Subjects
Biology
Chemistry
AP Chemistry
English
AP English Literature
Chemistry
Dec 2, 2025
50
2 pages
Chemistry exams can be tough, but with the right review of key concepts, you'll be ready to ace... Show more
Binary compounds contain two different elements and come in different types. Ionic compounds like sodium chloride consist of positively charged ions (cations) from metals and negatively charged ions (anions) from nonmetals. Metals on the left side of the periodic table form cations, while nonmetals on the right form anions.
When naming compounds, remember that the cation comes first, followed by the anion. For transitional metals, which don't have specific charges, we use Roman numerals to indicate their charge. For molecular compounds, use prefixes to show how many atoms are present mono (1), di (2), tri (3), tetra (4), penta (5), hexa (6), hepta (7), octa (8), nona (9), and deca (10).
Chemical reactions follow specific patterns. Combustion reactions involve oxygen, while double replacement reactions occur when compounds exchange partners. Single replacement reactions happen when one element replaces another. Remember that in any reaction, the Law of Conservation of Mass requires the same amount of compounds on both sides of the equation.
💡 The Avogadro Number (6.02 × 10²³) represents the number of particles in one mole of a substance – it's crucial for converting between moles and number of particles!
In gas laws, remember that volume and pressure have an inverse relationship – when volume increases, pressure decreases. Important equations include the Combined Gas Law and the Ideal Gas Law . Absolute zero is 0 Kelvin or -273°C, while standard temperature is 273 Kelvin and standard pressure is 101.3 kPa.
Acids and bases are fundamental in chemistry reactions. According to Arrhenius theory, acids release hydrogen ions while bases provide hydroxide ions. When acids and bases react, they form water and a salt in what's called a neutralization reaction where the number of acids equals the number of bases.
The pH scale measures acidity, with neutral substances at 7. Your body maintains a very narrow pH range between 7.35-7.45, showing how critical proper pH balance is for health. In lab work, titration is used to determine concentration, with color changes (endpoints) typically occurring at pH 7.
Understanding solubility will help you predict chemical behavior. Water is polar, which means polar substances dissolve in polar solvents but nonpolar substances don't. When a solvent holds more solute than it normally can, it becomes supersaturated. Distillation is affected by three main factors agitation, temperature, and particle size.
💡 "pH" stands for "potential of hydrogen" – each whole number represents a 10-fold change in acidity or alkalinity!
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
0
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the fundamentals of atomic structure, including the nature of atoms, ionic and metallic bonding, and the properties of elements and compounds. This summary covers key concepts such as subatomic particles, electronic structure, and the characteristics of ionic compounds, making it essential for students studying chemistry.
ChemistryExplore the fundamentals of chemical bonding, including ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds. Understand the properties of giant covalent structures and the unique allotropes of carbon, such as diamond and graphite. This summary provides essential insights for students studying chemistry.
ChemistryExplore the fundamental concepts of ionic bonding, including the structure of ionic compounds, their properties, and the process of electron transfer between metals and nonmetals. This summary includes a dot and cross diagram example for visual understanding, making it ideal for exam preparation.
ChemistrySteps in naming metallic and non-metallic ions.
ChemistryChemistry, Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
ChemistryStudy of matter, physical states of matter, properties of matter, changes in matter, pure substance and mixtures, elements and compounds, Atoms and molecules, chemical formulas, chemical symbols, names, discovery and abundance of elements,
ChemistryApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Chemistry exams can be tough, but with the right review of key concepts, you'll be ready to ace them! This summary covers essential topics like compounds, gas laws, reactions, and acids/bases that commonly appear on chemistry tests.
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Binary compounds contain two different elements and come in different types. Ionic compounds like sodium chloride consist of positively charged ions (cations) from metals and negatively charged ions (anions) from nonmetals. Metals on the left side of the periodic table form cations, while nonmetals on the right form anions.
When naming compounds, remember that the cation comes first, followed by the anion. For transitional metals, which don't have specific charges, we use Roman numerals to indicate their charge. For molecular compounds, use prefixes to show how many atoms are present: mono (1), di (2), tri (3), tetra (4), penta (5), hexa (6), hepta (7), octa (8), nona (9), and deca (10).
Chemical reactions follow specific patterns. Combustion reactions involve oxygen, while double replacement reactions occur when compounds exchange partners. Single replacement reactions happen when one element replaces another. Remember that in any reaction, the Law of Conservation of Mass requires the same amount of compounds on both sides of the equation.
💡 The Avogadro Number (6.02 × 10²³) represents the number of particles in one mole of a substance – it's crucial for converting between moles and number of particles!
In gas laws, remember that volume and pressure have an inverse relationship – when volume increases, pressure decreases. Important equations include the Combined Gas Law and the Ideal Gas Law . Absolute zero is 0 Kelvin or -273°C, while standard temperature is 273 Kelvin and standard pressure is 101.3 kPa.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Acids and bases are fundamental in chemistry reactions. According to Arrhenius theory, acids release hydrogen ions while bases provide hydroxide ions. When acids and bases react, they form water and a salt in what's called a neutralization reaction where the number of acids equals the number of bases.
The pH scale measures acidity, with neutral substances at 7. Your body maintains a very narrow pH range between 7.35-7.45, showing how critical proper pH balance is for health. In lab work, titration is used to determine concentration, with color changes (endpoints) typically occurring at pH 7.
Understanding solubility will help you predict chemical behavior. Water is polar, which means polar substances dissolve in polar solvents but nonpolar substances don't. When a solvent holds more solute than it normally can, it becomes supersaturated. Distillation is affected by three main factors: agitation, temperature, and particle size.
💡 "pH" stands for "potential of hydrogen" – each whole number represents a 10-fold change in acidity or alkalinity!
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
0
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the fundamentals of atomic structure, including the nature of atoms, ionic and metallic bonding, and the properties of elements and compounds. This summary covers key concepts such as subatomic particles, electronic structure, and the characteristics of ionic compounds, making it essential for students studying chemistry.
ChemistryExplore the fundamentals of chemical bonding, including ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds. Understand the properties of giant covalent structures and the unique allotropes of carbon, such as diamond and graphite. This summary provides essential insights for students studying chemistry.
ChemistryExplore the fundamental concepts of ionic bonding, including the structure of ionic compounds, their properties, and the process of electron transfer between metals and nonmetals. This summary includes a dot and cross diagram example for visual understanding, making it ideal for exam preparation.
ChemistrySteps in naming metallic and non-metallic ions.
ChemistryChemistry, Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
ChemistryStudy of matter, physical states of matter, properties of matter, changes in matter, pure substance and mixtures, elements and compounds, Atoms and molecules, chemical formulas, chemical symbols, names, discovery and abundance of elements,
ChemistryApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Algebra
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