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Oct 3, 2022

4 pages

Higher Human Biology: Metabolic Pathways Summary PDF - Easy Guide for Kids

Metabolic pathwaysform the foundation of cellular metabolism, consisting of... Show more

1
7
Key Area 1.6
Metabolic Pathways
(a) Metabolic Pathways.
Metabolic pathways are integrated and controlled
pathways of enzyme- catalysed r

Control of Metabolic Pathways

The control of metabolic pathways is a critical aspect of cellular function, regulated through various mechanisms involving enzymes.

Definition: Enzyme control in metabolic pathways involves regulating the presence or absence of specific enzymes and modulating the reaction rates of key enzymes within the pathway.

Enzymes play a crucial role in metabolic processes by:

  1. Lowering the activation energy required to start a reaction.
  2. Providing a specific active site for substrate binding.
  3. Exhibiting a dynamic and flexible structure that allows for induced fit.

Vocabulary: Induced fit refers to the slight change in enzyme shape when substrate molecules enter the active site, allowing for a closer fit.

The relationship between enzymes and substrates is characterized by:

  1. Enzyme specificity: Each enzyme is specific to one type of substrate.
  2. Complementarity: Substrate molecules are complementary to the enzyme's active site.
  3. Affinity: Enzymes show high affinity for specific substrates and low affinity for products.

Highlight: The study of enzyme function and control is fundamental in higher human biology metabolic pathways.

1
7
Key Area 1.6
Metabolic Pathways
(a) Metabolic Pathways.
Metabolic pathways are integrated and controlled
pathways of enzyme- catalysed r

Substrate Concentration and Enzyme Inhibition

The rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions in metabolic pathways is significantly influenced by substrate concentration and the presence of inhibitors.

Substrate Concentration Effects:

  1. At low concentrations, reaction rate is low due to insufficient substrate molecules.
  2. As concentration increases, reaction rate increases as more active sites are occupied.
  3. At high concentrations, reaction rate plateaus as all active sites become saturated.

Example: In a graph of reaction rate vs. substrate concentration, the curve initially rises steeply and then levels off at higher concentrations.

Enzyme Inhibitors:

Inhibitors are substances that decrease the rate of enzyme-controlled reactions. There are three main types:

  1. Competitive inhibitors
  2. Non-competitive inhibitors
  3. Feedback inhibitors

Definition: An inhibitor is a molecule that interferes with enzyme function, slowing down or stopping a metabolic reaction.

Competitive Inhibitors:

  • Have a similar shape to the enzyme's substrate
  • Bind to the active site, preventing substrate binding
  • Their effects can be reversed by increasing substrate concentration

Non-Competitive Inhibitors:

  • Bind to an allosteric site on the enzyme
  • Change the shape of the active site, preventing substrate binding
  • Their effects cannot be reversed by increasing substrate concentration

Feedback Inhibition:

  • Occurs when an end product in the metabolic pathway reaches a critical concentration
  • The end product inhibits an earlier enzyme in the pathway, blocking further synthesis

Highlight: Understanding enzyme inhibition is crucial for comprehending control of metabolic pathways in higher human biology and the regulation of cellular processes.

1
7
Key Area 1.6
Metabolic Pathways
(a) Metabolic Pathways.
Metabolic pathways are integrated and controlled
pathways of enzyme- catalysed r

Page 4: Enzyme Inhibition Mechanisms

The final page details different types of enzyme inhibition in metabolic pathways, focusing on competitive and non-competitive inhibition mechanisms.

Definition: Competitive inhibitors compete with substrates for the active site, while non-competitive inhibitors bind elsewhere on the enzyme.

Example: Feedback inhibition occurs when end products reach critical concentrations and inhibit earlier pathway steps.

Highlight: Competitive inhibition can be overcome by increasing substrate concentration, while non-competitive inhibition cannot.

Vocabulary: Allosteric site refers to a binding location on the enzyme distinct from the active site.

1
7
Key Area 1.6
Metabolic Pathways
(a) Metabolic Pathways.
Metabolic pathways are integrated and controlled
pathways of enzyme- catalysed r

Metabolic Pathways Overview

Metabolic pathways are integrated and controlled sequences of enzyme-catalyzed reactions within a cell. These pathways are crucial for maintaining cellular functions and can be either anabolic or catabolic in nature.

Definition: A metabolic pathway is a series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell, catalyzed by enzymes, to maintain life.

The structure of metabolic pathways includes:

  1. Reversible steps: Some reactions can proceed in both directions.
  2. Irreversible steps: Reactions that only occur in one direction.
  3. Alternative routes: Different pathways to achieve the same end product.

Example: In a typical pathway, Enzyme A catalyzes the conversion of a substrate to Intermediate 1, which can then be converted to Intermediate 2 by Enzyme B in a reversible step.

Anabolic pathways are processes that build up larger molecules from smaller ones, requiring energy.

Example: Protein synthesis from amino acids is an anabolic process.

Catabolic pathways, on the other hand, break down large molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy in the process.

Highlight: Understanding the 4 metabolic pathways and 5 metabolic processes in GCSE biology is crucial for grasping the fundamentals of cellular metabolism.



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Stefan S

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This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️

Thomas R

iOS user

Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades

Brad T

Android user

Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend

Aubrey

iOS user

Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀

Marco B

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!

Paul T

iOS user

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️

Thomas R

iOS user

Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades

Brad T

Android user

Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend

Aubrey

iOS user

Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀

Marco B

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!

