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Biology
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AP Chemistry
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Biology
Dec 15, 2025
170
15 pages
Pragya Adupa @pragyaadupa_duwc
A comprehensive genetics vocabulary study guide with examplescovering fundamental genetic concepts from traits to probability calculations in... Show more
This section explains the difference between acquired and inherited traits in genetics.
Acquired traits are characteristics gained from the environment and are not hereditary.
Example Dyed hair and the ability to play the piano are acquired traits.
Vocabulary An acquired trait is a characteristic that is learned or gained from the environment and is not passed down to offspring.
Inherited traits, on the other hand, are hereditary characteristics passed down from parent to offspring through genes.
Example Skin color and dimples are inherited traits.
Definition An inherited trait is a characteristic that is hereditary and passed down from parent to offspring through genes.
This section introduces the concepts of genes and alleles, which are fundamental to understanding genetics.
Definition A gene is a factor passed down from parent to offspring that controls a trait.
Example There are genes for dimples and pea plant height.
Alleles are different forms of the same gene.
Highlight There are at least two alleles for every gene.
Example For plant height, there can be a tall allele and a short allele.
This page explains the concept of dominant and recessive alleles in genetics.
Definition A dominant allele is one whose trait always shows up in the organism when present, represented by a capital letter.
Example A black fur gene in a cat is dominant, while the white fur gene is recessive.
Definition A recessive allele is hidden whenever the dominant allele is present, represented by a lowercase letter.
Highlight Recessive alleles show up much less frequently than dominant alleles.
This section discusses the concepts of purebred and hybrid organisms in genetics.
Definition A purebred organism is the offspring of many generations that have the same form of a trait and therefore has two identical alleles.
Example A purebred black cat will have received two dominant black alleles from its parents.
Definition A hybrid organism has two different alleles (one dominant allele and one recessive allele) for a trait.
Example A kitten with both black and white fur is a hybrid.
This page explains the crucial concepts of genotype and phenotype in genetics.
Definition Genotype is an organism's genetic makeup (combination of alleles).
Highlight Genotypes control what we look like.
Definition Phenotype is an organism's physical appearance (visible traits).
Example Brown hair and blue eyes are examples of phenotypes.
This section clarifies the difference between homozygous and heterozygous genotypes.
Definition A homozygous genotype is the genotype of an organism with two of the same alleles.
Example DD (homozygous dominant) and dd (homozygous recessive) are examples of homozygous genotypes.
Definition A heterozygous genotype is the genotype of an organism with two different alleles.
Example Tt and Dd are examples of heterozygous genotypes.
The final section introduces Punnett squares and genetic probability.
Definition A Punnett square is a chart that shows all the possible ways alleles can combine in a genetic cross.
Example A Punnett square can be used to calculate the probability of offspring receiving certain genes.
Definition Probability in genetics is a number expressed as a fraction, percent, or ratio that describes how likely it is that an event will occur.
Example In a genetic cross, the probability of offspring might be 75% tall and 25% short.
Page 9 Hybrid Organisms
This page discusses hybrid organisms and their genetic makeup.
Definition A hybrid organism possesses two different alleles for a trait, typically one dominant and one recessive.
Example A kitten with both black and white fur demonstrates hybrid characteristics.
Highlight Hybrids show how different alleles can interact within an organism.
Page 10 Genotype
This page explains genotypes and their significance in genetics.
Definition Genotype refers to an organism's genetic makeup or combination of alleles.
Example Height inheritance is determined by the specific combination of alleles received from parents.
Highlight Genotypes determine the potential traits an organism can express.
Page 11 Phenotype
This page covers phenotypes and their relationship to genetic expression.
Definition Phenotype is an organism's physical appearance or visible traits.
Example Brown hair and blue eyes are examples of phenotypes.
Highlight Phenotypes are the observable manifestation of genotypes.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
nucleus
BiologyConvert to PowerPoint and use the mouse to see magic!
BiologyPDF 2023 Review for Biology 9x
BiologyThis includes the history and background of nucleic acid, 2 major types of nucleic acid and their functions.
