Subjects
Biology
Chemistry
AP Chemistry
English
AP English Literature
Chemistry
Dec 4, 2025
85
5 pages
Kate Raab @kate_rae02
Atomic theory explores how matter is structured at its most basic level. From Dalton's pioneering ideas to more... Show more
Ever wonder what everything around you is actually made of? That's where atomic theory comes in! It all began with John Dalton, who proposed some revolutionary ideas about matter.
According to Dalton's theory, all matter consists of tiny, indestructible particles called atoms. These atoms can't be broken down into smaller parts and are unique to each element. When different elements combine, their atoms join in fixed proportions to form compounds.
Dalton also explained that chemical reactions aren't about creating or destroying matter—they're simply about rearranging atoms into new combinations. This fundamental idea changed how we understand everything in our physical world.
💡 Quick Connection When you mix ingredients to bake cookies, you're not creating new atoms—you're rearranging the existing atoms into new combinations, just like in Dalton's theory!
Dalton didn't just theorize—he experimented! Working with tin oxides, he discovered that 100g of tin would react with either 13.5g or 27g of oxygen—always in a 12 ratio. This observation led him to deduce that atoms combine in specific, fixed proportions.
By the late 1800s, J.J. Thompson took things further with his famous Cathode Ray experiments. He observed that particles streamed from the negative end of a tube and bent toward a positive charge. This groundbreaking work led to the discovery of the electron—the first identified subatomic particle!
Thompson's findings challenged Dalton's view of atoms as solid, indivisible spheres. Clearly, atoms had smaller parts inside them, opening the door to a whole new understanding of atomic structure.
💡 Mind Blower Before Thompson's work, scientists thought atoms were the smallest possible particles—now we know there's an entire world of even tinier particles inside each atom!
After discovering electrons, Thompson proposed the Plum Pudding Model of the atom. He imagined atoms as positively charged "puddings" with negative electrons embedded throughout—like raisins in a pudding. This model acknowledged both electrons and the overall neutral charge of atoms.
Ernest Rutherford decided to test Thompson's model with an ingenious experiment. He shot tiny positively charged particles at a thin gold foil and tracked where they went. If Thompson's model was correct, the particles should pass straight through with minimal deflection.
Surprisingly, while most particles did pass through, some bounced back at sharp angles! This unexpected result challenged the plum pudding model and led to a dramatic rethinking of atomic structure.
💡 Visual Aid Imagine shooting a bullet through a cloud—you'd expect it to pass right through. But if some bullets bounced back, you'd realize there must be something solid hidden inside!
Robert Millikan built on Thompson's work with his famous Oil Drop Experiment. By measuring how charged oil droplets fell in an electric field, he determined the charge of individual electrons. Combined with Thompson's findings, scientists could now calculate both the mass and charge of electrons.
Rutherford's gold foil experiment revealed something groundbreaking—atoms are mostly empty space! The positive charge is concentrated in a tiny central region called the nucleus. Though small in volume, this nucleus contains most of the atom's mass.
These discoveries completely transformed our understanding of atoms. Rather than being solid spheres or evenly mixed puddings, atoms turned out to have a complex structure—a dense central nucleus surrounded by electrons moving through empty space.
💡 Perspective Check If an atom were the size of a football stadium, the nucleus would be smaller than a pea at the center—yet it would contain over 99.9% of the atom's mass!
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
2
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
From Democritus to the Wave-Mechanical Model, a historical overview of the development of atomic theory and the understanding of matter.
ChemistrySubatomic Particles
ChemistryScience notes about atoms
ChemistryWhat are significant figures, and how to use them?
