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Fun with Pedigree Charts: Easy Examples for Kids

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abby

12/13/2023

Biology

Pedigrees

Fun with Pedigree Charts: Easy Examples for Kids

Pedigree charts are essential tools in genetics for visualizing inheritance patterns of traits or diseases across generations. They use standardized symbols to represent individuals and their relationships, helping researchers and geneticists analyze and predict genetic outcomes. Pedigree analysis examples are crucial for understanding various inheritance patterns, including autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked dominant, and X-linked recessive traits.

Key points:

  • Pedigrees use squares for males and circles for females
  • Shaded shapes indicate affected individuals
  • Horizontal lines connect parents, vertical lines show offspring
  • Carriers are represented by half-shaded shapes in some cases
  • Pedigrees can reveal dominant, recessive, and sex-linked inheritance patterns
  • Analyzing pedigrees helps determine genotypes and predict genetic outcomes
...

12/13/2023

318

Pedigrees
Blank shapes represent
normal-unaffected people with
no disease allele present.
*squares-male
*circles- female
-Unaffected
Male
-

View

Dominant vs Recessive Traits in Pedigrees

This page explores the differences between dominant and recessive traits as represented in pedigree charts, which is essential for pedigree genetics analysis.

Autosomal dominant pedigrees:

  • Affected individuals appear in every generation
  • At least one parent must be affected for a child to inherit the trait
  • No generation skipping occurs

Autosomal recessive pedigrees:

  • Affected individuals can appear even if parents are unaffected
  • Traits can "skip" generations
  • Carriers are usually not shown in these pedigrees

Example: In a recessive pedigree, you might see affected individuals in the third generation with unaffected parents, demonstrating the "skipping" of generations.

The page also introduces the naming convention for individuals in a pedigree:

  • Roman numerals (I, II, III, IV) indicate generations
  • Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3) identify individuals within a generation

Highlight: Determining genotypes from pedigrees requires careful analysis of shaded and unshaded shapes, considering the inheritance pattern.

The page concludes with examples of autosomal and sex-linked pedigrees, emphasizing the importance of understanding these differences for accurate genetic analysis.

Pedigrees
Blank shapes represent
normal-unaffected people with
no disease allele present.
*squares-male
*circles- female
-Unaffected
Male
-

View

Determining Genotypes in Dominant Pedigrees

This page focuses on how to analyze autosomal dominant pedigree charts to determine individual genotypes, which is crucial for pedigree analysis examples.

Key points for analyzing dominant pedigrees:

  • Shaded shapes (affected individuals) can be either homozygous dominant (AA) or heterozygous (Aa)
  • Unshaded shapes (unaffected individuals) are always homozygous recessive (aa)
  • Genotypes of some individuals may remain unknown due to limited information

Example: In a dominant pedigree, if an affected parent (Aa) has a child with an unaffected parent (aa), the child has a 50% chance of being affected (Aa) and a 50% chance of being unaffected (aa).

The page provides a detailed example of a dominant pedigree, demonstrating how to deduce genotypes based on parental information and offspring phenotypes.

Highlight: In dominant pedigrees, heterozygous individuals (Aa) are still considered affected because the dominant allele is expressed in their phenotype.

The page also includes a Punnett square to illustrate the possible genotype combinations when a heterozygous individual (Aa) mates with a homozygous recessive individual (aa).

Vocabulary: Heterozygous refers to having two different alleles for a particular gene, while homozygous means having two identical alleles.

Pedigrees
Blank shapes represent
normal-unaffected people with
no disease allele present.
*squares-male
*circles- female
-Unaffected
Male
-

View

Determining Genotypes in Recessive Pedigrees

This page delves into the analysis of autosomal recessive pedigree charts, highlighting the differences from dominant pedigrees and providing guidance on determining genotypes in pedigrees.

Key characteristics of recessive pedigrees:

  • Heterozygous individuals (Aa) are carriers, often shown as half-shaded shapes
  • Affected individuals are homozygous recessive (aa)
  • Traits can appear to "skip" generations

Example: In a recessive pedigree, two unaffected carrier parents (Aa) can have an affected child (aa) with a 25% probability.

