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56

Aug 27, 2023

8 pages

How Cells and Mutations Cause Cancer

user profile picture

Pragya Adupa

@pragyaadupa_duwc

The cell cycle and cancer development are intricately connected processes... Show more

Cancer Slides Notes
Healthy Cells
Large cytoplasm
I nucleas
I nucleolus
fine chromatin
Concerous Cells
small cytoplasm
multiple nuclei
Benig

Page 2: Cell Cycle Regulation and Checkpoints

The cell cycle's regulatory system plays a crucial role in normal cell division and cancer development. This page details the various checkpoints that control cell division.

Definition: Checkpoints are molecular control systems that ensure proper conditions are met before cell cycle progression.

Vocabulary: G1 Checkpoint examines nutrients, growth factors, and DNA damage; G2 Checkpoint verifies cell size and DNA replication; M MetaphaseMetaphase Checkpoint confirms chromosome spindle attachment.

Highlight: Malfunctions in these checkpoint systems can lead to cancer development through uncontrolled cell division.

Cancer Slides Notes
Healthy Cells
Large cytoplasm
I nucleas
I nucleolus
fine chromatin
Concerous Cells
small cytoplasm
multiple nuclei
Benig

Page 3: Cell Cycle Control and Cancer Genetics

This section explores the genetic basis of cancer and the importance of cell cycle control points. Cancer development is explained as a genetic disease arising from accumulated mutations.

Quote: "Cancer is a genetic disease that arises from accumulation of mutations."

Highlight: A minimum of 6-9 different gene mutations is typically required for cancer development.

Example: The BRCA1 mutation, associated with breast and ovarian cancer, demonstrates how inherited genetic changes can increase cancer susceptibility.

Cancer Slides Notes
Healthy Cells
Large cytoplasm
I nucleas
I nucleolus
fine chromatin
Concerous Cells
small cytoplasm
multiple nuclei
Benig

Page 4: Proto-oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes

This page details the crucial role of proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in cell cycle regulation and cancer development.

Definition: Proto-oncogenes trigger cell division, while tumor suppressor genes act as cellular brakes.

Vocabulary: Kinases are enzymes that catalyze the transfer of phosphate groups from ATP to specific molecules.

Highlight: Mutations in either proto-oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes can lead to cancer, but they operate differently - proto-oncogenes are dominant while tumor suppressors are recessive.

Cancer Slides Notes
Healthy Cells
Large cytoplasm
I nucleas
I nucleolus
fine chromatin
Concerous Cells
small cytoplasm
multiple nuclei
Benig

Page 5: Oncogene Activation and P53 Function

This section focuses on how proto-oncogenes become cancer-causing oncogenes and the critical role of P53 as a tumor suppressor.

Definition: Apoptosis is programmed cell death, a crucial process in preventing cancer development.

Example: The HER2 gene, when overexpressed, leads to excessive breast cell division and growth.

Highlight: P53, known as the "Guardian of the Genome," plays a vital role in preventing cancer by regulating cell division and repair.

Cancer Slides Notes
Healthy Cells
Large cytoplasm
I nucleas
I nucleolus
fine chromatin
Concerous Cells
small cytoplasm
multiple nuclei
Benig

Page 6: Cancer Development and Progression

This page outlines the key steps in cancer development and the processes of metastasis and angiogenesis.

Definition: Metastasis is the process by which cancer cells spread through blood and lymph vessels to form new tumors in other parts of the body.

Highlight: Cancer development requires approximately 10 key mutations affecting various cellular processes including growth regulation, checkpoint response, and blood vessel formation.

Cancer Slides Notes
Healthy Cells
Large cytoplasm
I nucleas
I nucleolus
fine chromatin
Concerous Cells
small cytoplasm
multiple nuclei
Benig

Page 7: Cancer Causes and Tumor Formation

The final page discusses various causes of cancer-inducing mutations and tumor formation.

Definition: Carcinogens are substances or exposures that can cause cancer, including pollution and cigarette smoke.

Highlight: Cancer development can be triggered by multiple factors including UV radiation, chemical exposure, age, radiation exposure, and genetic predisposition.

