Meiosis is a crucial cellular division process that creates gametes... Show more
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cell cycle notes
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Jul 10, 2025
•
Discover Meiosis: How Cells Make Eggs and Sperm
S
steph
@sts03z
Stages of Meiosis II and Goals of Meiosis
Meiosis II follows immediately after the first division, without an intervening growth phase. This second round of division is similar to mitosis and further reduces the genetic material.
Prophase II: Similar to prophase in mitosis, chromatin condenses into chromosomes, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and centrioles move to opposite poles.
Metaphase II: Duplicated chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell, with spindle fibers attaching to each sister chromatid.
Anaphase II: Sister chromatids separate, moving to opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase II: Nuclei reappear, marking the end of Meiosis II.
After the final cytokinesis, four haploid cells are produced. In males, this results in four sperm cells , while in females, it produces one egg and three polar bodies .
Example: In humans, the final products of meiosis are gametes with 23 single chromosomes each.
The goals of meiosis are twofold:
- Meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes, reducing the chromosome number and mixing up the DNA.
- Meiosis II separates sister chromatids, resulting in four unique daughter cells.
Highlight: The process and significance of crossing over in meiosis is evident in how it contributes to genetic diversity among offspring.
Chromosomal Mutations and Disorders
Understanding chromosomal mutations during meiosis is crucial for comprehending various genetic disorders. These mutations can involve entire chromosomes or large segments being missing, duplicated, or altered.
Common types of chromosomal mutations include:
- Deletion: An entire gene is lost.
- Insertion: A gene is added.
- Duplication: A gene is repeated.
- Translocation: Genes are rearranged between non-homologous chromosomes.
- Inversion: A segment of a gene is flipped upside-down.
- Non-disjunction: Chromosomes fail to separate properly during meiosis.
Example: Cri du chat syndrome is caused by a deletion on chromosome 5, resulting in a high-pitched cry, small head, wide-spaced eyes, and developmental delays.
Non-disjunction can occur in Meiosis I or II, leading to gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes. This can result in conditions such as:
- Trisomy 21 : An extra copy of chromosome 21.
- Klinefelter syndrome : An extra X chromosome in males.
- Turner syndrome : Missing or incomplete X chromosome in females.
Highlight: Chromosomal mutations during meiosis can have significant impacts on an individual's genetic makeup and health.
Understanding these mutations and their effects is crucial for genetic counseling and medical diagnosis.
Chromosomal Disorders and Examples
This final section details specific genetic conditions resulting from chromosomal abnormalities during meiosis.
Example: Down syndrome occurs when there's an extra copy of chromosome 21.
Highlight: Klinefelter syndrome affects males, causing increased estrogen levels and distinct physical characteristics.
The section provides detailed examples of chromosomal disorders, including Turner syndrome , demonstrating how meiotic errors can lead to significant genetic conditions affecting human development and health.
Interphase and Stages of Meiosis I
Meiosis begins with interphase, followed by the first round of division in Meiosis I. This process is crucial for reducing the chromosome number and creating genetic diversity.
Interphase: Before Meiosis I, the cell undergoes interphase, which includes G1, S, and G2 phases, similar to mitosis preparation. During this time, the cell grows and replicates its DNA.
Prophase I: This is the most complex phase of meiosis. Homologous chromosomes come together to form a synapse . Crossing over occurs, where portions of chromatids break off and attach to adjacent chromatids on the homologous chromosome, increasing genetic variability.
Highlight: Crossing over is a key process that contributes to genetic diversity among offspring.
Metaphase I: Homologous chromosomes line up randomly at the center of the cell in pairs. This process is called independent assortment and further contributes to genetic variation.
Vocabulary: Independent assortment refers to the random alignment of homologous chromosome pairs during metaphase I.
Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes in the center of the cell are separated by spindle fibers from the centrioles. This separation is crucial for reducing the chromosome number.
Telophase I: Two nuclei form, each containing 23 duplicated chromosomes . This marks the end of the first meiotic division.
Definition: Haploid cells contain half the number of chromosomes as the original diploid cell.
Cytokinesis occurs after Telophase I, resulting in two unique haploid daughter cells, each with 23 chromosomes .
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
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Is Knowunity really free of charge?
