skeletal system

Alternative transcript:

bones: greater in length than. width, designed to absorb stress from body weight, found in arms, forearms, hands, thighs, legs, + feet short bones: about equal in length + width, forming a shape that is roughly similar to a cube, found in wrists + ankles flat banes: thin and flat, found in cranium of the head, ribs, + sternum parts of a long bone the long central shaft is known as the diaphysis, it lies between the extreme ends of the bone, which are called epiphyses, each epiphyses forms a joint, or articulation, with another bone. along its outer surface where the joint occurs is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage, called the articular cartilage. a sheet of dense connective tissue envelops the bone, except in areas where the articular cartilage is present. this important rissue is called the periosteum. it is firmly attached to the bones outer surface by special protein fibers, and contains a large supply of blood vessels. anatémy • physic parts of a long bone tightly packed compact Staphragna diaphysis, an occupies the epiphysis. P the spongy pone netwr forming connective H diaphysis, the compact that is continuous WE this large chamber i filled with a second is rich in fatty HSS surface of the med bore spaces is a tr bone composition. bone is composed of tissue, blood-form! bone tissue conto inorganic componer Phosphate + Caici! known as hydrox collagen, which reinforce + furth de camins width, designed to 1 in arms, forearms, vidin, forming a e, found in wrists + xanium of the head, don't fit into other the diaphysis. it he bond, which are ms a joint, or its outer surface ter of hyaline 3. 3 nvelops the bone, cartilage is present. eriosteum. it is surface by special supply of blood + anatémy • physiology parts of a rong bone JAN FED GAPE tightly packed compoot bone forms the wals of the GHARAKOGA diaphysis, and a lattice network of spongy bone. occupies the epiphysis, there are many small spaces within. the spongy bone network that are filled with blood. forming connective tissue called red marrow, in the diaphysis, the compact bone borders a central chamber that is continuous with many of the sporgy bone channels. " this large chamber is called the medullary cavity. it is filled with a second type of marrow, yellow marrow, which is rich in fatty fissue for energy storage. lining the interior" Surface of the medullary cavity + extending into spongy bone spaces is a thin membrane known as the endosteum. 13 DEC 14 UM AN bone composition. bone is composed of bone tissue, cartilage, dense connective _fissue, blood-forming hissule, blood vessels, and nerves. ON AUG Ay W NOV IN D 20 11 n bone tissue contains inorganic + organic materials, the inorganic components are mineral salts made from callaum phosphate + calcium carbonate to form mineral crystals, known as hydroxyapatile organic materials mainly include collagen, which is produced by bone cells + serves to reinforce + further strengthen the marrix + cells themselves. " 50 1 JAN FEN (2 MAR S APR 04 MAY 05 JUN O JUL ( AUG 08 SEP 09 OCT to NOV DEC 12 13 14 S 17 18 19 20 21 22 $3 24 26 anatomy + physiology 3 types of bone cells in living bones Osteoblasts: arise early in life from embryotic cells, found on surfaces of bone tissue in the bones of adults, actively produce matrix (mineral saits + collagen) + remain unrestrained by it, can produce enough to cement themselves in, become trapped in chambers (lacunae) surrounded by the matrix 50 osteocytes: osteoblasts once they are cemented + trapped in lacunae 25_microscopic structure of bone. compact bone is the type of bone tissue that contains a dense matrix. It is thicker in the diaphysis than in the epiphyses in long bones, and in flat bones it is deposited on the internal + external surfaces. when viewed under a microscope, it's ostcocytes are seen in spaces called lacunae. They uje between thin sheets of matrix called lamellae, which are layered in concentric circles around a series of canals that extend parallel to the long axis of the bone. these are called osteonic canals or haversian canals, nutrients get diffused through tiny channels that extend through the solia barrier formed by lameliae, the channels, called canaliculi, permit osteocytes to communicate with each other, each osteonic canal, with amallae, osteocytes, t