Biologyuse this to study
BiologyBiology Ch. 12, Molecular Genetics
BiologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Pragya Adupa
@pragyaadupa_duwc
A comprehensive genetics vocabulary study guide with examples covering fundamental genetic concepts from traits to probability calculations in genetic inheritance.
Key points:
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This section explains the difference between acquired and inherited traits in genetics.
Acquired traits are characteristics gained from the environment and are not hereditary.
Example: Dyed hair and the ability to play the piano are acquired traits.
Vocabulary: An acquired trait is a characteristic that is learned or gained from the environment and is not passed down to offspring.
Inherited traits, on the other hand, are hereditary characteristics passed down from parent to offspring through genes.
Example: Skin color and dimples are inherited traits.
Definition: An inherited trait is a characteristic that is hereditary and passed down from parent to offspring through genes.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This section introduces the concepts of genes and alleles, which are fundamental to understanding genetics.
Definition: A gene is a factor passed down from parent to offspring that controls a trait.
Example: There are genes for dimples and pea plant height.
Alleles are different forms of the same gene.
Highlight: There are at least two alleles for every gene.
Example: For plant height, there can be a tall allele and a short allele.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page explains the concept of dominant and recessive alleles in genetics.
Definition: A dominant allele is one whose trait always shows up in the organism when present, represented by a capital letter.
Example: A black fur gene in a cat is dominant, while the white fur gene is recessive.
Definition: A recessive allele is hidden whenever the dominant allele is present, represented by a lowercase letter.
Highlight: Recessive alleles show up much less frequently than dominant alleles.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This section discusses the concepts of purebred and hybrid organisms in genetics.
Definition: A purebred organism is the offspring of many generations that have the same form of a trait and therefore has two identical alleles.
Example: A purebred black cat will have received two dominant black alleles from its parents.
Definition: A hybrid organism has two different alleles (one dominant allele and one recessive allele) for a trait.
Example: A kitten with both black and white fur is a hybrid.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page explains the crucial concepts of genotype and phenotype in genetics.
Definition: Genotype is an organism's genetic makeup (combination of alleles).
Highlight: Genotypes control what we look like.
Definition: Phenotype is an organism's physical appearance (visible traits).
Example: Brown hair and blue eyes are examples of phenotypes.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This section clarifies the difference between homozygous and heterozygous genotypes.
Definition: A homozygous genotype is the genotype of an organism with two of the same alleles.
Example: DD (homozygous dominant) and dd (homozygous recessive) are examples of homozygous genotypes.
Definition: A heterozygous genotype is the genotype of an organism with two different alleles.
Example: Tt and Dd are examples of heterozygous genotypes.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The final section introduces Punnett squares and genetic probability.
Definition: A Punnett square is a chart that shows all the possible ways alleles can combine in a genetic cross.
Example: A Punnett square can be used to calculate the probability of offspring receiving certain genes.
Definition: Probability in genetics is a number expressed as a fraction, percent, or ratio that describes how likely it is that an event will occur.
Example: In a genetic cross, the probability of offspring might be 75% tall and 25% short.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Page 9: Hybrid Organisms
This page discusses hybrid organisms and their genetic makeup.
Definition: A hybrid organism possesses two different alleles for a trait, typically one dominant and one recessive.
Example: A kitten with both black and white fur demonstrates hybrid characteristics.
Highlight: Hybrids show how different alleles can interact within an organism.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Page 10: Genotype
This page explains genotypes and their significance in genetics.
Definition: Genotype refers to an organism's genetic makeup or combination of alleles.
Example: Height inheritance is determined by the specific combination of alleles received from parents.
Highlight: Genotypes determine the potential traits an organism can express.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Page 11: Phenotype
This page covers phenotypes and their relationship to genetic expression.
Definition: Phenotype is an organism's physical appearance or visible traits.
Example: Brown hair and blue eyes are examples of phenotypes.
Highlight: Phenotypes are the observable manifestation of genotypes.
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
5
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
nucleus
BiologyConvert to PowerPoint and use the mouse to see magic!
BiologyPDF 2023 Review for Biology 9x
BiologyThis includes the history and background of nucleic acid, 2 major types of nucleic acid and their functions.
Biologyuse this to study
BiologyBiology Ch. 12, Molecular Genetics
BiologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
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