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4.9/5
App Store
4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Discover Meiosis: How Cells Make Eggs and Sperm
S
steph
@sts03z
Meiosis is a crucial cellular division process that creates gametes through stages of meiosis I and II in gamete formation, featuring the vital process and significance of crossing over in meiosisto ensure genetic diversity. This complex process can... Show more
Stages of Meiosis II and Goals of Meiosis
Meiosis II follows immediately after the first division, without an intervening growth phase. This second round of division is similar to mitosis and further reduces the genetic material.
Prophase II: Similar to prophase in mitosis, chromatin condenses into chromosomes, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and centrioles move to opposite poles.
Metaphase II: Duplicated chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell, with spindle fibers attaching to each sister chromatid.
Anaphase II: Sister chromatids separate, moving to opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase II: Nuclei reappear, marking the end of Meiosis II.
After the final cytokinesis, four haploid cells are produced. In males, this results in four sperm cells , while in females, it produces one egg and three polar bodies .
Example: In humans, the final products of meiosis are gametes with 23 single chromosomes each.
The goals of meiosis are twofold:
- Meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes, reducing the chromosome number and mixing up the DNA.
- Meiosis II separates sister chromatids, resulting in four unique daughter cells.
Highlight: The process and significance of crossing over in meiosis is evident in how it contributes to genetic diversity among offspring.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
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Chromosomal Mutations and Disorders
Understanding chromosomal mutations during meiosis is crucial for comprehending various genetic disorders. These mutations can involve entire chromosomes or large segments being missing, duplicated, or altered.
Common types of chromosomal mutations include:
- Deletion: An entire gene is lost.
- Insertion: A gene is added.
- Duplication: A gene is repeated.
- Translocation: Genes are rearranged between non-homologous chromosomes.
- Inversion: A segment of a gene is flipped upside-down.
- Non-disjunction: Chromosomes fail to separate properly during meiosis.
Example: Cri du chat syndrome is caused by a deletion on chromosome 5, resulting in a high-pitched cry, small head, wide-spaced eyes, and developmental delays.
Non-disjunction can occur in Meiosis I or II, leading to gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes. This can result in conditions such as:
- Trisomy 21 : An extra copy of chromosome 21.
- Klinefelter syndrome : An extra X chromosome in males.
- Turner syndrome : Missing or incomplete X chromosome in females.
Highlight: Chromosomal mutations during meiosis can have significant impacts on an individual's genetic makeup and health.
Understanding these mutations and their effects is crucial for genetic counseling and medical diagnosis.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Chromosomal Disorders and Examples
This final section details specific genetic conditions resulting from chromosomal abnormalities during meiosis.
Example: Down syndrome occurs when there's an extra copy of chromosome 21.
Highlight: Klinefelter syndrome affects males, causing increased estrogen levels and distinct physical characteristics.
The section provides detailed examples of chromosomal disorders, including Turner syndrome , demonstrating how meiotic errors can lead to significant genetic conditions affecting human development and health.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Interphase and Stages of Meiosis I
Meiosis begins with interphase, followed by the first round of division in Meiosis I. This process is crucial for reducing the chromosome number and creating genetic diversity.
Interphase: Before Meiosis I, the cell undergoes interphase, which includes G1, S, and G2 phases, similar to mitosis preparation. During this time, the cell grows and replicates its DNA.
Prophase I: This is the most complex phase of meiosis. Homologous chromosomes come together to form a synapse . Crossing over occurs, where portions of chromatids break off and attach to adjacent chromatids on the homologous chromosome, increasing genetic variability.
Highlight: Crossing over is a key process that contributes to genetic diversity among offspring.
Metaphase I: Homologous chromosomes line up randomly at the center of the cell in pairs. This process is called independent assortment and further contributes to genetic variation.
Vocabulary: Independent assortment refers to the random alignment of homologous chromosome pairs during metaphase I.
Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes in the center of the cell are separated by spindle fibers from the centrioles. This separation is crucial for reducing the chromosome number.
Telophase I: Two nuclei form, each containing 23 duplicated chromosomes . This marks the end of the first meiotic division.
Definition: Haploid cells contain half the number of chromosomes as the original diploid cell.
Cytokinesis occurs after Telophase I, resulting in two unique haploid daughter cells, each with 23 chromosomes .
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
You have the choice, we offer a 100% secure payment via PayPal or an Amazon gift card. There is no limit to how much you can earn.
Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.9/5
App Store
4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user