Biology
Chemistry
AP Chemistry
English
AP English Literature
Biology
Dec 1, 2025
62
8 pages
Pragya Adupa @pragyaadupa_duwc
The cell cycle and cancer development are intricately connected processes that impact human health. Cancer occurs due to... Show more
The cell cycle's regulatory system plays a crucial role in normal cell division and cancer development. This page details the various checkpoints that control cell division.
Definition Checkpoints are molecular control systems that ensure proper conditions are met before cell cycle progression.
Vocabulary G1 Checkpoint examines nutrients, growth factors, and DNA damage; G2 Checkpoint verifies cell size and DNA replication; M (Metaphase) Checkpoint confirms chromosome spindle attachment.
Highlight Malfunctions in these checkpoint systems can lead to cancer development through uncontrolled cell division.
This section explores the genetic basis of cancer and the importance of cell cycle control points. Cancer development is explained as a genetic disease arising from accumulated mutations.
Quote "Cancer is a genetic disease that arises from accumulation of mutations."
Highlight A minimum of 6-9 different gene mutations is typically required for cancer development.
Example The BRCA1 mutation, associated with breast and ovarian cancer, demonstrates how inherited genetic changes can increase cancer susceptibility.
This page details the crucial role of proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in cell cycle regulation and cancer development.
Definition Proto-oncogenes trigger cell division, while tumor suppressor genes act as cellular brakes.
Vocabulary Kinases are enzymes that catalyze the transfer of phosphate groups from ATP to specific molecules.
Highlight Mutations in either proto-oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes can lead to cancer, but they operate differently - proto-oncogenes are dominant while tumor suppressors are recessive.
This section focuses on how proto-oncogenes become cancer-causing oncogenes and the critical role of P53 as a tumor suppressor.
Definition Apoptosis is programmed cell death, a crucial process in preventing cancer development.
Example The HER2 gene, when overexpressed, leads to excessive breast cell division and growth.
Highlight P53, known as the "Guardian of the Genome," plays a vital role in preventing cancer by regulating cell division and repair.
This page outlines the key steps in cancer development and the processes of metastasis and angiogenesis.
Definition Metastasis is the process by which cancer cells spread through blood and lymph vessels to form new tumors in other parts of the body.
Highlight Cancer development requires approximately 10 key mutations affecting various cellular processes including growth regulation, checkpoint response, and blood vessel formation.
The final page discusses various causes of cancer-inducing mutations and tumor formation.
Definition Carcinogens are substances or exposures that can cause cancer, including pollution and cigarette smoke.
Highlight Cancer development can be triggered by multiple factors including UV radiation, chemical exposure, age, radiation exposure, and genetic predisposition.
Example Benign tumors, while abnormal, typically remain at their original site and are usually not life-threatening.
Page 7 Cancer Causes and Treatment
Various environmental and genetic factors can cause mutations leading to cancer development. Treatment options, particularly chemotherapy, target different aspects of cell growth and division.
Definition Carcinogens are substances that can cause cancer through DNA damage.
Highlight Chemotherapy works by targeting different stages of cell growth and division.
Example Common chemotherapy side effects include hair loss, slow healing, and nausea.
This page outlines the fundamental differences between healthy and cancerous cells, along with different types of tumors. Cancer manifests through unregulated cell division, leading to distinct cellular characteristics.
Definition Tumors are classified into three main categories benign , malignant (cancerous and invasive), and metastatic (cancerous with ability to spread).
Highlight Cancerous cells can be identified by their small cytoplasm, multiple nuclei, and large nucleoli with coarse chromatin.
Example While benign tumors remain contained and don't affect surrounding tissue, malignant tumors actively invade nearby tissues.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
3
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
here are 5 grade 9 science questions and their answers:
BiologyThis is great for the very basics of exam prep
BiologyThis guided note will demonstrate the difference between both transcription and translation and how were they being used and their role.
BiologyExplore key biological concepts including genetic variation, hormonal control, reproduction, and evolution. This comprehensive summary covers essential topics such as protein synthesis, the nervous system, plant responses, and homeostasis, providing a solid foundation for understanding biology. Ideal for students preparing for exams or seeking to reinforce their knowledge.
Combined ScienceExplore the fundamentals of anatomy and physiology, including the relationship between structure and function, the levels of organization in the human body, and the major functions of each organ system.
BiologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Pragya Adupa
@pragyaadupa_duwc
The cell cycle and cancer development are intricately connected processes that impact human health. Cancer occurs due to unregulated cell division, characterized by multiple genetic mutations affecting cell cycle regulation and cancer development.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The cell cycle's regulatory system plays a crucial role in normal cell division and cancer development. This page details the various checkpoints that control cell division.
Definition: Checkpoints are molecular control systems that ensure proper conditions are met before cell cycle progression.
Vocabulary: G1 Checkpoint examines nutrients, growth factors, and DNA damage; G2 Checkpoint verifies cell size and DNA replication; M (Metaphase) Checkpoint confirms chromosome spindle attachment.
Highlight: Malfunctions in these checkpoint systems can lead to cancer development through uncontrolled cell division.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This section explores the genetic basis of cancer and the importance of cell cycle control points. Cancer development is explained as a genetic disease arising from accumulated mutations.
Quote: "Cancer is a genetic disease that arises from accumulation of mutations."
Highlight: A minimum of 6-9 different gene mutations is typically required for cancer development.
Example: The BRCA1 mutation, associated with breast and ovarian cancer, demonstrates how inherited genetic changes can increase cancer susceptibility.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page details the crucial role of proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in cell cycle regulation and cancer development.
Definition: Proto-oncogenes trigger cell division, while tumor suppressor genes act as cellular brakes.
Vocabulary: Kinases are enzymes that catalyze the transfer of phosphate groups from ATP to specific molecules.
Highlight: Mutations in either proto-oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes can lead to cancer, but they operate differently - proto-oncogenes are dominant while tumor suppressors are recessive.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This section focuses on how proto-oncogenes become cancer-causing oncogenes and the critical role of P53 as a tumor suppressor.
Definition: Apoptosis is programmed cell death, a crucial process in preventing cancer development.
Example: The HER2 gene, when overexpressed, leads to excessive breast cell division and growth.
Highlight: P53, known as the "Guardian of the Genome," plays a vital role in preventing cancer by regulating cell division and repair.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page outlines the key steps in cancer development and the processes of metastasis and angiogenesis.
Definition: Metastasis is the process by which cancer cells spread through blood and lymph vessels to form new tumors in other parts of the body.
Highlight: Cancer development requires approximately 10 key mutations affecting various cellular processes including growth regulation, checkpoint response, and blood vessel formation.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The final page discusses various causes of cancer-inducing mutations and tumor formation.
Definition: Carcinogens are substances or exposures that can cause cancer, including pollution and cigarette smoke.
Highlight: Cancer development can be triggered by multiple factors including UV radiation, chemical exposure, age, radiation exposure, and genetic predisposition.
Example: Benign tumors, while abnormal, typically remain at their original site and are usually not life-threatening.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Page 7: Cancer Causes and Treatment
Various environmental and genetic factors can cause mutations leading to cancer development. Treatment options, particularly chemotherapy, target different aspects of cell growth and division.
Definition: Carcinogens are substances that can cause cancer through DNA damage.
Highlight: Chemotherapy works by targeting different stages of cell growth and division.
Example: Common chemotherapy side effects include hair loss, slow healing, and nausea.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page outlines the fundamental differences between healthy and cancerous cells, along with different types of tumors. Cancer manifests through unregulated cell division, leading to distinct cellular characteristics.
Definition: Tumors are classified into three main categories: benign , malignant (cancerous and invasive), and metastatic (cancerous with ability to spread).
Highlight: Cancerous cells can be identified by their small cytoplasm, multiple nuclei, and large nucleoli with coarse chromatin.
Example: While benign tumors remain contained and don't affect surrounding tissue, malignant tumors actively invade nearby tissues.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
3
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
here are 5 grade 9 science questions and their answers:
BiologyThis is great for the very basics of exam prep
BiologyThis guided note will demonstrate the difference between both transcription and translation and how were they being used and their role.
BiologyExplore key biological concepts including genetic variation, hormonal control, reproduction, and evolution. This comprehensive summary covers essential topics such as protein synthesis, the nervous system, plant responses, and homeostasis, providing a solid foundation for understanding biology. Ideal for students preparing for exams or seeking to reinforce their knowledge.
Combined ScienceExplore the fundamentals of anatomy and physiology, including the relationship between structure and function, the levels of organization in the human body, and the major functions of each organ system.
BiologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Health
Algebra
Calculus 1
Algebra 1
Overige