canaliculi, is called an osteon/naversian system. osteoclasts: bone cells that wander through bone Fissue, secreting a substance that dissolves the mineral sall crystals of the matrix, may arise from monocytes (white blood cell) under certain hormones anatemy + p microscopic struct the vessels that matrix are called of numerous thir bone developmer in one method.s tissue, or embryot manner are kno in the second m which is later tr cartilage are ca of bone develo this is called the periosteum the surface : completing t develop in t the skull, th (collarbones). endochondr bones that bones of the begins arour Precourser ce called chon wanalima. ryotic cells, found. ones of adults, 1 + collagen) + duce enough to ed in chambers e cemented + hrough bone ssolves the lay arise from irtain hormones. that contains a is than in the it is deposited on iewed under a aces called jacunde. led lamellae, which a series of canais the bone. these anals nutrients. lat extend through le channels, called ate with each 2, osteocytes, + in system. D anatomy + physiology microscopic structure of bone the vessels that pass through canals in the bone. matrix are called volkmanns canais, spongy bone consists. of numerous thin plates of bone called trabeculae. endochondral bones bones that form from cartilage include all but the fat bones of the skull, mandible, + clavicles their development begins around the 6th week of life when clusters of precourser cells transform into cartilage Producing cells, called chondroblasts... 14 AFE MAUN 11 07 JUL INAUG bone development & growth. NOV in one method, cells develop between thin sheets of connective is bec tissue, or embryonic membrane, bones that arise in this manner are known as intramembranous bones.. B 16 D 1 OCT 0 IN 21 in the second method, a template of cartilage is produced, which is later transformed into bone, banes originating in cartilage are called endochondral bones. in boin methods of bone acvelopment, the osteoblasts secrete the bone matrix. " this is called assification, once established, osteoblasts within the periosteurn produce layer of compact bone over the surface of the newly formed spongy bone, completing the development process, bones that develop in this manner include the flat bones of the skull, the mandibles (lower jaw), + the clavicles (collarbones). 19 23 24 JAN 25 Fre 15 MAR 20 29 MAY 30 31 SEP JAN 0 FEB 02 MAR 03 APR 01 MAY US JUN 08 JUL 07 AUG 06 SEP 09 OCT 10 NOV 11 DEC 12 11 H 15 10 17 16 10 20 21 93 21 20 28 30 31 anatomy physiology endochondral bones. + these early chondroblasts Produce nyaline cartilage in areas. where bone is to form the cartilage provides a model for the development of bone. the model expands rapidly at first until it resembles the shape of the bone that will replace it. blood vessels penetrate It, some chondroblasts will enlarge + die while others. transform into osteoblasts. death of chondroblasts leads to destruction of cartilage, forming caverns inside the model. in a long bone, this occurs first in the center of the diaphysis, where it is called the primary ossification cenier. soon after the Primary ossification center is established, more blood vessels penetrate the model at the epiphyses. in our long bone example, these are known as the secondary ossification centers. between the epiphyses + diaphysis, a narrow band of cartilage called the epiphyseal plate remains.. bone growth an endochondral bone can increase in two directions: length + width. lengthwise expansion, or interstitial growth, is accomplished at the epipyseal plate. along the fusion between epipyses + diaphysis, a visible line of Ossification called the epipyseal line, forms in the bone. TOMADARAK anatomy + bone growth a growing lonc width, called lengin. bone remode on the contr new bone + r throughout lif bone fractures when a bon is able the types of frac complete → incomple! → closed /s compound comminu Comme hyaline cartilage in areas ie provides a model for intil it resembles the it. blood vessels penetrate + die while others. i chondrobiasts leads to ons inside the model in center of the diaphysis, cation center.. enter is established, odel at the epliPhyses. known as the harrow band of e remains. in two directions: or interstitial eal plate. along the a visible line of , forms in the bone P anatomy + plupiology LLarima bone growth a growing long