Page 1: Fundamental Forces and Hydrogen Bonding

This page introduces the crucial distinction between intramolecular vs intermolecular forces. Intramolecular forces operate within molecules through covalent or ionic bonds, while intermolecular forces function between molecules, affecting substance properties.

Definition: Intramolecular forces are the strong bonds that hold atoms together within a molecule, primarily through covalent or ionic bonding.

Highlight: Intermolecular forces are significantly weaker than chemical bonds but play a crucial role in determining physical properties.

Example: Water demonstrates strong hydrogen bonding, leading to:

• Higher melting and boiling points
• Increased surface tension and viscosity
• Excellent solvent properties for polar substances
• Unique density characteristics where ice floats on liquid water

Vocabulary: Hydrogen bonding occurs when hydrogen, bonded to an electronegative atom, is attracted to another electronegative atom of a different molecule.