Example: Benign tumors, while abnormal, typically remain at their original site and are usually not life-threatening.

Cancer Slides Notes
Healthy Cells
Large cytoplasm
I nucleas
I nucleolus
fine chromatin
Concerous Cells
small cytoplasm
multiple nuclei
Benig

Page 7: Cancer Causes and Treatment

Various environmental and genetic factors can cause mutations leading to cancer development. Treatment options, particularly chemotherapy, target different aspects of cell growth and division.

Definition: Carcinogens are substances that can cause cancer through DNA damage.

Highlight: Chemotherapy works by targeting different stages of cell growth and division.

Example: Common chemotherapy side effects include hair loss, slow healing, and nausea.

Cancer Slides Notes
Healthy Cells
Large cytoplasm
I nucleas
I nucleolus
fine chromatin
Concerous Cells
small cytoplasm
multiple nuclei
Benig

Page 1: Cancer Cell Characteristics and Tumor Types

This page outlines the fundamental differences between healthy and cancerous cells, along with different types of tumors. Cancer manifests through unregulated cell division, leading to distinct cellular characteristics.

Definition: Tumors are classified into three main categories: benign noncancerousnon-cancerous, malignant cancerousandinvasivecancerous and invasive, and metastatic cancerouswithabilitytospreadcancerous with ability to spread.

Highlight: Cancerous cells can be identified by their small cytoplasm, multiple nuclei, and large nucleoli with coarse chromatin.

Example: While benign tumors remain contained and don't affect surrounding tissue, malignant tumors actively invade nearby tissues.



Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.

Students love us — and so will you.

4.9/5

App Store

4.8/5

Google Play

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️

Thomas R

iOS user

Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades

Brad T

Android user

Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend

Aubrey

iOS user

Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀

Marco B

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!

Paul T

iOS user

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️

Thomas R

iOS user

Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades

Brad T

Android user

Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend

Aubrey

iOS user

Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀

Marco B

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!

Paul T

iOS user

 

Biology

56

Aug 27, 2023

8 pages

How Cells and Mutations Cause Cancer

user profile picture

Pragya Adupa

@pragyaadupa_duwc

The cell cycle and cancer development are intricately connected processes that impact human health. Cancer occurs due to unregulated cell division, characterized by multiple genetic mutations affecting cell cycle regulation and cancer development.

  • The role of mutations in cancer... Show more

Cancer Slides Notes
Healthy Cells
Large cytoplasm
I nucleas
I nucleolus
fine chromatin
Concerous Cells
small cytoplasm
multiple nuclei
Benig

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Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Page 2: Cell Cycle Regulation and Checkpoints

The cell cycle's regulatory system plays a crucial role in normal cell division and cancer development. This page details the various checkpoints that control cell division.

Definition: Checkpoints are molecular control systems that ensure proper conditions are met before cell cycle progression.

Vocabulary: G1 Checkpoint examines nutrients, growth factors, and DNA damage; G2 Checkpoint verifies cell size and DNA replication; M MetaphaseMetaphase Checkpoint confirms chromosome spindle attachment.

Highlight: Malfunctions in these checkpoint systems can lead to cancer development through uncontrolled cell division.

Cancer Slides Notes
Healthy Cells
Large cytoplasm
I nucleas
I nucleolus
fine chromatin
Concerous Cells
small cytoplasm
multiple nuclei
Benig

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Page 3: Cell Cycle Control and Cancer Genetics

This section explores the genetic basis of cancer and the importance of cell cycle control points. Cancer development is explained as a genetic disease arising from accumulated mutations.

Quote: "Cancer is a genetic disease that arises from accumulation of mutations."

Highlight: A minimum of 6-9 different gene mutations is typically required for cancer development.

Example: The BRCA1 mutation, associated with breast and ovarian cancer, demonstrates how inherited genetic changes can increase cancer susceptibility.

Cancer Slides Notes
Healthy Cells
Large cytoplasm
I nucleas
I nucleolus
fine chromatin
Concerous Cells
small cytoplasm
multiple nuclei
Benig

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Page 4: Proto-oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes

This page details the crucial role of proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in cell cycle regulation and cancer development.