bone normally undergoes an increase in width, called appositional growth, while it increases in length. bone remodeling. on the contrary, the process of osteoblast deposition of new bone + reabsorption of bone by osteoclasts continues throughout life. this is called bone remodeling. bone fractures + repair. when a bone is required to accept more stress than it. is able, the result is often a break or fracture.. types of fractures: complete fracture →→ incomplete/greenstick. Fracture closed / simple fracture → compound fracture → comminuted fracture MATE in MAV MAL OR AUG 10 OCT 11 NOV 11 11 DEC 14 B 16 17 15 D 20 n AN 11 21 25 JUM W S 28 M JAN 01 FEB 02 MAR 03 APR 04 MAY 05 JUN 06 JUL 07 AUG 08 SEP 09 OCT 10 NOV 11 DEC 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 anatomy + physiology articular cartilage Spongy bone compact bone Yellow marrow red marrow proximal epiphyses. ayaphysis distal epiphyses endosteum Periosteum mequllary cavity. Yellow morrow еду (ticular cartilage Pongy bone mpact bone & marrow endosteum Periosteum mequliary cavity words to remember! osteonic canali volkmanni canal blood vessel vellow marroN compact bone. Osteon (haversian system) Peniosteum periosteal blood vessel Spongy bone osteen the lamellae osteonic canal canaliculi Osteocyte lacunae blood vessel. 408 IN JAM 10 14 AN 10 MAY HAD ON AN 00 AL IN AVG NOCT 1 MOY U 14 29 JAN FEB ( MAR (0 AFR 04 MAY 05 JUN 08 JUL 07 AUG 08 SEP 09 OCT 10 NOV 11 DEC 12 13 14 M 16 17 18 10 20 21 22 21 24 28 25 29 30 anatomy + physiology concepts check 1. what are the 5 functions of the skeletal system? body support, facilitation of movernment. Protection of. internal organs, storage of minerais/ fat, blood cell formation... 2. what are parts of a typical longbone that can be identified without a microscope? ostean, or naversian... system 3. how do osteocytes recieve nourishment in compact. bone? via canaliculi. 4. now does spongy pone differ structurally from compact bone? spongy is the porous interior, while compact are hard exterior 5. where goes the primary ossification center occur in endochondral bone development? diaphyseal region of the periosteum, periosteal collar lo. what is the vole of the epiphyseal plate during bone. growth? 7. Why is bone remodeling an important activity in adult bones? anatomy + review quesfior 1. how does al → a long bor a flat bone's organization - the 2016 F a single, int it is divi - which conts miavertical Skeleton v midvertical Skeletal S axia' cra fo je skeletal system? nent. Protection of at, blood cell formation.. ngbone that can be Steon, or haversion snment in compact ucturally from compact while compact are in center occur in physean region of the plate during bone ant activity 10. CLC LLL LLLLLL LL L anatomy, physiology review questions 1. how does a long bone differ from a fat bone? a long bone is greater in length than in width, while a flat bone's distinguishing feature is its flat shape Skeletal system axial skeleion cranium face nyold aprobare thoracic cage vertebral column sternum ribs sacrum COCCYX Skull appendicular skeleton metacarpais Scapula humerus clavicle wing radius femur tibia tarsals Phalanges organization of the skeleton NOV - the 206 bones of the human body are organized into 085 0 single, interconnected frame known as the skeleton. coxal bone carpais Patella fibula OFER It is divided into two portions: an axial skeleton, which contains the bones that lie within the midvertical axis of the body; and the appendicular -Skelelon which contains the bones that lie outside the miavertical axis and are associated with ine appendages. = P metatarsals calcaneous 04 APR UN AUG ON SEP 0 14 NOCT D IN 0 D 17 30 JAN 21 20 MAR 20 n JUN 58 229 30 JAN FEB 02 MAR 0 APR 01 MAY JUN 06 JUL 07 AUG 08 SEP 09 OCT 10 NOVI DEC 12 11 14 18 17 IN 19 20 21 22 23 24 23 26 28 29 30 30 anatomy, physiology. physiology parthenn axial skeleton 1. Skull: the set of bones of the head region. it consists of the bones of the cranium and the facial bones. 2. hyoig bone: a small bone in the anterior part of the neck. 3. vertebral column the backbone. it consists of the vertebrae and sacrum. 4. thoracio cage. the bones in the chest region. it includes the sternum and the 12 pairs of ribs that are attached to the vertebral column. appendicular skeleton. 