Paul T

iOS user

 

Biology

385

Oct 3, 2022

4 pages

Higher Human Biology: Metabolic Pathways Summary PDF - Easy Guide for Kids

Metabolic pathways form the foundation of cellular metabolism, consisting of interconnected enzyme-catalyzed reactions that regulate vital biological processes. This comprehensive guide explores the key concepts of metabolic pathways, their control mechanisms, and enzyme regulation.

Metabolic pathway biologyencompasses both... Show more

1
7
Key Area 1.6
Metabolic Pathways
(a) Metabolic Pathways.
Metabolic pathways are integrated and controlled
pathways of enzyme- catalysed r

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Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

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Control of Metabolic Pathways

The control of metabolic pathways is a critical aspect of cellular function, regulated through various mechanisms involving enzymes.

Definition: Enzyme control in metabolic pathways involves regulating the presence or absence of specific enzymes and modulating the reaction rates of key enzymes within the pathway.

Enzymes play a crucial role in metabolic processes by:

  1. Lowering the activation energy required to start a reaction.
  2. Providing a specific active site for substrate binding.
  3. Exhibiting a dynamic and flexible structure that allows for induced fit.

Vocabulary: Induced fit refers to the slight change in enzyme shape when substrate molecules enter the active site, allowing for a closer fit.

The relationship between enzymes and substrates is characterized by:

  1. Enzyme specificity: Each enzyme is specific to one type of substrate.
  2. Complementarity: Substrate molecules are complementary to the enzyme's active site.
  3. Affinity: Enzymes show high affinity for specific substrates and low affinity for products.

Highlight: The study of enzyme function and control is fundamental in higher human biology metabolic pathways.

1
7
Key Area 1.6
Metabolic Pathways
(a) Metabolic Pathways.
Metabolic pathways are integrated and controlled
pathways of enzyme- catalysed r

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Substrate Concentration and Enzyme Inhibition

The rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions in metabolic pathways is significantly influenced by substrate concentration and the presence of inhibitors.

Substrate Concentration Effects:

  1. At low concentrations, reaction rate is low due to insufficient substrate molecules.
  2. As concentration increases, reaction rate increases as more active sites are occupied.
  3. At high concentrations, reaction rate plateaus as all active sites become saturated.

Example: In a graph of reaction rate vs. substrate concentration, the curve initially rises steeply and then levels off at higher concentrations.

Enzyme Inhibitors:

Inhibitors are substances that decrease the rate of enzyme-controlled reactions. There are three main types:

  1. Competitive inhibitors
  2. Non-competitive inhibitors
  3. Feedback inhibitors

Definition: An inhibitor is a molecule that interferes with enzyme function, slowing down or stopping a metabolic reaction.

Competitive Inhibitors:

  • Have a similar shape to the enzyme's substrate
  • Bind to the active site, preventing substrate binding
  • Their effects can be reversed by increasing substrate concentration

Non-Competitive Inhibitors:

  • Bind to an allosteric site on the enzyme
  • Change the shape of the active site, preventing substrate binding
  • Their effects cannot be reversed by increasing substrate concentration

Feedback Inhibition:

  • Occurs when an end product in the metabolic pathway reaches a critical concentration
  • The end product inhibits an earlier enzyme in the pathway, blocking further synthesis

Highlight: Understanding enzyme inhibition is crucial for comprehending control of metabolic pathways in higher human biology and the regulation of cellular processes.

1
7
Key Area 1.6
Metabolic Pathways
(a) Metabolic Pathways.
Metabolic pathways are integrated and controlled
pathways of enzyme- catalysed r

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Page 4: Enzyme Inhibition Mechanisms

The final page details different types of enzyme inhibition in metabolic pathways, focusing on competitive and non-competitive inhibition mechanisms.

Definition: Competitive inhibitors compete with substrates for the active site, while non-competitive inhibitors bind elsewhere on the enzyme.

Example: Feedback inhibition occurs when end products reach critical concentrations and inhibit earlier pathway steps.

Highlight: Competitive inhibition can be overcome by increasing substrate concentration, while non-competitive inhibition cannot.

Vocabulary: Allosteric site refers to a binding location on the enzyme distinct from the active site.

1
7
Key Area 1.6
Metabolic Pathways
(a) Metabolic Pathways.
Metabolic pathways are integrated and controlled
pathways of enzyme- catalysed r

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Metabolic Pathways Overview

Metabolic pathways are integrated and controlled sequences of enzyme-catalyzed reactions within a cell. These pathways are crucial for maintaining cellular functions and can be either anabolic or catabolic in nature.

Definition: A metabolic pathway is a series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell, catalyzed by enzymes, to maintain life.

The structure of metabolic pathways includes:

  1. Reversible steps: Some reactions can proceed in both directions.
  2. Irreversible steps: Reactions that only occur in one direction.
  3. Alternative routes: Different pathways to achieve the same end product.

Example: In a typical pathway, Enzyme A catalyzes the conversion of a substrate to Intermediate 1, which can then be converted to Intermediate 2 by Enzyme B in a reversible step.

Anabolic pathways are processes that build up larger molecules from smaller ones, requiring energy.

Example: Protein synthesis from amino acids is an anabolic process.

Catabolic pathways, on the other hand, break down large molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy in the process.

Highlight: Understanding the 4 metabolic pathways and 5 metabolic processes in GCSE biology is crucial for grasping the fundamentals of cellular metabolism.

Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.

Students love us — and so will you.

4.9/5

App Store

4.8/5

Google Play

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️

Thomas R

iOS user

Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades

Brad T

Android user

Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend

Aubrey

iOS user

Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀

Marco B

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!

Paul T

iOS user

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️

Thomas R

iOS user

Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades

Brad T

Android user

Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend

Aubrey

iOS user

Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀

Marco B

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!

Paul T

iOS user