The page presents two types of recessive pedigree representations:

  1. With carriers shown (half-shaded shapes)
  2. Without carriers explicitly shown

Highlight: Even when carriers are not explicitly shown in a pedigree, their presence can be inferred based on the affected offspring or parental genotypes.

The page includes a detailed pedigree example with a key explaining the genotypes associated with different shape fillings:

  • Filled in = aa (homozygous recessive)
  • Empty = AA (homozygous dominant)
  • Half filled = Aa (heterozygous)

Vocabulary: Phenotype refers to the observable characteristics of an organism, while genotype is the genetic makeup.

Pedigrees
Blank shapes represent
normal-unaffected people with
no disease allele present.
*squares-male
*circles- female
-Unaffected
Male
-

View

Autosomal vs Sex-linked Inheritance

This final page discusses the differences between autosomal and sex-linked inheritance patterns in pedigrees, which is crucial for comprehensive pedigree analysis examples.

Key points on sex-linked traits:

  • Determined by genes on sex chromosomes (X or Y)
  • Most commonly carried on the X chromosome
  • Pedigrees show uneven distribution of affected individuals between genders

Definition: Sex-linked inheritance refers to the transmission of traits or diseases through genes located on the sex chromosomes.

Characteristics of sex-linked pedigrees:

  • Usually show more affected individuals of one gender
  • Often described as X-linked (female) or Y-linked (male) in genetic problems

Autosomal pedigrees:

  • Show an even distribution of the trait among both males and females

Example: The page provides a pedigree chart demonstrating a sex-linked trait with more affected males than females.

Highlight: Understanding the difference between autosomal and sex-linked inheritance is crucial for accurate pedigree analysis and genetic counseling.

The page concludes with a visual representation of sex chromosomes (XX for females, XY for males) to reinforce the concept of sex-linked inheritance.

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Biology

318

Dec 13, 2023

5 pages

Fun with Pedigree Charts: Easy Examples for Kids

user profile picture

abby

@abby_shoo

Pedigree charts are essential tools in genetics for visualizing inheritance patterns of traits or diseases across generations. They use standardized symbols to represent individuals and their relationships, helping researchers and geneticists analyze and predict genetic outcomes. Pedigree analysis examplesare

... Show more
Pedigrees
Blank shapes represent
normal-unaffected people with
no disease allele present.
*squares-male
*circles- female
-Unaffected
Male
-

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Dominant vs Recessive Traits in Pedigrees

This page explores the differences between dominant and recessive traits as represented in pedigree charts, which is essential for pedigree genetics analysis.

Autosomal dominant pedigrees:

  • Affected individuals appear in every generation
  • At least one parent must be affected for a child to inherit the trait
  • No generation skipping occurs

Autosomal recessive pedigrees:

  • Affected individuals can appear even if parents are unaffected
  • Traits can "skip" generations
  • Carriers are usually not shown in these pedigrees

Example: In a recessive pedigree, you might see affected individuals in the third generation with unaffected parents, demonstrating the "skipping" of generations.

The page also introduces the naming convention for individuals in a pedigree:

  • Roman numerals (I, II, III, IV) indicate generations
  • Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3) identify individuals within a generation

Highlight: Determining genotypes from pedigrees requires careful analysis of shaded and unshaded shapes, considering the inheritance pattern.

The page concludes with examples of autosomal and sex-linked pedigrees, emphasizing the importance of understanding these differences for accurate genetic analysis.

Pedigrees
Blank shapes represent
normal-unaffected people with
no disease allele present.
*squares-male
*circles- female
-Unaffected
Male
-

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Determining Genotypes in Dominant Pedigrees

This page focuses on how to analyze autosomal dominant pedigree charts to determine individual genotypes, which is crucial for pedigree analysis examples.

Key points for analyzing dominant pedigrees:

  • Shaded shapes (affected individuals) can be either homozygous dominant (AA) or heterozygous (Aa)
  • Unshaded shapes (unaffected individuals) are always homozygous recessive (aa)
  • Genotypes of some individuals may remain unknown due to limited information

Example: In a dominant pedigree, if an affected parent (Aa) has a child with an unaffected parent (aa), the child has a 50% chance of being affected (Aa) and a 50% chance of being unaffected (aa).