1. pectoral girale: a frame connecting the upper limbs to the axial skeleton, it contains a scapula and a clavicle on either side of the body. 2. upper limbs: the upper appendages, each of which consists a humerus, radius, uina, carpais, metacarpais. and phalanges 3. Pelvic girdle: the lower frame connecting the lower limps to the axial skeleton it contains two cosal (nip) bones, together with the lower part of the vertebral column. (sacrum), they form the pelvis. 4. lower limbs: the lower appendages, each of which include a temur, Patella, tibia, fibula, farsais, metatarsals, and Phalanges. surface features of bones. bone surfaces contain structural features that distinguish one bone from another. anatomy. Surface feature ·condyle: literal • facet: a smoo! fissure a no foramen: an • fossa a dep Process an Spine: a no trochanteri tubercle: SY tuberosity: usually rough skull the skull c are Closely Sutures. Within the are lined air, called to drain f resonate the bones and 13 min dy mamalian.. the head region. It consistsS and the facial bones. 3 in the anterior part of ckbone. it consists of the the chest region, it includes i ribs that are attached to connecting the upper limbs is a scapula and a body. pendages, cach of which 1, carpais, metacarpais. connecting the lower ritains two coxal (nie) of the vertebral column dages, each of which. a, farsais, metatarsals, Leatures that distinguish anatomy physiology is a paclima. surface feature terminology in bones "Condyle: literally, "knuckle"; a large, rounded prominence... • facet: a smooth articular surface fissure: a narrow opening of clest 1 - foramen: an opening or hose through bone. Fossa a depression or groove. Process any projection from the surface of a pone Spine: a narrow or pointed projection trochanter large, blunt process. tubercle: small, rounded process tuberosity: rounded, elevated area of a bone that is. usually toughened ' Skull the skull contains 22 cones, which for the most part, are closely adjoined by rigid, narrow joints known as Sutures. within the subsiance of the skull are chambers that are lined with mucous membranes ona are filled with air, called sinuses. they connect with the nasal cavity. to drain fluids, reduce the weight of the skull, and resonate sound from the voice. the bones of the skull include 8 bones of the cranium and 13 smaller bones of the face known as facial bones. OF APP 05 MAY 0 PUN 0 ON AUG 11 D NOCT IN 10 20 3 23 314 JAN 20 MAI 11 20 30 31 J SEP NOV DEC JAN FED MAN APR MAY JUN O ост vertebra, JUL OT AUS On there are 12 thoracic T2 vertebra- SEP IN vertebra. there are 5 lumbar vertebra. there are 5 sacrum (segments) vertebra. there are 4 segment of the coccyx. NOV 11 DEC 19 H 14 18 17 IN I 20 20 12 21 2.5 20 UT 28 201 anatomy + physioloau -physioloaus hinde Spine there are I cervical 30 Dorsal side Dura mater Arachnoid maler Pia mater T12 spinal segment T12 vertebra Coccygeal segment- Conus medullaris Cauda equina- Filum terminale internum Dural sac S1 vertebra Vertebral canal- Filum terminal- extemum S5 vertebra Соосух Ventral side T2 vertebra T2 nerve -T12 vertebra T12 nerve -L1 vertebra Lt nerve 15 vertebra -L5 nerve St vertebra S5 vertebra $5 nerve Coccygeal nerve anatomy + physic Spine Catias C2: axis Skull bone Foramen magnun C1 vertebra Dorsal side Dura mater Arachnoid mate Pia mate C7 vertebra T1 vertebrat au al side ris ina ale 580 bra. 7000 Ventral side T2 verleb T2 nerve -T12 vertebra -112 nerve Li vertebra -L1 nerve -55 vertebra 55 norve Coccygeal nerve -15 vertebra --L5 nerve $1 vertebra CCCLLLLLLLLLLLL anatomy, phypielegy Spine Cl: atlas 02: axis Skull bone Foramen magnun Dorsal side C1 vertebra Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater- C7 vertebra- T1 vertebra- www the atas is on top 14 of the axis. HMO HO HO TBF Skull bone C1 nervo -C1 vertebra Ventral side -C7 vertebra -T1 vertebra -T1 nerve JAN IN JUN MAY UT MA 09 SEX H 13 001 11 DEC HOY JAN 01 FEB 02 MAR 03 APR 04 MAY 08 JUN 00 JUL 07 AUG 09 SEP 09 OCT 10 NOV 11 DEC 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 23 25 28 29 30 31 anatomy + physiology faula equatio rib cage True ribs (1-7) False ribs (8-12) Floating ribs (11 and 12) First thoracic vertebra First rib Jugular notch Clavicular notch -Sternum -Xiphoid process -Costal cartilage -Twelfth rib -Twelfth thoracic vertebra -First lumbar vertebra 7 E 13 vertebra astian r notch 'ar notch cess age anatomy, physiology