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Ella Mogilevsky
10/31/2023
Biology
Cells and Organells Notes
164
•
Oct 31, 2023
•
Fun with Cell Parts: Nucleus and Endoplasmic Reticulum Adventures!
Ella Mogilevsky
@ellamogilevsky
1 / 6
Cytoplasm, Centrioles, and Cell Wall
The cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance that holds organelles within the cell. In animal cells, centrioles play a role in cell division and act as a skeletal system. The cytoskeleton, present in both plant and animal cells, provides internal support and helps position organelles.
Plant cells have an additional structure called the cell wall, which provides primary protection and is composed of cellulose, pectin, and other materials.
Definition: Cytoskeleton - A network of protein filaments that provides structural support and facilitates movement within the cell.
Vocabulary: Pectin - A structural heteropolysaccharide found in plant cell walls.
Highlight: The cell wall is a key distinguishing feature between plant and animal cells, providing rigidity and protection to plant cells.
Comparison of Plant and Animal Cells
This section provides a visual comparison of plant and animal cells, highlighting their structural differences and similarities. Key distinctions include:
- Presence of chloroplasts and a large central vacuole in plant cells
- Cell wall in plant cells
- Centrioles in animal cells
Both cell types share common organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus.
Example: While both plant and animal cells have mitochondria for energy production, only plant cells have chloroplasts for photosynthesis.
Highlight: The nucleus animal cell function is identical to that in plant cells, despite other structural differences between the two cell types.
Endomembrane System
The endomembrane system is a network of organelles working together to produce, package, and transport proteins and lipids. This system includes:
- Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins
- Endoplasmic Reticulum: Produces proteins (rough ER) and lipids (smooth ER)
- Golgi Apparatus: Sorts and packages proteins
- Vesicles: Transport proteins
- Cell Membrane: Releases proteins from the cell
Definition: Endomembrane system - A group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that work together in the synthesis, packaging, and transport of lipids and proteins.
Highlight: Understanding the rough endoplasmic reticulum function and smooth endoplasmic reticulum function is crucial to grasping the workings of the endomembrane system.
Endosymbiotic Theory and Cell Theory
The endosymbiotic theory explains how certain organelles, particularly mitochondria and chloroplasts, became part of eukaryotic cells. This theory suggests that these organelles were once free-living prokaryotes that were engulfed by larger cells, eventually forming a symbiotic relationship.
Evidence supporting the endosymbiotic theory includes:
- Specific reproductive systems of these organelles
- Ability to produce their own energy
- DNA similarities with prokaryotes
- Double membrane structure in mitochondria and chloroplasts
The cell theory, a fundamental principle in biology, consists of three main parts:
- All organisms are made of one or more cells
- The cell is the basic unit of life
- All cells come from pre-existing cells
Quote: "Cells come from cells" - Rudolph Virchow
Highlight: The endosymbiotic theory proposed by Lynn Margulis in the 1960s revolutionized our understanding of the origin of eukaryotic cells.
Key contributors to cell theory include:
- Robert Hooke: Coined the term "cell"
- Anton van Leeuwenhoek: Observed first living microorganisms
- Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann: Proposed that all living things are made of cells
- Rudolph Virchow: Stated that all cells come from pre-existing cells
- Zacharias Janssen: Invented the first microscope
- Robert Brown: Discovered the nucleus in cells
Example: The endosymbiotic theory and cell organelles relationship is exemplified by mitochondria and chloroplasts, which have their own DNA and can reproduce independently within the cell.
Page 6: Cellular Theory and Evolution
This page covers the endosymbiotic theory and cell theory, including historical contributions to cell biology. The endosymbiotic theory proposed by Lynn Margulis explains organelle evolution.
Quote: "All cells come from cells" - Rudolph Virchow's contribution to cell theory.
Highlight: Endosymbiotic theory evidence includes specific reproductive systems, energy production capabilities, and DNA comparison between organelles and bacteria.
Example: Endosymbiotic theory and cell organelles relationship example is demonstrated through mitochondria and chloroplasts, which were once free-living organisms.
Nucleus and Other Major Organelles
The nucleus structure and function in plant and animal cells is crucial for cellular processes. The nucleus contains DNA and RNA, serving as the control center for growth and reproduction. It is surrounded by a nuclear envelope with pores.
Other important organelles include:
- Golgi Apparatus: Packages and sorts proteins
- Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins
- Endoplasmic Reticulum: Produces proteins (rough ER) and lipids (smooth ER)
- Vacuoles: Maintain water balance and store waste
- Lysosomes: Act as the cell's digestive system (animal cells)
- Cell Membrane: Controls what enters and exits the cell
- Mitochondria: Produce ATP energy
- Chloroplasts: Produce energy through photosynthesis (plant cells)
Vocabulary: Nuclear envelope - The double membrane surrounding the nucleus, containing pores for molecular transport.
Highlight: The nucleus function in plant cell is essentially the same as in animal cells, acting as the control center and housing genetic material.
Example: The Golgi apparatus can be likened to a post office, sorting and packaging proteins for distribution within or outside the cell.
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This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
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Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
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Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Fun with Cell Parts: Nucleus and Endoplasmic Reticulum Adventures!