Chemistryincludes, defining the atom, Daltons Atomic Theory, Structure of the Nuclear Atom, Isotopes, Properties of Subatomic Particles, Orbitals, Difference Between Atoms, Atoms of the first 10 elements, Natural Abundance % of isotopes
ChemistryElemental Composition, Empirical & Molecular Formula
ChemistryApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Kate Raab
@kate_rae02
Atomic theory explores how matter is structured at its most basic level. From Dalton's pioneering ideas to more sophisticated models, scientists gradually uncovered the building blocks of everything in our universe through clever experiments and observations.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Ever wonder what everything around you is actually made of? That's where atomic theory comes in! It all began with John Dalton, who proposed some revolutionary ideas about matter.
According to Dalton's theory, all matter consists of tiny, indestructible particles called atoms. These atoms can't be broken down into smaller parts and are unique to each element. When different elements combine, their atoms join in fixed proportions to form compounds.
Dalton also explained that chemical reactions aren't about creating or destroying matter—they're simply about rearranging atoms into new combinations. This fundamental idea changed how we understand everything in our physical world.
💡 Quick Connection: When you mix ingredients to bake cookies, you're not creating new atoms—you're rearranging the existing atoms into new combinations, just like in Dalton's theory!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Dalton didn't just theorize—he experimented! Working with tin oxides, he discovered that 100g of tin would react with either 13.5g or 27g of oxygen—always in a 1:2 ratio. This observation led him to deduce that atoms combine in specific, fixed proportions.
By the late 1800s, J.J. Thompson took things further with his famous Cathode Ray experiments. He observed that particles streamed from the negative end of a tube and bent toward a positive charge. This groundbreaking work led to the discovery of the electron—the first identified subatomic particle!
Thompson's findings challenged Dalton's view of atoms as solid, indivisible spheres. Clearly, atoms had smaller parts inside them, opening the door to a whole new understanding of atomic structure.
💡 Mind Blower: Before Thompson's work, scientists thought atoms were the smallest possible particles—now we know there's an entire world of even tinier particles inside each atom!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
After discovering electrons, Thompson proposed the Plum Pudding Model of the atom. He imagined atoms as positively charged "puddings" with negative electrons embedded throughout—like raisins in a pudding. This model acknowledged both electrons and the overall neutral charge of atoms.
Ernest Rutherford decided to test Thompson's model with an ingenious experiment. He shot tiny positively charged particles at a thin gold foil and tracked where they went. If Thompson's model was correct, the particles should pass straight through with minimal deflection.
Surprisingly, while most particles did pass through, some bounced back at sharp angles! This unexpected result challenged the plum pudding model and led to a dramatic rethinking of atomic structure.
💡 Visual Aid: Imagine shooting a bullet through a cloud—you'd expect it to pass right through. But if some bullets bounced back, you'd realize there must be something solid hidden inside!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Robert Millikan built on Thompson's work with his famous Oil Drop Experiment. By measuring how charged oil droplets fell in an electric field, he determined the charge of individual electrons. Combined with Thompson's findings, scientists could now calculate both the mass and charge of electrons.
Rutherford's gold foil experiment revealed something groundbreaking—atoms are mostly empty space! The positive charge is concentrated in a tiny central region called the nucleus. Though small in volume, this nucleus contains most of the atom's mass.
These discoveries completely transformed our understanding of atoms. Rather than being solid spheres or evenly mixed puddings, atoms turned out to have a complex structure—a dense central nucleus surrounded by electrons moving through empty space.
💡 Perspective Check: If an atom were the size of a football stadium, the nucleus would be smaller than a pea at the center—yet it would contain over 99.9% of the atom's mass!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
2
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
From Democritus to the Wave-Mechanical Model, a historical overview of the development of atomic theory and the understanding of matter.
ChemistrySubatomic Particles
ChemistryScience notes about atoms
ChemistryWhat are significant figures, and how to use them?
Chemistryincludes, defining the atom, Daltons Atomic Theory, Structure of the Nuclear Atom, Isotopes, Properties of Subatomic Particles, Orbitals, Difference Between Atoms, Atoms of the first 10 elements, Natural Abundance % of isotopes
ChemistryElemental Composition, Empirical & Molecular Formula
ChemistryApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
