrogen bonds create helixes and pleated sheets in the polypeptide chain Tertiary Structure • Some proteins become like globs and therefore are called globular proteins Enzymes work best the tertiary level • Globular proteins present Quaternary Structure Some proteins are made of more than one polypeptide chains These proteins have a quaternary level structure Hemoglobin is a protein made with four polypeptide chains. It is used to carry oxygen through your bloodstream Biomolecules Forms when the polypeptide chain has more bonds formed between the amino acids • Creates a 3D structure Structural proteins • Give structure and shape to organisms - ● - Examples: Keratin Collagen Transport Proteins While the main component of the cell membrane are phospholipids, there are proteins embedded into the membrane as well These proteins help transport materials in/out of the cell 9 BIO H. 101 NUCLEIC ACIDS - Nucleic acids are large macromolecules made up of monomers called nucleotides Each nucleotide has three parts: ● ● ● Phosphate group Nucleic Acid Facts: Sugar Nitrogen base • Molecule Type - Polar Hydrophilic in water ● • Stores instructions for making proteins & genetic information ६ ONA VS. RNA DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid - Instruction manual for cells in your body - Double stranded Has deoxyribose sugar in nucleotides Made up of: • Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) • Guanine (G) •NO URACIL (U) In DNA... • A-T, T-A Biomolecules 10 BIO H. 101 ● GC, CG Ex #1: DNA-DNA RNA GCA-TTG-CAT CGT-AAC-GTA Ribonucleic acid A copy of genetic code for making specific proteins Single stranded - Contains sugar ribose in its nucleotides Made up of • Adenine (A) NO THYMINE (T) Cytosine (C) • Guanine (G) • Uracil (U) - In RNA... • A-U, U-A • G-C, C-G • Ex #2: RNA-RNA AGC-CCA-UUG UCG-GGU-AAC In DNA-RNA -G-C, C-G - T-A Biomolecules 11 BIO H. 101 -A-U - Ex #3: DNA-RNA TAG-GTT-ACT AUC-CAA-UGA ONA-ONA PRACTICE 1. AAA-CCG TTT-GGC 2. CCA-GAA-CTA GGT-CTT-GAT 3. TGA-CCG-GGT-TAT-CCA ACT-GGC-CCA-ATA-GGT 4. AAT-CGC-CTA-TTA-CCC-GGA TTA-GCG-GAT-AAT-GGG-CCT ONA - RNA PRACTICE 1. DNA: AAA-CAC-GTG-GTT 4. RNA: UUU-GUG-CAC-CAA 2. DNA: CCC-CAG-TTG-GGT RNA: GGG-GUC-AAC-CCA 3. DNA: ATA-TAG-CCG-GCA RNA: UAU-AUC-GGC-CGU DNA: TGC-TAA-CCC-CAT-AAA RNA: ACG-AUU-GGG-GUA-UUU Biomolecules 12 BIO H. 101 called nucleotides. Each nucleotide has 3 parts Sugar, nitrogen base, and phosphate group IN DNA: Nucleic acids are large macromolecules made up of monomers Base-Bose SY DNA Adenine A Base A Thymine: T Cytosine: C Guanine: G No uracil! A-T T-A G-C, C-G RNA No Thymine! C G Uracil: u ex #1: DNA → DNA GCA-TTG-CAT сата CGT-AAC-GTA #5 #6 Nucleic Acids ex #2: DNA-DNA •Molecule Type: Polar · Hydrophilic in water store instructions for making proteins genetic information Composition: CHONP IN RNA: A-U, U-A G-C, C-G ex #3: RNA-RNA AGC-CCA-uUG UCG-GGU-AAC ( ада-сто D-A-U. GTA-TCC-CCG-AAA - TCG 2 CAT-AGG-GGC-TTT-AGC 2 assume RNA IN DNA RNA JOB! 2 ATP: create energy! composed of 3 phosphate groups energy=+phosphate group energy = - phosphate group RNA Ribonucleic acid -a copy of genetic code for making specific proteins single stranded contains sugar ribose in its nucleotides practice 2. AAA- CCG TTT-GGC 4. TGA- CCG-GGT - TAT - CCA G-C, C-G T-A A-U ex #4: DNA-RNA TAG-GTT-ACT G 2 AUC-CAA-UGA ADP 7. DNA: AAA-CAC-GTG-GTT RNA UUU-GUG-CAC-CAA DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid instruction manual for cells in your body double stranded · has deoxyribose sugar in nucleotides Biomolecules means loss of phosphate group CATP. carries energy 3. CCA-GAA-C TA GGT-CTT-GAT 5. AAT-CGC-CTA-TTA- CCC -GGA ACT-GGC-CCA-ATA-GGT TTA-GCG-GAT-AAT-GGG -CCT 13