Geography paper 1 hazardous earth

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away from eQuator a U TROPICAL CYCLONES 2- SAFFIR SIMPSON SCALE 1 - Some damadge (trees loose branches roofs + windows damadged 3- Structural damadge to buildings, flooding 4-major destroying of buildings, high floods S- catastrophic HOW THEY FORM 1-warm sea temperatures. -high humidity - must be lots of moistwe -rapid cooling -rising air must condense Quickly to generate huge amounts of energy Powering it WHAT MAKES THEM INTENSLEY / DISSIPATE -over 26-5° -low wind shear -high humidity - Tropical cyclones dissipate (get weaked) when they reach land because they loose energy from the sea -move into areas of colder water TROPICAL CYCLONES SAFFIR SIMPSON SCALE 1 - Some damadge (trees loose branches) 2 roofs + windows damadged. 3- Structural damadge to buildings, flooding. 4-major destroying of buildings, high floods S- catastrophic HOW THEY FORM -warm sea temperatures -high humidity - must be lots of moistue -rapid cooling -rising air must condense Quickly to generate huge amounts of Powering it energy WHAT MAKES THEM INTENSIEY /DISSIPATE -over 26-5° - low wind shear -high humidity - Tropical cyclones dissipate (get weaked when they reach land because they loose energy from the sea -move into areas of colder water PAPER QUE HAZARDS HIMPACTS SECONDARY HAZARDS = Storm surges, landslides, Costal flooding billion. HURRICANE KATRINA - caused $108 of damadge and 1836 deaths STORM SURGES -As the cyclone moves the sea gets towards the coast shallower, water pushed up by the wind in front of the storm has nowhere to go but up onto land. COSTAL FLOODING landslides - rain fall causes flash flooding and triggers landslides (often linked to de forestation) DEALING WITH TROPICAL CYCLONES ch - weather forecasting + Satalites I -used to Spot a tropical cyclone forming + track its progress - can Predict its height + rainfall levels FACTORS THAT COMBINE TO MAKE COUNTRIES MORELESS VUNERABLE ↓ physical - low lying costal areas (where lots of people live/e-g low lying Pacific oceans Social-poor areas are often hit worse because people live in Poor Quality housing Economic rich, developed countries have better prediction, protection and evacuation technology. This makes them less Vunerable THINGS - TO HELP PEOPLE ↓ -government evacuation instructions inform predictions & warnings - have high-ground Shelters for Surge prone areas People -in form preparing for evacuation m on FACTORS THAT COMBINE TO MAKE COUNTRIES MORE ILESS VUNERABLE ↓ physical - low lying costal areas (where - lots of people live)e-g low lying Pacific Oceans Social-poor areas are often hit worse because people live in Poor Quality housing Economic-rich, developed countries have better prediction, protection and evacuation technology This makes them less. Vunerable THINGS TO HELP PEOPLE ↓ government evacuation inform predictions & warnings - have high-ground Shelters for People Surge prone areas. -in for m preparing for evacuation in on instructions TROPICAL CYCLONES - Developed country :USA -Hurricane Katring - August 200 S - 1836 deaths - mostly in New Orleans -Catory 3 when it hit W-deaths due to failures in Storm Surge defences PAPER ONE -pumping stations were flooded and failed to work -evacuation proced we had problems, highways wer Jammed -Public transport not used. -Shelters diddn't have enough food IMPROVEMENTS SINCE KATRINA -All the city's levees have been made much higher + Stronger - Pumping Stations made Hood proof -upgrades cost them $14 billion -new funding Spent on search + rescue teams ) TECTONICS ✓ CRUST mante outer core inner coce. EARTHS LAYERS CRUST- Solid + rigid MANTLE- lower layer is liquid magma OUTER CORE Torn + nickel liquid INNER CORE - pressure so hight that Torn is Solid PAPER ONE How HOW CONECTION CURRENTS CONTRIBUTE TO PLATE MOVEMENT ridge Trench 21 mainte OUTER CORE INNER CORE crust -heated rock from to Earths Surface Ç treach -The core heats the molten rock in the mantle to create a convection Current the mantle rises -At the Surface the convection current the tectonic plates in the moves Crust -Molten rock cools + flows back to to be be reheated core Martenrock- RIDGE- when two plates are pulled a part deep cracks form + magma rises to surface + forms. a ridge DENSITY -TWO main types of crust) Continental crust + oceanic crust Continental crust -mainly granite oceanic crust - mainly basalt continental crust - less dense -more dense Oceanic crust J BOTH continental crust and Oceanic Crust + oceanic Crust are less dense than the rocks of athenosphere. 10 PAPER ONE PLATE BOUNDARIES + HOTSPOTS -linked to where volcanoes + earthQuakes. occer -high volcanic activity. CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES - two plates collide - one plate slides beneath other (subduction) earthquakes + volcanoes DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES -rising Convection corrents pull crust. apart forming volcanic ridge D 10.0 CONSERVATIVE -two plates slide past eachother -earth Quakes. SHIELD VOLCANOES PLATE BOUNDARIES Constructive plate boundaries/hotspots -formed by eruptions of thin runny lava -gentle sloping sides -wide base -contain basaltic magma -very hot -erupt frequently but not violently COMPOSITE VOLCANOES -destructive Plate boundaries. - viscous, sticky lava -thick layers of lava + ash -erupt infrequently but uolently. -full of gas AND Ad TECTONIC HAZARDS ENERGY FROM EARTHQUAKES d EPICENTRE - Point on surface directly above foccus. focous - central point of earthQuake deep Under Surface where earth@auke happens. EarthQuake magnitude - measures size of earthQuake EARTHQUAKES occur on all three plate boundaries but most commly convergent and in Sands & clays white more than solid rock Occurr vibrate IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES PRIMARY IMPACTS -immediate -deaths tinjuries -destruction of buildings /damadge -destuction of a roads, railways, bridges 150 VER SECONDARY IMPACTS -After effects. -fires caused by fractred gas pipes. and broken electricity pylons -landslides. on steep / weak slopes -Spread of disease breaks down 1 when sanitation. -tsunamis when earthQuake occurs offshore MANAGING EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS Short term relief -Supplies -Shelter Preperation - warning & evacuation. -building design long term planning training emergency Services -funding emerging Services WHAT IS NEEDED AFTER BARTHQUAKE -brained volunters to help inwed I-clean water to prevent spread of disease. -food - often shals, bun, reaus t farens 2 have been damadged Ide Mary ed 0 -Radio Communication because phones won't work -- medical help -Plan to evacuate area it needed