Ella Mogilevsky
@ellamogilevsky
The nucleus is a vital organelle controlling cellular activities and genetic information in both plant and animal cells. This comprehensive guide explores cellular structures, organelle functions, and foundational theories.
• The nucleus structure and function in plant and animal cells... Show more
Cytoplasm, Centrioles, and Cell Wall
The cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance that holds organelles within the cell. In animal cells, centrioles play a role in cell division and act as a skeletal system. The cytoskeleton, present in both plant and animal cells, provides internal support and helps position organelles.
Plant cells have an additional structure called the cell wall, which provides primary protection and is composed of cellulose, pectin, and other materials.
Definition: Cytoskeleton - A network of protein filaments that provides structural support and facilitates movement within the cell.
Vocabulary: Pectin - A structural heteropolysaccharide found in plant cell walls.
Highlight: The cell wall is a key distinguishing feature between plant and animal cells, providing rigidity and protection to plant cells.
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Comparison of Plant and Animal Cells
This section provides a visual comparison of plant and animal cells, highlighting their structural differences and similarities. Key distinctions include:
- Presence of chloroplasts and a large central vacuole in plant cells
- Cell wall in plant cells
- Centrioles in animal cells
Both cell types share common organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus.
Example: While both plant and animal cells have mitochondria for energy production, only plant cells have chloroplasts for photosynthesis.
Highlight: The nucleus animal cell function is identical to that in plant cells, despite other structural differences between the two cell types.
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Endomembrane System
The endomembrane system is a network of organelles working together to produce, package, and transport proteins and lipids. This system includes:
- Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins
- Endoplasmic Reticulum: Produces proteins (rough ER) and lipids (smooth ER)
- Golgi Apparatus: Sorts and packages proteins
- Vesicles: Transport proteins
- Cell Membrane: Releases proteins from the cell
Definition: Endomembrane system - A group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that work together in the synthesis, packaging, and transport of lipids and proteins.
Highlight: Understanding the rough endoplasmic reticulum function and smooth endoplasmic reticulum function is crucial to grasping the workings of the endomembrane system.
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Endosymbiotic Theory and Cell Theory
The endosymbiotic theory explains how certain organelles, particularly mitochondria and chloroplasts, became part of eukaryotic cells. This theory suggests that these organelles were once free-living prokaryotes that were engulfed by larger cells, eventually forming a symbiotic relationship.
Evidence supporting the endosymbiotic theory includes:
- Specific reproductive systems of these organelles
- Ability to produce their own energy
- DNA similarities with prokaryotes
- Double membrane structure in mitochondria and chloroplasts
The cell theory, a fundamental principle in biology, consists of three main parts:
- All organisms are made of one or more cells
- The cell is the basic unit of life
- All cells come from pre-existing cells
Quote: "Cells come from cells" - Rudolph Virchow
Highlight: The endosymbiotic theory proposed by Lynn Margulis in the 1960s revolutionized our understanding of the origin of eukaryotic cells.
Key contributors to cell theory include:
- Robert Hooke: Coined the term "cell"
- Anton van Leeuwenhoek: Observed first living microorganisms
- Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann: Proposed that all living things are made of cells
- Rudolph Virchow: Stated that all cells come from pre-existing cells
- Zacharias Janssen: Invented the first microscope
- Robert Brown: Discovered the nucleus in cells
Example: The endosymbiotic theory and cell organelles relationship is exemplified by mitochondria and chloroplasts, which have their own DNA and can reproduce independently within the cell.
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Page 6: Cellular Theory and Evolution
This page covers the endosymbiotic theory and cell theory, including historical contributions to cell biology. The endosymbiotic theory proposed by Lynn Margulis explains organelle evolution.
Quote: "All cells come from cells" - Rudolph Virchow's contribution to cell theory.
Highlight: Endosymbiotic theory evidence includes specific reproductive systems, energy production capabilities, and DNA comparison between organelles and bacteria.
Example: Endosymbiotic theory and cell organelles relationship example is demonstrated through mitochondria and chloroplasts, which were once free-living organisms.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Nucleus and Other Major Organelles
The nucleus structure and function in plant and animal cells is crucial for cellular processes. The nucleus contains DNA and RNA, serving as the control center for growth and reproduction. It is surrounded by a nuclear envelope with pores.
Other important organelles include:
- Golgi Apparatus: Packages and sorts proteins
- Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins
- Endoplasmic Reticulum: Produces proteins (rough ER) and lipids (smooth ER)
- Vacuoles: Maintain water balance and store waste
- Lysosomes: Act as the cell's digestive system (animal cells)
- Cell Membrane: Controls what enters and exits the cell
- Mitochondria: Produce ATP energy
- Chloroplasts: Produce energy through photosynthesis (plant cells)
Vocabulary: Nuclear envelope - The double membrane surrounding the nucleus, containing pores for molecular transport.
Highlight: The nucleus function in plant cell is essentially the same as in animal cells, acting as the control center and housing genetic material.
Example: The Golgi apparatus can be likened to a post office, sorting and packaging proteins for distribution within or outside the cell.
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.9/5
App Store
4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user