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Dec 24, 2025

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2 pages

Exploring Mitosis and Meiosis: Key Concepts Quiz Guide

Pragya Adupa

@pragyaadupa_duwc

Cell division is the process by which cells reproduce, creating... Show more

Gi-organelles duplicate, cell gets bigger
Sdna replication (chromatins-> chromosomes)
G2-enzymes responsible for dividing the cell are produ

Cell Cycle and Division Basics

The cell cycle consists of Interphase followed by mitosis and cytokinesis. During Interphase, cells prepare for division through three phases: G1 (organelles duplicate, cell grows), S (DNA replication transforms chromatins into chromosomes), and G2 (enzymes for cell division are produced).

Mitosis divides the nucleus through four key phases. In Prophase, chromosomes condense, centrosomes with centrioles duplicate, and the nuclear membrane disappears. During Metaphase, chromosomes align at the cell's center as microtubules attach to proteins called kinetochores. Anaphase involves the separation of sister chromatids pulled to opposite sides, while in Telophase, chromosomes reach opposite poles and begin reforming nuclear membranes.

Cytokinesis (actual cell division) differs between cell types. Animal cells form a cleavage furrow using a contractile ring of microfilaments to pinch the cell in two. Plant cells instead create a cell plate from Golgi vesicles that fuses with the cell membrane, eventually forming the middle lamella and new cell walls.

Quick Tip: Remember the difference between chromosomal forms! Chromatin is the loose form of DNA, which condenses into chromatids. Sister chromatids are identical DNA copies connected by a centromere, while homologous chromosomes are matching pairs carrying genes for the same traits.

Understanding the difference between haploid cells (23 chromosomes in humans, found in gametes) and diploid cells (46 chromosomes arranged as homologous pairs, found in body cells) is crucial for grasping how genetic information passes from one generation to the next.

Cell Cycle Control and Cancer

The cell cycle has crucial checkpoints that prevent errors in division. The G1 checkpoint verifies nutrients and DNA integrity, G2 confirms DNA replication completion, and the M checkpoint ensures chromosomes attach properly to spindle fibers. If problems are detected, cells may pause for repair, enter a resting state called G0, or undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death).

Cancer develops when these control mechanisms fail, resulting in unregulated cell division. This genetic disease stems from accumulated mutations affecting proteins that regulate the cell cycle, creating either too much growth or too little cell death. Two important types of genes influence this process: proto-oncogenes $which normally trigger division but can mutate into cancer-causing oncogenes$ and tumor suppressor genes (which normally halt division when cells are damaged).

Tumors can be benign $non-cancerous, don't invade surrounding tissues$ or malignant (cancerous, invade tissues, steal nutrients, potentially metastatic). The transformation from normal cell to cancer cell typically requires six key changes: gaining unlimited growth potential, ignoring checkpoints, escaping apoptosis, achieving immortality through unlimited divisions, promoting blood vessel growth, and overcoming contact inhibition.

Remember This: Cancer cells don't just divide uncontrollably—they acquire multiple specific capabilities through genetic mutations that together allow them to bypass the body's normal defense mechanisms.

These changes give cancer cells a survival advantage over normal cells, enabling them to thrive at the expense of healthy tissue. Each mutation represents a "hit" that moves a cell closer to becoming cancerous, which explains why cancer risk increases with age as mutations accumulate over time.

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Biology

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Dec 24, 2025

•

2 pages

Exploring Mitosis and Meiosis: Key Concepts Quiz Guide

Pragya Adupa

@pragyaadupa_duwc

Cell division is the process by which cells reproduce, creating new cells essential for growth and repair. This fundamental biological process involves a carefully controlled sequence of events with built-in checkpoints to ensure accuracy. Understanding these processes helps explain what... Show more

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Cell Cycle and Division Basics

Quick Tip: Remember the difference between chromosomal forms! Chromatin is the loose form of DNA, which condenses into chromatids. Sister chromatids are identical DNA copies connected by a centromere, while homologous chromosomes are matching pairs carrying genes for the same traits.

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Cell Cycle Control and Cancer

Remember This: Cancer cells don't just divide uncontrollably—they acquire multiple specific capabilities through genetic mutations that together allow them to bypass the body's normal defense mechanisms.