cranium . the cranium encloses + protects. the brain within the space it creates, and provides an attachment site for muscles of the scalp, lower jaw, neck, + back. it consists of the following 8 bones. • frontal bone: the large bone forming the anterior part of the skull above the eyes, or forehead, the eve -sockets, whose roofs. are formed by the frontal bone, are called orbits the small have above each. orbit is called a supraorbital foramen. within the frontal bone are the frontal sinuses, one above each orbit near the midline. the 04 APR 0 JUN B IT JUL M 08 AUG 00 SEP 10 OCT R parietal bones: two bones, right + left forming much of the lateral aspects of the cranium, they meet at the # top of the skull at the sagittal Suture, and unite. with the frontal bone at coronal suture. occipital bone: a. thick bone forming the posterior wall + floor of the cranium, it meets with the parietal bones at the lambdoidal suture. its most prominent. feature is the foramen magnum, a large opening. through its inferior surface. bordering both sides of this opening are rounded processes. called occipital Iconavles, which articulate with the first vertebra (atlas) for head movement. • temporal bones: two bones on either sige of the cranium. below the parietal bones. each temporal bone. unites with a parietal bone along a squamosal suture. the opening is the external auditory meatus, which leads toward the inner ear. anterior to this opening is a depression called the mandibular fossa, which provides an articular surface for the manaible. IN 12 DEC 19 20 22 24 25 JAN 20 FEB 27 MAR 28 30 MAY 301 NOV JAN O FED MAR ( APR 01 MAY (G JUN 09 OCT 10 NOV 1 DEC 12 JUL 07 AUG 08 joins the zygomatic bone to form the cheekbone, or SEP 00 zygomatic arch. projecting gownward from its origin below. the external auditory meatus is a narrow, pointed projection called the styloid process. Posterior to the Styloid process is a rounded projection called the mastoid Process, which provides an attachment for several muscles of the neck.. • sphenoid bone: a single butterfly-shaped bone, wedged between other bones in the anterior margin of the cranium, a round hole, or optic foramen penetrates the medial wall. The two widened cracklike openings lateral. to the optic foramen are the superior and inferior orbital fissures, which transmit blood vessels + nerves. a. part of the sphenoid bone projects upward to form a saddle-shaped process called the sella turcica, which houses the pituitary gland. inside the bone itself are two small spaces known as the sphenoidal sinuses. ethmoid bone a small bone anterior to the sphenoid bone, the cranial floor segment is called the cribriform... plate, which divides the cranial cavity from the nasal cavity. Projecting upward into the cranial cavity is a _thin process that resembles a rooster's comb, called the crista galli, which provides a point of attachment for membranes that enclose the brain, projecting downward. is another thin process, the perpendicular plate, which forms most of the nasal septum. the superior and middle nasal chonchae are scroll-like projections. within the ethmoid body are numerous spaces called the ethmoidal sinuses. 0 14 la M 17 IN 10 21 22 24 24 17 28 20 anatomy + physiologyinly cranium an temporal bones (cont.): a briagelike extension of bone that projects anteriorly is the zygomatic process, which F anatomy + f Superior view of superior articulating Process Pecicie transverse Process SPI pectoral girdle anatomy + physiology physiology quals superior view of vertebra (P) superior articulating Process Pedicle transverse Process (A) pectoral girdle Spinous process. vertebral arch vertebral foramen body 0 head of numerus. Ⓒ acromion PROCESS clavicle acromioclavicular joint. coastal cartilage rib SCOPULO coracoid process. Sternum glenonumeral joint humerus ulna radius 01 JAN 012 FEB 00 MAR 01 APR 06 JUN 07 JUL 08 AUG 09 SEP 10 OCT 11 NOV 12 DEC D 14 16 17 18 10 20 21 22 23 24 25 27 30 31 JAN OL FEB 02 MAR 03 APR 04 MAY 05 JUN 06 JUL 07 AUG 08 SEP 09 OCT 10 NOV 11 DEC 12 13 14 13 10 17 IN 1.51 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 24 29 30 31 anatomy + physiology facial bones maxillary bones. 