Definition: Proto-oncogenes trigger cell division, while tumor suppressor genes act as cellular brakes.

Vocabulary: Kinases are enzymes that catalyze the transfer of phosphate groups from ATP to specific molecules.

Highlight: Mutations in either proto-oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes can lead to cancer, but they operate differently - proto-oncogenes are dominant while tumor suppressors are recessive.

Cancer Slides Notes
Healthy Cells
Large cytoplasm
I nucleas
I nucleolus
fine chromatin
Concerous Cells
small cytoplasm
multiple nuclei
Benig

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Page 5: Oncogene Activation and P53 Function

This section focuses on how proto-oncogenes become cancer-causing oncogenes and the critical role of P53 as a tumor suppressor.

Definition: Apoptosis is programmed cell death, a crucial process in preventing cancer development.

Example: The HER2 gene, when overexpressed, leads to excessive breast cell division and growth.

Highlight: P53, known as the "Guardian of the Genome," plays a vital role in preventing cancer by regulating cell division and repair.

Cancer Slides Notes
Healthy Cells
Large cytoplasm
I nucleas
I nucleolus
fine chromatin
Concerous Cells
small cytoplasm
multiple nuclei
Benig

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Page 6: Cancer Development and Progression

This page outlines the key steps in cancer development and the processes of metastasis and angiogenesis.

Definition: Metastasis is the process by which cancer cells spread through blood and lymph vessels to form new tumors in other parts of the body.

Highlight: Cancer development requires approximately 10 key mutations affecting various cellular processes including growth regulation, checkpoint response, and blood vessel formation.

Cancer Slides Notes
Healthy Cells
Large cytoplasm
I nucleas
I nucleolus
fine chromatin
Concerous Cells
small cytoplasm
multiple nuclei
Benig

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Page 7: Cancer Causes and Tumor Formation

The final page discusses various causes of cancer-inducing mutations and tumor formation.

Definition: Carcinogens are substances or exposures that can cause cancer, including pollution and cigarette smoke.

Highlight: Cancer development can be triggered by multiple factors including UV radiation, chemical exposure, age, radiation exposure, and genetic predisposition.

Example: Benign tumors, while abnormal, typically remain at their original site and are usually not life-threatening.

Cancer Slides Notes
Healthy Cells
Large cytoplasm
I nucleas
I nucleolus
fine chromatin
Concerous Cells
small cytoplasm
multiple nuclei
Benig

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Page 7: Cancer Causes and Treatment

Various environmental and genetic factors can cause mutations leading to cancer development. Treatment options, particularly chemotherapy, target different aspects of cell growth and division.

Definition: Carcinogens are substances that can cause cancer through DNA damage.

Highlight: Chemotherapy works by targeting different stages of cell growth and division.

Example: Common chemotherapy side effects include hair loss, slow healing, and nausea.

Cancer Slides Notes
Healthy Cells
Large cytoplasm
I nucleas
I nucleolus
fine chromatin
Concerous Cells
small cytoplasm
multiple nuclei
Benig

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Page 1: Cancer Cell Characteristics and Tumor Types

This page outlines the fundamental differences between healthy and cancerous cells, along with different types of tumors. Cancer manifests through unregulated cell division, leading to distinct cellular characteristics.

Definition: Tumors are classified into three main categories: benign noncancerousnon-cancerous, malignant cancerousandinvasivecancerous and invasive, and metastatic cancerouswithabilitytospreadcancerous with ability to spread.

Highlight: Cancerous cells can be identified by their small cytoplasm, multiple nuclei, and large nucleoli with coarse chromatin.

Example: While benign tumors remain contained and don't affect surrounding tissue, malignant tumors actively invade nearby tissues.

Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.

Students love us — and so will you.

4.9/5

App Store

4.8/5

Google Play

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️

Thomas R

iOS user

Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades

Brad T

Android user

Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend

Aubrey

iOS user

Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀

Marco B

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!

Paul T

iOS user

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️

Thomas R

iOS user

Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades

Brad T

Android user

Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend

Aubrey

iOS user

Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀

Marco B

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!

Paul T

iOS user