The page provides a detailed example of a dominant pedigree, demonstrating how to deduce genotypes based on parental information and offspring phenotypes.

Highlight: In dominant pedigrees, heterozygous individuals (Aa) are still considered affected because the dominant allele is expressed in their phenotype.

The page also includes a Punnett square to illustrate the possible genotype combinations when a heterozygous individual (Aa) mates with a homozygous recessive individual (aa).

Vocabulary: Heterozygous refers to having two different alleles for a particular gene, while homozygous means having two identical alleles.

Pedigrees
Blank shapes represent
normal-unaffected people with
no disease allele present.
*squares-male
*circles- female
-Unaffected
Male
-

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Determining Genotypes in Recessive Pedigrees

This page delves into the analysis of autosomal recessive pedigree charts, highlighting the differences from dominant pedigrees and providing guidance on determining genotypes in pedigrees.

Key characteristics of recessive pedigrees:

  • Heterozygous individuals (Aa) are carriers, often shown as half-shaded shapes
  • Affected individuals are homozygous recessive (aa)
  • Traits can appear to "skip" generations

Example: In a recessive pedigree, two unaffected carrier parents (Aa) can have an affected child (aa) with a 25% probability.

The page presents two types of recessive pedigree representations:

  1. With carriers shown (half-shaded shapes)
  2. Without carriers explicitly shown

Highlight: Even when carriers are not explicitly shown in a pedigree, their presence can be inferred based on the affected offspring or parental genotypes.

The page includes a detailed pedigree example with a key explaining the genotypes associated with different shape fillings:

  • Filled in = aa (homozygous recessive)
  • Empty = AA (homozygous dominant)
  • Half filled = Aa (heterozygous)

Vocabulary: Phenotype refers to the observable characteristics of an organism, while genotype is the genetic makeup.

Pedigrees
Blank shapes represent
normal-unaffected people with
no disease allele present.
*squares-male
*circles- female
-Unaffected
Male
-

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Autosomal vs Sex-linked Inheritance

This final page discusses the differences between autosomal and sex-linked inheritance patterns in pedigrees, which is crucial for comprehensive pedigree analysis examples.

Key points on sex-linked traits:

  • Determined by genes on sex chromosomes (X or Y)
  • Most commonly carried on the X chromosome
  • Pedigrees show uneven distribution of affected individuals between genders

Definition: Sex-linked inheritance refers to the transmission of traits or diseases through genes located on the sex chromosomes.

Characteristics of sex-linked pedigrees:

  • Usually show more affected individuals of one gender
  • Often described as X-linked (female) or Y-linked (male) in genetic problems

Autosomal pedigrees:

  • Show an even distribution of the trait among both males and females

Example: The page provides a pedigree chart demonstrating a sex-linked trait with more affected males than females.

Highlight: Understanding the difference between autosomal and sex-linked inheritance is crucial for accurate pedigree analysis and genetic counseling.

The page concludes with a visual representation of sex chromosomes (XX for females, XY for males) to reinforce the concept of sex-linked inheritance.

Pedigrees
Blank shapes represent
normal-unaffected people with
no disease allele present.
*squares-male
*circles- female
-Unaffected
Male
-

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Understanding Pedigree Charts

A pedigree chart is a visual representation of a family's genetic history, showing how traits or diseases are inherited across generations. This page introduces the basic symbols and concepts used in pedigree chart examples.

Definition: A pedigree is a chart that shows the inheritance of a trait or disease through multiple generations of a family.

Key elements of pedigree charts:

  • Squares represent males, circles represent females
  • Shaded shapes indicate affected individuals
  • Unshaded shapes show unaffected individuals
  • Half-shaded shapes represent carriers (in some cases)
  • Horizontal lines connect parents
  • Vertical lines show offspring

Vocabulary: Carriers are individuals who have one copy of a recessive allele but do not show the trait.

The page also explains how to read relationships in a pedigree:

  • Siblings are shown by vertical lines branching from the same parents
  • Parents are connected by a horizontal line

Highlight: Understanding pedigree symbols and relationships is crucial for analyzing inheritance patterns in genetics.

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Stefan S

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This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

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Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️

Thomas R

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Brad T

Android user

Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

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Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

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Marco B

iOS user

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