2 side of face that bones on each. form the upper jaw. the largest of the sinuses, the maxillary sinuses, are 1ocated within these bones. the Upper set of teeth articulate with the maxillary bones. at projections called. giveolar Processes. the anterior. roof of the mouth is actually a novizontal projection. of each maxillary bone the palatine process, before birth called along the midline. which normally fuses the hard palate. to form most of palatine bones : two L-Shaped bones that are located Posterior to the maxillary bones.. Zygomatic bones: 2 bones on each side of the face. that form part of the cheekbones. and orbits. each Zygomatic bone contains a to the temporal bone, it joins with the process, forming the zygomatic arch. nasal bones: 2 small, rectangular bones. to form the bridge of at the midline temporal Process that extends Eygomatic that meet the nose between the orbits. ·lacrimal bones. 2 size and shape to small fingernails, they're Posterior + lateral to the nasal bones. vomer a single bone located along the midline within the nasal cavity • mandible: the single lower jaw, which articulates with the temporal bones. it has a mandibular condyle, which articulates with the mandibular fossa. the alveolar process of the mandible is an arch containing sockets for teeth. small, thin bones that are similar T 15 I 1 1 of face that inuses, the lese bones. the axiliary bones e anterior al projection ne process, before birth i are located e of the face (bits, each that extends gomatic that meet 3 nose + are simuar they're midline culates with Londyle, which veolar process kets for anatomy physiology Pectoral girdles 2. clavicles 3. acromioclay icular joint + hones of the appendicular skeleton they include: Pectoral girales: clavicies, scapulae. upper limbs; humerus, radius, uina, hand pectoral girdies (shoulder girales): provide a connection between the axial skeleton + upper limbs, each contains 2 bones; a clavicle/collarbone, and a scapula/snoulder bigge. Q+A Q: what two bones articulate with the clavicle? A: the sternum (at the medial end) and the numerus (at the lateral end) pectoral girdles: include clavicles scapulae 04 APR 115 MAY DJUN 07 JUL JAN 08 AUG MAR ON SEP B 61 17 clavicles: siender, roglike bones that resemble " the letters in shape, each one horizontally extends between the sternum & scapula, where it meets ine scapula is 1 of 2 joints that form the shoulder, called the acromioclavicular a joint. 210) 21 11 NOV 14 11 DEC 18 D 21 OCT JAN O FER 0 MAR 0 APR 04 MAY 05 JUN DE JUL 07 AUG 08 SEP 0 OCT 10 NOV 11 DEC 12 31 28 29 30 14 20 13 14 16 17 18 22 23 19 21 24 20 anatomy + physiology Scapulae ·ligament (lateral view not on quiz 9/20) bones of the appendicular skeleton. scapulae (1): located. lateral to each clavicle on either side of the upper back; triangular shape with thin, broad processes. lateral view : surfaces + coracoid Process: acromion process- glenoid cavity. acromion process. ·coracoid process. glenoid cavity ligaments hold 2 prominent anterior view: ligaments hold bones together (bone to bone) there are 2 scapulae clavicle lateral border. subscapular fossa. lateral border medial border located lateral to each bone to bone anatomy, • humerus ar skeleton ∙eral 10 each clavicie aper back; triangular. surfaces + 2 prominent anterior view: acromion process .oracoid process glenoid cavity. subscapular fossa ateral border medial border ether (bone to bone) a lateral to each anatomy physiology •humerus bones of the appendicular skeleton. Scapula ' Posterior view: acromion process Coracoid Process Supraspinous POSSO 0- Spine glenoid cavity. infraspinous fossa Upper limbs: 60 bones that support the arms. wrists, hands, fingers lateral border medial border humerus prominent long bone of the arm that extends from shoulder to elbow. head lesser tubercule greater tubercule. "coronoid fassa trochied capitulum deltoid tuberosity 03 MAR 04 APR (JUN 07 JUL 00 SEP 10 OCT 11 14 12 DEC 11 N D JAN IN 10 20 9 22 MAY 23 24 17 28 NOV 29 30 JAN CO FED (1 HAR ( APR 04 MAY 06 JUM N JUL UT AJG ( SEP 09 OCT ID NOV DEC 12 a 14 15 16 17 IN 19 20 23 24 25 20 28 30 at anatomy + physiology 'radlus. yo upper limbs of appendicular skeletory head of radius: 2 radial tuberosity radius Eet s •radius: lateral bone of the forearm, its always in line with the thumb. 1: head 2: greater tubercle 3: anatomical neck. 4: surgical neck. 5: olecranon fossa. BUSCHS olecranon process. trochlear notch radial notch of uina. coranoid process uina anatomy - pb + UP •uina u for Pr